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Types of Magentic Materials

The document discusses two types of magnetic materials: soft and hard magnetic materials, detailing their properties, examples, and applications. Soft magnetic materials are easily magnetized and demagnetized, while hard magnetic materials retain their magnetism permanently. Additionally, it explains the use of magnetic materials in data storage, particularly focusing on Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) technology in hard disk drives (HDD).

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5 views15 pages

Types of Magentic Materials

The document discusses two types of magnetic materials: soft and hard magnetic materials, detailing their properties, examples, and applications. Soft magnetic materials are easily magnetized and demagnetized, while hard magnetic materials retain their magnetism permanently. Additionally, it explains the use of magnetic materials in data storage, particularly focusing on Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) technology in hard disk drives (HDD).

Uploaded by

rakshanadilip
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF MAGENTIC MATERIALS

 Soft magnetic materials

 Hard magnetic materials


Soft magnetic materials

• Materials which are easy to magnetise and


demagnetize are called soft magnetic
materials
• Soft magnetic materials do not retain the
alignment of magnetic domains after the
removal of the external magnetic field.
Properties of soft magnetic materials

• Easy to magnetise & demagnetise.

• High permeability – Helps to passes magnetic field easily and attract the
magnetism.
.

• Low residual magnetism – Very little amount of magnetism will be remained.


It wont help in retaining the magnetism.

• Low coercivity – Small amount of reverse magnetic field for reverse


reaction.

• Low hysteresis loss – energy loss will be low.

• Magnetic energy stored low


Examples of Soft Magnetic Materials

1. Pure or ingot iron

2. Cast iron – (carbon content above 2.5%)

3. Carbon steel

4. Silicon steel

5. Manganese & nickel steel

6. Permalloy – nickel (78.15%) + iron (21%) + small amount Cr, Co, Cu, Mn

7. Mumetal – nickel (75.4%) + copper (4%) + chromium (1.5%) + rest iron

8. Perminar – cobalt (25%) + nickel (50%) + iron (25%)

9. Soft ferrites
Applications
• Cast iron: Used in the structure and frame of electrical
machines like DC motors.
• Carbon steel: Has high strength, used in turbo alternator
motors.
• Silicon steel: Used in motor poles, dynamo poles, and
transformer cores.
• Manganese & nickel steel: Used in cable boxes, meter cases,
and end rings of alternators.
• Permalloy: Used as thin tape around conductors in
submarine cables.
• Mumetal: Used for making transformer cores.
• Perminar: Used in motor armatures and transformer cores.
Hard magnetic materials

Hard magnetic materials are those that retain their


magnetism permanently and are difficult to demagnetize,
even after the external magnetic field is removed.

Properties
• Low permeability – don't allow magnetic field easily.
• High retentivity – retain strong magnetism.
• High coercivity – need a strong reverse field to demagnetize.
• Large hysteresis loss – more energy is lost.
• High BH product – suitable for strong permanent magnets.
Examples
• Tungsten steel – Iron + 4.5–6% tungsten + small
carbon.
• Cobalt steel – Iron + 34% cobalt + chromium +
tungsten.
• Alini – Iron + aluminium + nickel.
• Alnico – Iron + 18% nickel + 10% aluminium + cobalt
+ copper.
• Cunife – Copper (50%) + Nickel (30%) + Iron (20%).
• Hypernic – 50% nickel + 50% iron.
Applications

• Tungsten steel – Permanent magnets in


dynamos, motors.
• Cobalt steel – Motors, fans, heavy-duty
devices.
• Alini – Lightweight, portable instruments.
• Alnico – Small-sized permanent
magnetsCunife – Tiny magnets for compact
devices
 Magnetic Principle in Computer Data Storage :
Magnetic materials are used for recording/reading of audio and
video signals, and in data storage devices such as magnetic tapes, floppy
disks, and hard disks.

Magnetoresistance :
If a magnetic field is applied in the wire in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of currecut flow
 Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) :

A phenomenon where the resistance of a material changes in response


to a magnetic field. GMR structure consists of normal metal and ferromagnetic
layers, and the electrical conductivity depends on the orientation of the magnetic
field.

An electron moving into a magnetized region will exhibit spin-


dependent scattering. Electrons with spins in the direction of the magnetic field
scatter less (low resistance) than that of opposite the direction of the magnetic
field (high resistance).
 GMR Devices :

Magnetic Hard Disk DriveHard Disk Drives (HDD) use GMR sensors as
read heads, which have high magnetic sensitivity to read data at greater speed.
MR structure consists of normal metal and ferromagnetic layers is shown in fig.3.23. The
electrical conductivity (reciprocal of resistivity) depends on the orientation of the magnetic
field applied to the GMR structure.The current can be applied parallel to the plane of layers
(CIP-Current In Plane) or perpendicular to the plane of layers (CPP- Current Perpendicular to
Plane) as shown in fig. 3.23.In CIP the materials have high resistivity while in CPP, they have
low resistivity.

GMR DEVICES - MAGNETIC HARD DISK DRIVE WITH GMR SENSORHard Disk Drives (HDD)
are made up of magnetic garme materials are called magnetic hard disk drives. It a mass
data storage device recently used for storing large number of data (Tera bytes).

Now-a-days GMR [Giant Magneto Resistance) sensors used as read heads. It has a very
high magneti sensitivity to read the data at greater speed.
 Principle :
In magnetic hard disk drives, the binary data in terma of zero's (0) and one's (1)
are stored by inducing magnetic moment in a thin magnetic layer. The GMR
effect is used to read the data in HDD. Here, zero(0) represents missing
transition and one (1) represents transition in the medium.

 Construction :
The HDD (recording medium) is madeup of thin layer of magnetic garnets grown
on the substrate. The GMR sensor made up of ferrites and anti ferromagnetic
materials is used as reading element. The writing element is made up of
inductive magnetic transducerThe writing element and the GMR sensor move
over recording media in the longitudinal direction as shown in fig. 3.24. Hence
this method is also called " longitudinal recording.
Working

Griting / Storing of informationfaitially, the constant current is


passed through the writing element (coil). Therefore, a magnetic
field in mduced in between the gap of the writing elementDuring
writing, the direction of current is reversedDue to reversal of
current, the magnetization orientation is reversed
Advantages
1. It has very large storage capacity.HDD's can store data interms of
Terabytes and in future it can store data interms of Petabytes and
Exabytes

2. 2. It is compact in size and can be easily portable

3. 3. The size of the recording medium in HDD will be reduced upto


few nano-metres using nanotechnology.

4. 4 GMR sensors are non diffusive and are very sensitive in


reading.
 Disadvantages :

1. HDD is slower than SSD solid state drives-memory cardal


2. They consume more power and it can be easily damaged
3. The data in HDD may be corrupted, due to thermal radiation and magnetic field
4. The GMK noise ratio is high for the nano size recording media as it is temperature
dependent.
 Applications :
1.HDD's are used as storage devices in cloud applications.
2.They are used in coding and signal processing units
3.It is used in many Engineering fields such as control systems, nanoelectronics, ete.
4.The GMR and spin valve sensors are used in modern HDD by IBM

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