CLOUD COMPUTING

INTRODUCTION
• Sensor nodes are the key components of Internet of Things (IoT) which are resource-
constrained in terms of storage, processing, and energy.

• In IoT infrastructure devices are connected and communicate with one another by
sharing the sensed and processed data.

• cloud computing is an essential building block of the IoT architecture to handle the
enormous data generated by the large number of heterogeneous devices.

• cloud computing comprises a pool of multiple resources such as servers, storage, and
network from single/multiple organizations which are allocated to the end users as
per requirement, on a payment basis.
 INTRODUCTION

• In cloud computing architecture, an end user can request for customized resources
such as storage space, RAM, operating systems, and other software to a cloud service
provider (CSP).

• For example, 2 users can request for a Linux and Windows 10 operating system for
running 2 various applications from a CSP.
 INTRODUCTION
• The cloud services are accessible from anywhere and at any time by an authorized user
through Internet connectivity.

• Cloud computing resources like networks, storage, processor, and servers are accessible
dynamically, ubiquitously, and on-demand basis by multiple users through a regular
command-line terminal at the same or different time instants.

• In cloud computing, a user pays for the cloud services as per the duration of their
resource usage.
 VIRTUALIZATION
• The key concept of cloud computing is virtualization which is a technique of sharing a
single resource among multiple end user organizations or end users.
• Here, a physical resource is logically distributed among multiple users where every user
perceives that the resource is unlimited and is dedicatedly provided to him/her.
 VIRTUALIZATION
• First figure represents a traditional desktop, where an application (App) is running on top
of an OS, and resources are utilized only for that particular application.
• Second figure shows multiple resources can be used by different end users through
virtualization software.
• Virtualization software separates the resources logically so that there is no conflict
among the users during resource utilization.
 ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION
• There are two entities in a cloud computing architecture: end users and CSP
• The major advantages from the perspective of the end user and CSP are:
• Advantages for End Users
• Variety
• Availability
• Portability
• Elasticity
• Advantages for CSP
• Resource Utilization
• Effective Revenue Generation
 ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION
• Advantages for End Users
• Variety
The process of virtualization in cloud computing enables an end user organization
to use various types of applications based on the requirements.
• Availability
Virtualization creates a logical separation of the resources of multiple entities
without any intervention of end users.
Required amount of resources are made available as per the users requirements
where user assumes that unlimited resources are dedicatedly for him/her.
Additional resources are allocated based on pay per user basis.
 ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION
• Portability
Signifies the availability of cloud computing services from anywhere in the world, at
any instant of time.
A user has access to their documents when in any country, although they cannot
physically access the devices on which the data is stored.
This has been made possible by platforms such as Google Drive
• Elasticity
The concept of virtualization allows an end user to scale-up or scale-down resource
utilization as per requirements.
cloud computing is based on a pay-per-use model where the end user needs to pay
the amount based on their usage.
 ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION
• Advantages for CSP

• Resource Utilization
CSP in a cloud computing architecture procures resources on their own or
get them from third parties which are distributed among different users
dynamically as per their requirements.
A segment of a particular resource can be provided to two users one at a
particular time instant and other user at a different time instant allowing re-
utilization of resources among multiple users.

• Effective Revenue Generation

A CSP generates revenue from the end users based on resource utilization
 TYPES OF VIRTUALIZATION

• Hardware Virtualization:
This type of virtualization indicates the sharing of hardware resources among multiple
users.
Eg: a single processor appears as many different processors with Different operating
systems which can work as stand-alone machines in a cloud computing architecture.

• Storage Virtualization:
Here storage space from different entities are accumulated virtually, and seem like a
single storage location.
A user’s documents or files exist in different locations in a distributed fashion but it is
assumed to be a single dedicated storage spaceby the user.
 TYPES OF VIRTUALIZATION

• Application Virtualization:
A single application is stored at the cloud end which can be used by the user in his/her
local computer without installing the application as per requirement.
The users assume that applications are stored and executed in their local computer.

• Desktop Virtualization:
Allows a user to access and utilize the services of a desktop that resides at the cloud
from their local computer.
 CLOUD MODELS
• As per the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Cloud Computing
Standards Roadmap Working Group, the cloud model can be divided into two parts:
• Service model
• Deployment model

• The service model is categorized as:

• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).

• The deployment model is categorized as:

• Private cloud
• Community cloud
• Public cloud
• Hybrid cloud.
CLOUD MODELS
SERVICE MODEL
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):
• This service provides access to different software
applications to an end user through Internet
connectivity.
• For accessing the service, a user need not purchase and
install the software applications on his/her local
desktop.
• Offers scalability, where users can use multiple software
applications as per their requirements.
• Eg: Microsoft Office 365

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS):
• PaaS provides a computing platform, where a user can
develop and run different applications.
• Here user need not instal and manage the infrastructure
such as operating system, storage, and networks.
• Eg: Google App Engine
SERVICE MODEL

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS):
• IaaS provides infrastructure such as storage,
networks, and computing resources.
• A user uses this infrastructure without purchasing
the software and other network components.
• Here a user can use any composition of the operating
system and software.
• Eg: Google Compute Engine
 DEPLOYMENT MODEL
• Private Cloud: This type of cloud is owned explicitly by an end user organization.
The internal resources of the organization maintain the private cloud.

• Community Cloud: This cloud forms with the collaboration of a set of

organizations for a specific community. For a community cloud, each organization
has some shared interests.

• Public Cloud: The public cloud is owned by a third party organization, which
provides services to the common public. The service of this cloud is available for
any user, on a payment basis.

• Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud comprises two or more clouds (private, public,
or community).
 SERVICE-LEVEL AGREEMENT IN CLOUD COMPUTING
• The most important actors in cloud computing are the end user/customer and CSP.
• The SLA architecture aims to provide optimal and efficient services to the end
users and generate revenue from them as per their usage.
• For a clear understanding between CSP and the customer about the services, an
agreement is required known as service-level agreement (SLA)
• An SLA is a detailed description of the services to be received by the customer
where he/she can be aware of each and every term and condition of the services
before availing them.
• An SLA may include multiple organizations for making the legal contract with the
customers.
 IMPORTANCE OF SLA
• Customer Point of View:
• Each CSP has its SLA, containing a detailed description of the services.
• If a customer wants to use a cloud service, he/she can compare the SLAs
of different organizations which allows him/her to choose a preferred
CSP based on the SLAs.

• CSP Point of View:

• Service Efficiency of the CSP may be depreciated due to various
performance issues with respect to a particular service.
• In such a situation, a CSP can explicitly mention in SLA that they are not
responsible for inefficient service.
 METRICS FOR SLA
• An SLA is constructed with different metrics depending on the type of services.

• A few common metrics required to be included for constructing an SLA:

• Availability: Signifies the amount of time the service will be accessible for the
customer.
• Response Time: Maximum time that will be taken for responding to a customer
request is measured by response time.
• Portability: Indicates the flexibility of transferring the data to another service.
• Problem Reporting: How to report a problem, whom and how to be contacted,
is explained.
• Penalty: The penalty for not meeting the promises mentioned in the SLA.
 CLOUD IMPLEMENTATION
• Cloud simulation
• Requirement for cloud computing is increasing with the rapid
deployment of IoT infrastructure for different applications.
• It is challenging to estimate the performance of an IoT system with the
cloud before real implementation which is complex and costly
procedure.
• Requirement for simulation of the system through a cloud simulator
before real implementation is very important.
• Various cloud simulators provide pre-deployment test services for
repeatable performance evaluation of a system.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOUD SIMULATORS
• Advantages of cloud simulator to a customer:
• Pre-deployment test before real implementation
• System testing at no cost
• Repeatable evaluation of the system
• Pre-detection of issues that may affect the system performance
• Flexibility to control the environment

• Different types of cloud simulators

• Cloud Sim
• Cloud Analyst
• Green Cloud
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOUD SIMULATORS
Cloud Sim
• Description:
• A popular cloud simulator written in a Java-based environment developed at the
University of Melbourne.
• A user is allowed to add or remove resources dynamically during the simulation
and evaluate the performance of the scenario.
• Features:
(1) It provides various cloud computing data centers along with different data
center network topologies in a simulation environment.
(2) Using Cloud Sim, virtualization of server hosts can be done in a simulation.
(3) A user is able to allocate virtual machines (VMs) dynamically.
(4) It allows users to define their own policies for the allocation of host resources to
VMs.
(5) It provides flexibility to add or remove simulation components dynamically.
(6) A user can stop and resume the simulation at any instant of time.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOUD SIMULATORS
Cloud Analyst
• Description:
• Cloud Analyst is based on Cloud Sim.
• This simulator provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for simulating a cloud
environment, easily.
• The Cloud Analyst is used for simulating large-scale cloud applications.
• Features:
• (1) The CloudAnalyst simulator is easy to use due to the presence of the GUI.
• (2) It allows a user to add components and provides a flexible and high level of
configuration.
• (3) A user can perform repeated experiments, considering different parameter
values.
• (4) It can provide a graphical output, including a chart and table
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOUD SIMULATORS
Green Cloud
• Description:
• Green Cloud is developed as an extension of a packet level network simulator,
NS2.
• This simulator can monitor the energy consumption of different network
components such as servers and switches.

• Features:
• Green Cloud is an open-source simulator with user-friendly GUI.
• It provides the facility for monitoring the energy consumption of the network
and its various components.
• It supports the simulations of cloud network components.
• It enables improved power management schemes.
• It allows a user to manage and configure devices, dynamically, in simulation
 AN OPEN-SOURCE CLOUD: OPENSTACK
• The OpenStack [12] is free software, which provides a cloud IaaS to users.
• A user can easily use this cloud with the help of a GUI-based web interface or
through the command line.
• OpenStack supports a vastly scalable cloud system, in which different pre-
configured software suites are available.

• Features of OpenStack
• OpenStack allows a user to create and deploy virtual machines.
• It provides the flexibility of setting up a cloud management environment.
A COMMERCIAL CLOUD: AMAZON WEB SERVICES (AWS)
• A user can launch and manage server instances in AWS.
• Typically, a web interface is used to handle the instances.
• Additionally, AWS provides different APIs (application programming interfaces),
tools, and utilities for users.
• Like other commercial clouds, Amazon AWS follows the pay-per-use model.
• This cloud infrastructure provides a virtual computing environment, where
different configurations, such as CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacity
are available.
 A COMMERCIAL CLOUD: AMAZON WEB SERVICES (AWS)
Features of AWS
• It provides flexibility to scale and manage the server capacity.
• AWS provides control to OS and deployment software.
• It follows the pay-per-use model.
• The cloud allows a user to establish connectivity between the physical network
and private virtual network
• The developer tools in this cloud infrastructure help a user for fast development
and deployment of the software.
• AWS provides excellent management tools, which help a user to monitor and
automate different components of the cloud.
• The cloud provides machine learning facilities, which are very useful for data
scientists and developers.
• For extracting meaning from data, analytics play an important role. AWS also
provides a data analytics platform.
 SENSOR-CLOUD: SENSORS-AS-A-SERVICE
• in a sensor-cloud, virtualization of sensors plays an essential role in providing services to
multiple users.
• Typically, in a sensor-cloud architecture, multiple users receive services from different a
sensor nodes, simultaneously.
• However, the users remain oblivious to the fact that a set of sensor nodes is not dedicated
solely to them for their application requirements.
• In reality, a particular sensor may be used for serving multiple user applications,
simultaneously.
• The main aim of sensor-cloud infrastructure is to provide an opportunity for the common
mass to use Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) on a payment basis.
• Similar to cloud computing, sensor-cloud architecture also follows the pay-per-use model.
 SENSOR-CLOUD: SENSORS-AS-A-SERVICE

• Is based on the concept of cloud computing, user application is served by a set of

homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes
• Using the sensor-cloud infrastructure, a user receives data for an application from
multiple sensor nodes without owning them.
• If a user wants to use traditional WSN for a certain application, he/she has to go
through different pre-deployment and post-deployment hurdles
• Case Study of : John the farmer
IMPORTANCE OF SENSOR-CLOUD
ARCHITECTURE OF A SENSOR-CLOUD PLATFORM
• The key role is played by two actors cloud service
provider (CSP) and end users (customer) in a traditional
cloud computing architecture.
• A service provider in sensor-cloud architecture is
known as a sensor-cloud service provider (SCSP).
• Actors in sensor-cloud architecture
A sensor-cloud architecture three actors are present
• End User:
Is also known as a customer of the sensor-cloud
services.
• end user registers with the infrastructure
through a Web portal.
• Chooses the template of the services that are
available in the sensor-cloud architecture
• Based on the type and usage duration of
service, the end user pays the charges to the
SCSP.
 ARCHITECTURE OF A SENSOR-CLOUD PLATFORM
• Sensor Owner:
• Is based on the concept of Se-aaS.
• sensors in a sensor cloud architecture are owned and deployed by the sensor owners.
• A particular sensor owner can own multiple homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes.
• Based on the requirements of the users, the sensor nodes are virtualized and assigned to serving
multiple applications at the same time.
• A sensor owner receives rent depending upon the duration and usage of his/her sensor node(s).

• Sensor-Cloud Service Provider (SCSP):

• An SCSP is responsible for managing the entire sensor-cloud infrastructure (including management
of sensor owners and end users handling, resource handling, database management, cloud
handling etc.), centrally.
• The SCSP receives rent from end users with the help of a pre-defined pricing model which may
include the infrastructure cost, sensor owners’ rent, and the revenue of the SCSP
 SENSOR-CLOUD ARCHITECTURE FROM DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS
• The sensor-cloud architecture can be explored from two view points:
(i) User organizational view and (ii) real architectural view

• User Organizational View:

• Is simple where an end users interact with a Web interface for selecting templates of the
services.
• The services are received by the end users through the Web interface.
• An end user is unaware of the complex processes that are running at the back end.

• Real Architectural View:

• complex processing which includes sensor allocation, data extraction from the sensors,
virtualization of sensor nodes, maintenance of the infrastructure, data center management,
data caching, and others
• Each process has a specific algorithm or scheme.