PHONETICS PRESENTATION

• GROUP - 03

 TOPIC - COGNITIVISM
• PPT, intro and background –Roll No 8
• Theories and how does it apply to
learning and teaching –Roll No 15
• Situational relationship , analysis
and hard copy – Roll No 11
• Solutions , future implications – Roll
No 1
• Conclusion by – Roll No 25
 INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVISM

Cognitivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the role of mental

processes
In understanding how people acquire, process and store knowledge . Unlike
Behaviorism, which focuses on observable behavior as a response to
stimuli
Cognitivism explores the internal workings of the mind , treating learners
as active processors of information.
Suggests that the learning involves the manipulations of mental
representati-
-ons (such as concepts , schemas or mental models ) ,
Which are used to interpret and make sense of new information.
According to cognitivist theory, effective learning occurs and connect
inform-
-ation in meaningful ways , often involving problem-solving , critical
thinking ,
And memory strategies.
 BACKGROUND OF COGNITIVISM

Cognitivism emerged as a response to the limitations of behaviorism ,

particula-
-rly its inability to explain complex cognitive processes like memory ,
reasoning ,
And understanding .
The theory was influenced by developments in cognitive psychology , which
Sought to understand how the mind works by studying mental structures
and
Processes .
Key figure in the development of cognitivism include Jean Piaget , Lev
Vygotsky , Jerome Bruner , and Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin , who
con-
-tributed to early models of memory and learning .

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development emphasized stages of learning in

Jerome Bruner advanced the idea of discovery learning and the importance
of prior knowledge in learning new concepts.
The development of the information processing model, with its focus on
how
Human process , store ,and retrieve information , also played a crucial role
in shaping cognitivist thought.

In the classroom , cognitivism often manifests in teaching strategies that

promote active learning , use of graphic organizers , concept mapping , and

metacognitive strategies to help learners process and retain information.

It also supports the use of technology and multimedia to facilitate the
organization and presentation of knowledge in ways that align with how the
brain processes information.
THEORIES AND HOW DOES IT APPLY TO LEARNING AND TEACHING

 1.Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Jean Piaget , a swiss psychologist,

Believed that cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental
processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experiences .
According to him , children move through four distinct stages of cognitive
develop-
-ment .
 Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years ) infants learning through interacting with
the
World using their senses and motor abilities. They begin to understand object
perma-
-nance-the realization that object continue to exists even when out of sight.
This stage lays the foundation for further cognitive growth as children starts to
develop basic schemes .
 Pre-Operational stage (2to 7 years )is marked by the development of language
And symbolic thinking enabling them to mentally response objects and events .
However,
- Concrete Operational stage (7-11years)children develops logical thinking but
are still bound to concrete information ; abstract reasoning challenging .

- Formal Operational Stage (from age 11 onwards) marks the emergence of abstr-
-act and hypothetical thinking .
Adolescents can consider possibilities and suprematically solve problems.
It enables them to understand complex concepts such as justices , morality and
scientific reasoning .

2. Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory :

This theory explains that we learn best
thr-
-ough interactions with others especially with people who we know more –
like parents teachers or even peers as we can accomplish more than we could
on our own ,This space where learning happens , just beyond what we can do
alone is what we called protimal development (ZPD) In this zone , a teacher or
helper provides scaffolding temporary support . As the learner becomes more
capable , this support is gradually taken away , allowing them to complete
tasks independently .
He also emphasized language as a powerful tool for learning .By talking through
tasks or explaining ideas , we organized our thoughts and make sense of new infor-
-mations .
Vygotsky’s theory highlights how learning is influenced by our social surroundings and
cultural context as well as by collaborating with others .

-Their application :
Piaget emphasized assimilation and accommodation. Teachers
can introduce challenging but relatable context that encourages students to
spend their existing understandings and learn through experiences rather than direct
instructions
e.g , in science students might perform simple experiments to learn about cause and
effect relationships, fostering curiosity and active problem solving .

-Vygotsky emphasized the role of language in thinking . Teachers can encourage

students to think about as they solve problems , which helps them organize their
thoughts .
For instance,
in a math problem, students might verbalized each step to
clarify their reasonings . Teachers can also design group activities where students
Can learn from eachother .
• SITUATIONAL RELATIONSHIP IN COGNITIVITISM
Cognitivitism relates to situations where individuals or groups engage in
meaningful learning through problems-solving or critical thinking . The
importance of situational variables including:
1. Learner’s context :
cognitivism assumes that learning is influenced by
the learner’ prior knowledge experiences and mental schemes .
Example : A Student learning calculus builds on their foundational
understanding of Algebra
2. Environment :
learning is supported or hindered by external factors like
tools , resources , and social interactions .
Example : A well – designed classroom will visual aids facilitates better
cognitive engagement than a poorly structured one .
3. Instructional Design :
Effective learning involves instructional strategies
like chu-
-nking information, providing feedback and
scaffolding.
 ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVISM

cognitivism can be analyzed through its principles, applications and implications in various
settings .

1. core principles :
Active-processing - leaners actively process information rather
than passively absorbing it .

Schema theory – knowledge is organized into mental frame-

-work (schemes) that help in understanding and storing inform-
-tion.

Feedback mechanism – feedback is crucial for correcting errors

and reinforcing learning .

2. Applications :
Education – used in instructional designs , focusing on active eng-
-agement . Problem solving tasks , and conceptual understanding.

Technology Integration – cognitive tools (eg ,simulations ,E-learning( platfor-

-forms) support learning constructing knowledge .

Workplace Training – Enhances skills through eased-based or scenario

based learning to replicate real-life challenges.
3. Implications :
1.Encourages learner-centered approaches .

2.Highlights the importance of understanding individual

differences in learning styles and cognitive abilities .

3. stresses the need for meaningful content that connects

with prior knowledge .
 SOLUTIONS

Cognitivism , as a learning theory , focuses on understanding the internal

processes involved in learning , such as memory , problem-solving , and decision-
making . It contrasts with behaviorism by emphasizing how learners actively pro-
-cess information rather than merely responding to external stimuli.

1. Chunking Information :
Break complex information into smaller , more manag-
-eable “Chunks”.

2. Use of Scaffolding :
Provide support to learners by giving them initial guidance
And gradually removing assistance as they gain mastery .
3. Metacognitive Strategies :
Encourage students to monitor and regulate
their
learning through techniques such as self-reflection , self-assessment , and
goal setting .

4. Problem-Based Learning :
use real-world problems that require learners
to apply their knowledge and cognitive skills to find solutions .

5. Cognitive Load Management :

design learning materials that balance
intrinsic
extraneous, and germane cognitive loads .

6. Concept Mapping :
Use diagrams or visual representations to organize
and connect information.
7. Dual Coding :
Present information using both visual and verbal
models ( eg . Text and images ).

8. Feedback and Reflection :

Provide specific , timely feedback
and encourage learners to reflect on their performance .
 FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

The Future of cognitivism in education will be shaped by advancements in

Technology , Neuroscience , and a deeper understanding of how humans
learn .

1. Personalized learning :
Adaptive learning technologies powered by
artificial
Intelligence (AI) will allow more personalized educational experiences.

2. Neuroscience – Informed Education :

Growing insights from
neuroscience will
Influence teaching methods , focusing on how the brain processes and
stores information .
3. AI and cognitive Models :
AI will simulate cognitive processes ,
offering tools
that adapt to a student’s learning style and provide real-time ,
personalized
feedback .

4. Collaborative Learning :
The future will see more emphasis on
collaborative learning through digital platforms where students work
together in virtual envi-
-ronment to solve problems .

5. Learning Analytics :
Data analytics will be used to track student’s
performance and predict learning outcomes , offering real-time insights
into
a learner’s cognitive processes .
 FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

1.AI and adaptive learning :

Cognitive principles applied to AI could
revolutionized
personalized education .
2. Neuroscience Integration :
Emerging brain research will refine cognitive based
teaching practices .
3. Skills for the future workforce :
focus on cognitive skills like critical thinking ,
creativ-
-ity and problem solving .
4. Global Accessibility :
use technology driven by cognitivism to make educational
accessible worldwide .
5. Interdisciplinary Impact :
COGNITIVISM’S influence extends to mental
health
e.g , (Cognitive- behavioural therapy )and AI
ethics .
 CONCLUSIO
N

1. Definition and Focus :

Cognitivism’s emphasis mental processes like
thinki-
-ng , memory , problem-solving , and
knowledge
construction .

2. Key Contributions :
Understanding learning as an active internal
process .

Importance of cognitive strategies such as

scaffolding
feedback and structured learning .
3. Applications :
Widely used in education , training and technology-based
learning .

Informing practices in fields like instructional design and cog-

-nitive behavioral therapy .

4. Future Implications :
Integration with AI and neuroscience for personalized
and adaptive learning .

Development of critical thinking and problem-solving

skills for future challenges .

5. Core Takeaway :
Cognitivism connects mental processes with effective lea-
-rning , offering solutions for modern educational and pa-
-ving the way for innovative interdisciplinary approaches.
THANK YOU