Scribd
Upload
10 views22 pages

High Density Concrete

High density concrete (HDC) is defined as concrete with a density greater than 2600kg/m3, often made from heavyweight aggregates like barites and magnetite. It is primarily used for radiation shielding due to its effective attenuation of harmful radiation, while also providing structural benefits such as high strength and stability. The selection of materials for HDC is crucial and depends on factors like physical properties, availability, and cost.

Uploaded by

kartik v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views22 pages

High Density Concrete

High density concrete (HDC) is defined as concrete with a density greater than 2600kg/m3, often made from heavyweight aggregates like barites and magnetite. It is primarily used for radiation shielding due to its effective attenuation of harmful radiation, while also providing structural benefits such as high strength and stability. The selection of materials for HDC is crucial and depends on factors like physical properties, availability, and cost.

Uploaded by

kartik v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

HIGH

DENSITY
CONCRETE
DEFINITION
 High density or heavyweight concrete is concrete with
a density greater than 2600kg/m3.
 High density concrete can be made from
natural heavyweight aggregates such as barites
or magnetite which typically give densities of
3500kg/m3 and 3900kg/m3respectively.
 BS 8500-1 states that the density for
heavyweight concrete should not be less than
130kg/m3 less than the specified target density.
MATERIALS FOR HIGH DENSITY
CONCRETE
CEMENT
In addition to Portland cement, special cements such as
magnesium oxy chloride cements have been used.
Low-alkali cement should be used when alkali-
reactive constituents are present in the aggregates
and moderate or low-heat cement should be used
for massive members.
Blended hydraulic cements meeting the
requirement of ASTM C 595 may be used.
ACI 304R gives the specifications regarding the
storage of cementitious materials.
AGGREGATES

Material Description Specific gravity Concrete weight


(kg/m3)

Limonite Hydrous ores 3.4-3.8 290-310


goethite

Barite Barium sulphate 4.0-4.4 330-360

Ilmenite Iron ores 4.2-5.0 340-380


Hematite
Magnetite

Steel/iron Shot, pellets, 6.5-7.5 500-560


punchings, etc.
Continued…

Barites
Magnetite
Hematite
 It is a form of iron oxide (Fe2O3). The ore is as shown in fig.
 It contains 70% iron of total composition
 Ideal size of coarse grain is 20mm.
 Relative density is about 2900kg/m3
 Uneven and sub-chondrial fracture forms in the concrete.
Limonite
 It is another type of iron ore that is used in high density concrete
(2Fe2O3.3H2O). The ore is shown in fig.
 It constitutes of 60% of iron.
 Its relative density is 2300kg/m3, hardness is 4.5-5.
Iron shots
 The minimum size is 1mm and maximum is 8mm.
 The density of concrete is about 5900 kg/m3.
Lead shots
 Lead shots are available in the sizes of 1mm to 4mm.
 The density of concrete is about 8900 kg/m3.
PROPERTIES OF HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE

In a study, using 430 to 575 kg/m³ Type I Portland


cement, 12 mm or 38mm maximum magnetite or limonite
aggregate, and an 0.30 to 0.35water-cement ratio, heavyweight
concretes (3680 kg/m³ unit weight) were produced which gave
52 to 65 MPa compressive strength at 7 days, and 62 to 76
MPa at 28 days.
The ideal property of normal and high density concrete
are high modulus of elasticity, low thermal expansion, and
creep deformation.
Magnetite is one of the most widely used types of dense
aggregate for high-density radiation-shielding concrete and a
minimum density of 4.4 t/m3 is often specified.
HDC IN RADIATION SHIELDING
 The major application of HDC is as shielding material against
radioactive materials which cause biological hazards.
 Apart from these biological hazards, nuclear reactors also
produce very high temperature which causes cracks in the outer face of
concrete, which implicates the necessity of shielding to protect sensitive
equipment in the vicinity.
 The selection of concrete for radiation shielding is based on
space requirements and type and intensity of radiation.
 HDC generally provides the most economical shielding and it
will allow for reductions in shield thickness without sacrificing shield
effectiveness.
TYPES OF RADIATION AND HAZARDS
Electro-magnetic waves
X-rays and gamma rays which have high energy and high
frequency are the only types which are required to be attenuated to
protect the personnel.

Nuclear particles
The nuclei of an atom of a nuclear particle consist of protons,
neutrons, alpha and beta particles. Accelerated protons at high energy
levels may require heavy shielding comparable to that required for
neutrons.
SHIELDING ABILITY OF CONCRETE
 HDC should contain sufficient material of light
atomic weight which produces hydrogen.
 Serpentine aggregates are sometimes used as they
have the ability to retain water of crystallisation at high
temperatures which assures a source of hydrogen.
 The shielding properties of concrete may be
adapted to a wide range of uses by varying its
composition and density.
 Thermal stresses are also generated either by
external sources of heat
APPLICATIONS OF HDC
 Dense concrete is used for radiation shielding
purposes, where the required thickness of walls made with
normal concrete can be decreased and thereby provide more
interior workspace.
 Higher-density concrete costs more than normal
concrete, but provides excellent shielding from harmful
radiation due to its mass.
 In situations where a lot of weight is needed in
smaller volumes such as ballasts for offshore pipelines,
breakwater structures or in counterweights.
 Other uses include sound or vibration attenuation,
linear accelerators, and increased resistance to buoyancy.
Reactor shield at Hanford Works near
Richland, Washington
Selection of high-density aggregates is determined
by physical properties, availability, and cost.
It is desirable to use the heaviest aggregate
available locally.
 Barite was used extensively during the early years
of shielding at Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Tennessee, because of its availability from nearby
mines.
On subsequent Atomic Energy Commission
projects in other localities, however, it was found
more economical to use magnetite.
Shielding of reactor:

Drawing of reactor shield at Hanford Works near


Richland, Washington, shows arrangement of side and
top shields in which high-density concrete was placed.
HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE SHIELDING...COST VS DENSITY
CONCLUSION
During this same job, which involved 4,350
cubic yards of high density concrete, 14 auxiliary
transmissions had to be replaced. During the early
stages of this construction it was found that
minimum water content was not satisfactory since
it resulted in inadequate mixing and non - uniform
discharging. Ad mixtures were tried in an attempt
to improve workability, but these were eventually
eliminated and both the water and cement content
increased.
SUMMARY
 This is a very cohesive material with an optimized composition
of various high density aggregates along with the low density
columnite.
 It has very good fluidity and pumpability while still
maintaining properties of cohesion, strength, density, stability.
 Most of the times in such precarious locations like the
Cyclotron room it becomes almost impossible to vibrate concrete.
 In the hardened state, it forms a non shrink material and hence
crack-free.
 As this concrete is so dense, a great amount of heat of
hydration is produced while the concrete is setting.
 It has good bond strength, is compact and very dense and
hence the formation of honeycombs is almost next to impossible.
 Cures to form an excellent finished surface when in contact
with the formwork.
REFERENCES
 M.L Gambhir, Concrete Technolgy – Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009
 ACI Committee 304.3R-96, Heavyweight Concrete: Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and
Placing, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
 Kaplan, M. F. Concrete Radiation Shielding. Wiley, New York, 1989.
 M.S. Shetty, Concrete Technolgy – Theory and Practice, S. Chand and Company Ltd.,, 2005.
 Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete, ACI 221R-96
(Reapproved 2001)
 Kan, Y. C., Pei, K. C., Chang, C. L. Strength and Fracture Toughness of Heavy Concrete with
Various Iron Aggregate Inclusions Nuclear Engineering & Design 228 2004: pp. 119 – 127.
 Osman GENCEL, Witold BROSTOW , Cengiz OZEL , Mümin FILIZ , Concretes Containing
Hematite for Use as Shielding Barriers, ISSN 1392–1320 MATERIALS SCIENCE. Vol. 16,
No. 3. 2010, pg249 to 259
 S.G. Ermichev, V.I. Shapovalov, N.V.Sviridov (RFNC-VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia) V.K. Orlov,
V.M. Sergeev, A. G. Semyenov, A.M. Visik, A.A. Maslov, A. V. Demin, D.D. Petrov, V.V.
Noskov, V. I. Sorokin, O. I. Uferov (VNIINM, Moscow, Russia) L. Dole (ORNL, Oak Ridge,
USA)
 Facure A and Silva AX (2007) The use of high-density concretes in radiotherapy treatment
room design. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65: 1023-1028.
H A
T U

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy