GSM Vs.

CDMA An Overview

Classification Of Existing Systems

Technologies TDMA/FDMA GSM (European Standard) IS 136 (U.S Standard) PDC (Japnese Standard) IS 95 (U.S Standard) CDMA

Evolution Chart
Service type Narrow Band 1G 2G Multi media Wide Band 3G

Broad Band 4G

Voice

Analog AMPS

Digital IS 95 IS 136 GSM

~64kbps 1990

IMT 2000

Wireless Internet Mobile system

~ 24kbps 1980

~2Mbps 2000 Years

~20Mbps 2010

Access technology
PN Code Freq Freq Freq

Time

Time

Time CDMA

FDMA

TDMA

Comparison BetweenTechnologies
Digital Mobile technology CDMA GSM Users Dec-02 145.2 790.5 Users Dec-03 181.0 970.8 Growth in2003 35.4 180.3 % Growth Share Of Growth 15.6% 79.5%

24.3% 22.8%

PDC
TDMA 3 GSM (W CDMA) GLOBAL USER BASE

60.1
107.4 0.2 1103.7

63.1
113.0 2.8 1330.6

3.0
5.5 2.6 226.9

5.0%
5.1% 1708.5% 20.69%

1.3%
2.4% 1.2% 100%

GSM An Overview

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Services Provided By GSM

1. Telephony - Basic Teleservice

2. Other Services -Emergency calling -Voice Messaging

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Services Provided By GSM (Cont..)

3. Bearer Services - Low Speed data transfer (upto 9.6 Kbps) -Group 3 Fax and Sms 4. Suplementary Services - call offering , call forwarding, call restriction, call waiting, call hold. - Multiparty teleconferencing, special schemes

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

General Architecture Of GSM

BSC

HLR

VLR PSTN, ISDN

SIM

BTS MSC BTS Abis BSC EIR A AuC

NS Network Subsystem

ME

MS Um Mobile station

BSS Base Station Subsystem

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks

Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility

SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM SIM

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks

Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility 2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) 3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard BSC: Base station Controller 1. It manages radio resources for one or more BTS. BSC 2. Allocation and Deallocation of channels. 3. Transmitter power control. 4. Handoff control BTS : Base Tranceiver station

1. It defines the cell .

2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard HLR BSC EIR MSC AuC

VLR
PSTN, ISDN

Network Subsystem MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location register AuC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Mobile Switching center:(MSC)

call set up/supervision/release call routing billing information colllection mobility management paging, alerting, echo cancellation connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange networks Access to HLR and VLR

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Home Location Register (HLR)

One HLR per GSM operator Contains permanent database of all the subscribers in the network contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.) It is reffered for every incomming call

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Visitor Location Register(VLR)

Temporary visitors database One VLR per MSC

Authentication Center(AuC)
Provides security Authentication and encryption

Equipment Identity Register:

Contains IMEI

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Location Update
VLR BSC MSC

HLR
BSC MSC

GMSC

VLR

PSTN. ISDN

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Mobile call originating

BSC

VLR MSC

HLR
BSC MSC

GMSC

VLR

PSTN. ISDN

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Mobile call terminating

BSC

VLR MSC

HLR
BSC MSC

GMSC

VLR

PSTN. ISDN

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Handoff
MSC

GMSC
MSC

Handoff is of
3 types 1. Intra BSC

2 Inter BSC
BSC BSC BSC 3. Inter MSC

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

GSM Radio Aspects : Uplink(Mobile to base)

890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz) Downlink ( Base to Mobile) 935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz) Total 45 MHz spacing for duplex operation

GSM uses TDMA and FDMA

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

GSM Using FDMA

200KHz

1 2 3 4 5 890MHz

Uplink Freq

124 915Mhz

Total Frequency range(Uplink)=25Mhz Spacing between two carriers= 200kHz No. of Carriers=25MHz/200KHz = 124

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

GSM Using TDMA

TDMA Frame is divided into 8 time slots.
Freq Time slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 45MHz 200 KHz

Down Link carrier Up Link carrier

03 3 3 4 5 6 7 1 2
4.6 ms 0.57ms Time

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Classification of channels in GSM Two types

Traffic channels (TCH) Control channels (CCH) Channels are used to carry speech , data and control information. Traffic Channels are defined using 26 TDMA frame multiframe.

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Length of 26 TDMA frames = 120 msec Length of 1 TDMA frame =120/26 = 4.615 msec 1 TDMA frame consists of 8 burst frames Length of 1 burst frame = 0.577msec Out of 26 frames
24 are TCH used for traffic 1 is SACCH used for control 1 is unused

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard Frame Multiframe 10 Tdma Frame 1 2 3 4 5 Duration=120ms 24 25 Duration=4.615ms 6 7

Format of a single Burst Duration=0.577ms 25 57 1 26 57 Data Training Data

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Speech coding
Speech is digitized by PCM, o/p of PCM is 64Kb/s It is further reduced by Regular pulse excitedLinear predictive coder, bit rate achieved 13kb/s for full rate (260 bits in 20 msec) Further encoded for error correction, 456 bits per 20 msec, bit rate = 22.8 Kb/s 456 bits are divided into 8 blocks and transmitted during 8 burst periods.

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

Classification of Channels 1 Traffic (TCH)

Speech
Full rate 22.8 kb/s Half rate 11.4 kb/s

Data
9.6kb/s 4.8kb/s 2.4kb/s

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

2 Control (CCH)
Broadcast (BCCH)
Freq correction (FCCH) Synchronization (SCH)

Common (CCH)
Paging (PCH) Access grant (AGCH) Random Access (RACH)

Dedicated (DCCH)
Fast Associative (FACCH) Slow Associative (SACCH) Stand alone (SDCCH)

GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

GSM Security
MS NETWORK Random no Ki A3 Ki A8 Ki A3 SRES Equal Ki A8

Kc SRES

Kc

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) An Overview

CDMA
Classification of CDMA Systems
CDMA SYSTEMS

CDMA one

CDMA 2000 Wide Band

IS95

IS95B

JSTD 008

Narrow Band

CDMA
Multiple Access in CDMA:
Each user is assigned a unique PN code. Each user transmits its information by spreading with unique code. Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used. Users are seperated by code not by time slot and freq slot.

CDMA
Concept of CDMA
Users share same User bandwidth User axis shows cumulative signal strength of all users
Code 4

Code 3
Code2 Code 1 Freq

CDMA
Spread Spectrum and Multiple Access:
Spread Spectrum
In Spread spectrum data is transmitted with BW in excess to minimum BW necessary to send it. Spread spectrum is achieved by spreading with PN code at transmitter . Same code is used to despread the received signal at reciever

How do we get increased spectrum

Wide band code seq Narrow band inputsignal X Wide band Spreaded seq

CDMA
Advantages of spread spectrum:
Multipath Rejection Immunity to interference and jamming Multiple access
User Code 4 Code 3 Code2 Code 1 Freq

CDMA
Comparison between CDMA and TDMA/FDMA:
In TDMA Band width available for transmission is small which leads to compromise in quality of transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire spectrum is used which enhances voice quality. In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas in CDMA frequency planning is minimal. TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power limited system

CDMA
Types of Codes used in CDMA:
Walsh code
Orthogonal codes In IS 95A and IS 95B 64 Walsh codes are used In CDMA 2000 128 Walsh codes are used

Short PN code(16 bit)

Used to identify the BS and hence the cell

Long PN code(42 bit code)

Used to identify mobile station on reverse link

CDMA
Formation of channels (IS 95)
PN Code( Chip code) has rate of 1.23 MHz Chip rate = 1.23 MHz (spread BW)
Link

Forward Link (BS to MS)

Reverse link (MS to BS)

CDMA
Forward Link (BS to MS)
Forward CDMA Channels

PILOT W0

SYNC W32

PAGE W1

PAGE W7

TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC W0

W9 POWER TRAFFIC CNTRL DATA SUB CH

CDMA
Reverse Link Channel (BS to MS)
Here CDMA ch does not follow strictly orthogonal rule. It consists of 242 logical channels. 42 bit long PN code is used to distinguish between channels.
Reverse CDMA Channels

Access Ch 1

Access Ch n

Traffic Ch 1

Traffic Ch m

m mobiles tryin to gain access to system

m mobiles engaged in calls

CDMA
Other key Factors
Diversity
Time diversity Frequency diversity Space(Path) diversity

Power Control Handoff: It supports Soft Handoff

CDMA
Soft Handoff

Signal strength

Distance

Thanks