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Resolution

The document discusses the concept of resolution in imaging systems, defining it as the ability to distinguish adjacent objects clearly. It covers components of resolution, including spatial and contrast resolution, and explains how various factors like focal spot size, detector blur, and motion can affect image clarity. Additionally, it describes methods for measuring resolution and the importance of modulation transfer function and Nyquist frequency in assessing imaging quality.

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salma anjillath
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7 views33 pages

Resolution

The document discusses the concept of resolution in imaging systems, defining it as the ability to distinguish adjacent objects clearly. It covers components of resolution, including spatial and contrast resolution, and explains how various factors like focal spot size, detector blur, and motion can affect image clarity. Additionally, it describes methods for measuring resolution and the importance of modulation transfer function and Nyquist frequency in assessing imaging quality.

Uploaded by

salma anjillath
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESOLUTI

ON
WHAT IS RESOLUTION?
 Ability of an imaging system to display two adjacent
objects as discrete entities.

 Good resolution – two small adjacent objects


appears sharp and distinct in an image.

 Poor resolution – adjacent objects might appear as


one blurred entity.
COMPONENTS OF
RESOLUTION
 SPATIAL RESOLUTION
 CONTRAST RESOLUTION
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
 Ability to display separate images of two
objects placed close together.
 Determined by using test objects of high
contrast; to ignore the effect of noise on
spatial resolution measurements.
 Attempts to improve spatial resolution
may cause increased noise levels that
decrease contrast resolution.
 Determined by scanner design;
computer reconstruction; and display.
CONTRAST RESOLUTION
 Is the ability to distinguish anatomic
structures of similar subject contrast.
Ex: liver-spleen, gray matter-white
matter

 Magnetic Resonance Imaging has the


highest contrast resolution
 Computed Tomography is excellent as
well
MRI CT
CONTRAST RESOLUTION
 Ability to display areas that differ in
density by a small amount as distinct
images.
 Attempts to increase contrast resolution
by increasing scan times(large dose)
may decrease spatial resolution; by
increasing the effect of patient motion.
 Low contrast visibility is determined by
noise.
DETERMINING RESOLVING
POWER
Resolving power target:-

Lead strip

COMMONLY USED - Buckbee- Meers resolution plate

(1 – 9.6 lp/mm ;18 steps)


RESOLUTION
 Large objects correspond to low value of lp/mm .

 Small structures correspond to higher value of


lp/mm .

Human eye

 resolve ~5lp/mm at a distance of ~25 cm.

 Resolve ~30lp/mm in close inspection.


RESOLUTION TEST
TOOLS

LINE PAIRS/ MM
Depicts how well you
can see the
differences in
structures
More lines=more
detail
MEASURING RESOLUTION FOR
AN X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM
SMPTE TEST PATTERN
RESOLUTION
 Quantified using a parallel
line bar phantom.

 Bar phantoms posses very


high intrinsic contrast .

 Described as line pair per


millimeter (lp/mm).

 Bar phantom of 1lp/mm =


0.5mm Pb bars ;
separated by o.5mm
radiolucent material.

 2lp/mm = 0.25mm Pb ;
0.25mm radiolucent
Limiting spatial resolution –

Maximum number of line pairs per mm that can be recorded


by the imaging system.

IMAGING MODALITY LIMITING SPATIAL


RESOLUTION (lp/mm)
Screen film modality 15

Screen film (200 speed) 5

Digital chest imaging 3

Digital photospot / DSA 2

Fluoroscopy 1

CT 0.7
POINT SPREAD FUNCTION
 Image of a point (hole) is called PSF.

 Point appears blurred because of combined effect of


focal spot ; motion and dimension of the image
receptor.
LINE SPREAD FUNCTION
 Image of a narrow line
source is called LSF.

 Width may be considered


as a measure of blur or
resolution.

 Width is measured at half Lead


the max. value ; termed
full width half
maximum(FWHM).

 Wide LSF implies poor IR


spatial resolution and vice
versa.
LINE SPREAD FUNCTION
 Narrow LSF (<1mm) are difficult to measure; and
bar phantoms (lp/mm) used to measure spatial
resolution performance.

 Wide LSF (>3mm) are routinely obtained as FWHM


in nuclear medicine.

 Limiting spatial resolution in lp/mm can be


converted to FWHM and vice versa.

FWHM ~ 1/(2×LSF)
Or LSF ~ 1/(2×FWHM)
MODULATION TRANSFER
FUNCTION
 MTF is a curve that describes the resolution capability
of an imaging system.

MTF = output modulation / input modulation


(signal amplitude) at each spatial frequency.

 At low spatial frequencies; MTF is close to 1.0 =>


excellent visibility of large features.

 At high spatial frequencies; MTF falls to 0


=>poor visibility of small features.
MODULATION TRANSFER
FUNCTION
 Output modulation of all imaging systems is less
than the 100% input because of blur introduced by
focal spot; motion; and receptor size.

 MTF of imaging system is the product of the MTFs of


subcomponents.
e.g. – at a given spatial frequency; MTF due to focal
spot is 0.9; due to motion is 0.8; due to screen is
0.7.
=> MTF = 0.9 × 0.8 × 0.7 = 0.5

 For MTF analysis ; each component (eg. Focal spot;


motion; detector blur) to be analyzed separately.
NYQUIST FREQUENCY
 Highest spatial
frequency in an object
that can be faithfully
reproduced in digital
images.

 In digital imaging;
sampling frequency =
matrix size / line
spread length.

E.g.- a 1000 matrix


along a line 100mm
long corresponds to a
sampling frequency of
~10 per
NYQUIST FREQUENCY
 Sampling frequency determines limiting
spatial resolution which is half the sampling
frequency.

 Doubling the sampling frequency will


double the limiting spatial resolution
(nyquist frequency).

 High spatial frequency corresponds to small


features and sharp edges in the object.
IMAGING MATRIX DIMENSI SAMPLIN LIMITING
ON G RESOLUTI
(mm) FREQUEN ON
C (lp/mm)
(pixels/m
m)
CHEST X-RAY 2000 350 ~ 5.7 2.9

DIGITAL 1000 250 ~4 2


FLUOROSCOPY

DSA 1000 250 ~4 2

CT HEAD 512 250 ~2 1

CT BODY 512 350 ~1.4 0.7


FOCAL SPOT BLUR
Finite size of focal spot results
in blurred image.

Penumbra – blurred margin


at the edge of objects
produced by a finite focal
spot.

Results from the x-rays


arriving from slightly
different locations in the
focal spot.

Resultant unsharpness is
called focal spot blur or
geometric unsharpness.
FOCAL SPOT BLUR
 Focal spot blur increases
with increasing focal spot
size.

 Point focal spot => no focal


spot blur

 Contact radiography(no
magnification) => no focal
spot blur.

 Reducing the focal spot size


in magnification imaging
increases the sharpness of
the edge by minimizing
penumbra.
Magnification in
mammography ->
improves visibility of
micro-calcifications ;
but needs a 0.1mm
focal spot to minimize
geometric unsharpness.

Magnification in
angiography ->
improve the visibility
of very small blood
vessels and makes use
of 0.3mm focal spot.
DETECTOR BLUR
 Physical size of radiation detector will limit the ability to
resolve small objects.

 Screen thickness introduces limit to spatial resolution;


because of diffused light before being absorbed by the
film.

 Non screen films produce sharp images.

 In fluoroscopy ; width of TV lines; lowers resolution.

 in digital radiography ; pixel size limits resolution.

 In CT ; detector element produces average intensity of x-


rays ; and finer details being lost.
MOTION BLUR
 Patient motion introduces blur.

 Voluntary and involuntary movement.

 mA => exposure time => motion blur.

 Motion blur is independent of magnification

 Use immobilizing devices


THANK
YOU…

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