John E. McMurry • Robert C.

Fay

C H E M I S T R Y
Fifth Edition

Chapter 4
Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Lecture Notes
Alan D. Earhart
Southeast Community College • Lincoln, NE

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

 Some Ways That Chemical
Reactions Occur
Precipitation Reactions: Processes in which soluble
reactants yield an insoluble solid product that falls out
of solution.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions: Processes in

which an acid reacts with a base to yield water plus a
salt.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/2

 Some Ways That Chemical
Reactions Occur
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions: Processes
in which one or more electrons are transferred
between reaction partners (atoms, molecules, or ions).
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/3

 Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution
Electrolytes: Substances which dissolve in water to
produce conducting solutions of ions.
H 2O
NaCl(s) Na1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)

A solution of NaCl conducts

electricity because of the
movement of charged
particles (ions).

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/4

 Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution
Nonelectrolytes: Substances which do not produce
ions in aqueous solutions.
H 2O
C12H22O11(s) C12H22O11(aq)

A solution of C12H22O11
does not conduct electricity
because it contains no
charged particles (ions).

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/5

 Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution
Strong Electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate to a
large extent into ions when dissolved in water.

KCl(aq) K1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)

Weak Electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate to a

small extent into ions when dissolved in water.

CH3CO2H(aq) H1+(aq) + CH3CO21-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/6

Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution

Strong Acids: hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic

acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid,
sulfuric acid.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/7
Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution

Ionic Compounds

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/8

Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution

Weak acids

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/9

Electrolytes in Aqueous
Solution

Molecular Compounds
(other than any strong or weak electrolytes)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/10

 Aqueous Reactions and Net
Ionic Equations
Molecular Equation: All substances in the chemical
equation are written using their complete formulas as
if they were molecules.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

strong electrolytes precipitate

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/11

 Aqueous Reactions and Net
Ionic Equations
Ionic Equation: All of the strong electrolytes are
written as ions.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KI(aq)

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO31- (aq) + 2K1+(aq) + 2I1-(aq)

2K1+(aq) + 2NO31- (aq) + PbI2(s)

2KNO3(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/12

 Aqueous Reactions and Net
Ionic Equations
Spectator Ions: Ions that undergo no change during
the reaction and appear on both sides of the reaction
arrow.

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO31- (aq) + 2K1+(aq) + 2I1-(aq)

2K1+(aq) + 2NO31- (aq) + PbI2(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/13

 Aqueous Reactions and Net
Ionic Equations
Net Ionic Equation: Only the ions undergoing change
are shown.

Pb2+(aq) + 2I1-(aq) PbI2(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/14

 Precipitation Reactions and
Solubility Guidelines
1. A compound is probably soluble if it contains one of
the following cations:
• Group 1A cation: Li1+, Na1+, K1+, Cs1+
• Ammonium ion: NH41+

2. A compound is probably soluble if it contains one of

the following anions:
• Halide: Cl1-, Br1-, I1-
• except Ag1+, Hg22+, and Pb2+ compounds
• Nitrate (NO31-), perchlorate (ClO41-), acetate (CH3CO21-),
sulfate (SO42-)
• except Ba2+, Hg22+, and Pb2+ sulfates
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/15
 Precipitation Reactions and
Solubility Guidelines
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of
AgNO3 and Na2CO3 are mixed.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/16

 Precipitation Reactions and
Solubility Guidelines
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of
AgNO3 and Na2CO3 are mixed.

1. Write the chemical formulas of the products (use

proper ionic rules).

AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Ag2CO3 + NaNO3

AB + CD CB + AD

double replacement reaction

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/17

 Precipitation Reactions and
Solubility Guidelines
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of
AgNO3 and Na2CO3 are mixed.

2. Molecular Equation: Balance the equation and

predict the solubility of each possible product.

2AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Neither the cation nor the

anion is in the solubility list.

Contains a group 1A cation.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/18
 Precipitation Reactions and
Solubility Guidelines
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of
AgNO3 and Na2CO3 are mixed.

3. Ionic Equation: Dissociate the soluble ionic

compounds.
2AgNO3(aq) Na2CO3(aq)

2Ag1+(aq) + 2NO31- (aq) + 2Na1+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

Ag2CO3(s) + 2Na1+(aq) + 2NO31-(aq)

2NaNO3(aq)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/19
 Precipitation Reactions and
Solubility Guidelines
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of
AgNO3 and Na2CO3 are mixed.

4. Net Ionic Equation: Eliminate the spectator ions from

the ionic equation.
2Ag1+(aq) + 2NO31- (aq) + 2Na1+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

Ag2CO3(s) + 2Na1+(aq) + 2NO31-(aq)

2Ag1+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ag2CO3(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/20

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Acid (Arrhenius): A substance that dissociates in
water to produce hydrogen ions, H1+:

HA(aq) H1+(aq) + A1-(aq)

HCl(aq) H1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)

In water, acids produce hydronium ions, H3O1+:

HCl(aq) + H2O(aq) H3O1+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/21

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Base (Arrhenius): A substance that dissociates in
water to produce hydroxide ions, OH1-:

MOH(aq) M1+(aq) + OH1-(aq)

NaOH(aq) Na1+(aq) + OH1-(aq)

Ammonia, commonly called “ammonium hydroxide” is

a base:

NH3(aq) + H2O(aq) NH41+(aq) + OH1-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/22

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions

Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes.

Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/23
 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
These acid-base neutralization reactions are double-
replacement reactions just like the precipitation
reactions:
HA + MOH MA + HOH

or

HA + MOH MA + H2O
Acid Base Salt Water

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/24

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous HBr and aqueous Ba(OH)2.

1. Write the chemical formulas of the products (use

proper ionic rules for the salt).

HBr(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) H2O + BaBr2

Acid Base Water Salt

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/25

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous HBr and aqueous Ba(OH)2.

2. Molecular Equation: Balance the equation and

predict the solubility of the salt in the products.

2HBr(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) 2H2O(l) + BaBr2(aq)

Use the solubility rules.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/26

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous HBr and aqueous Ba(OH)2.

3. Ionic Equation: Dissociate a strong acid and the

soluble ionic compounds.
2HBr(aq) Ba(OH)2(aq)

2H1+(aq) + 2Br1-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH1-(aq)

2H2O(l) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Br1-(aq)

BaBr2(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/27

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous HBr and aqueous Ba(OH)2.

4. Net Ionic Equation: Eliminate the spectator ions from

the ionic equation.
2H1+(aq) + 2Br1-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH1-(aq)

2H2O(l) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Br1-(aq)

2H1+(aq) + 2OH1-(aq) 2H2O(l)

or
H1+(aq) + OH1-(aq) H2O(l)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/28
 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous NaOH and aqueous HF.

1. Write the chemical formulas of the products (use

proper ionic rules for the salt).

HF(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O + NaF

Acid Base Water Salt

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/29

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous NaOH and aqueous HF.

2. Molecular Equation: Balance the equation and

predict the solubility of the salt in the products.

HF(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaF(aq)

Use the solubility rules.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/30

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous NaOH and aqueous HF.

3. Ionic Equation: Dissociate a strong acid and the

soluble ionic compounds.
NaOH(aq)

HF(aq) + Na1+(aq) + OH1-(aq) H2O(l) + Na1+(aq) + F1-(aq)

NaF(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/31

 Acids, Bases, and
Neutralization Reactions
Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for
the reaction of aqueous NaOH and aqueous HF.

4. Net Ionic Equation: Eliminate the spectator ions from

the ionic equation.

HF(aq) + Na1+(aq) + OH1-(aq) H2O(l) + Na1+(aq) + F1-(aq)

HF(aq) + OH1-(aq) H2O(l) + F1-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/32

 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reactions
Rusting of iron:
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
an oxidation of Fe

Manufacture of iron:
2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
a reduction of Fe
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/33
 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reactions
Oxidation Number (State): A value which indicates
whether an atom is neutral, electron-rich, or electron-
poor.

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

1. An atom in its elemental state has an oxidation

number of 0.

Na H2 Br2 S Ne

Oxidation number 0

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/34

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reactions
2. A monatomic ion has an oxidation number identical
to its charge.
Na1+ Ca2+ Al3+ Cl1- O2-

+1 +2 +3 -1 -2

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/35

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reactions
3. An atom in a polyatomic ion or in a molecular
compound usually has the same oxidation number
it would have if it were a monatomic ion.
a) Hydrogen can be either +1 or -1.
1-
H O H Ca H

+1 -2 -1 +2 -1
b) Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.
H O H H O O H

+1 -2 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/36
 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reactions
3. c) Halogens usually have an oxidation number of -1.
H Cl Cl O Cl

+1 -1 +1 -2 +1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/37

 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reactions
4. The sum of the oxidation numbers is 0 for a neutral
compound and is equal to the net charge for a
polyatomic ion.

H2SO3 2(+1) + x + 3(-2) = 0 (net charge)

+1 x -2 x = +4

Cr2O72- 2(x) + 7(-2) = -2 (net charge)

x = +6
x -2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/38
 Identifying Redox Reactions

Reducing Agent
• Causes reduction
• Loses one or more electrons
• Undergoes oxidation
• Oxidation number of atom increases

Oxidizing Agent
• Causes oxidation
• Gains one or more electrons
• Undergoes reduction
• Oxidation number of atom decreases

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/39

Identifying Redox Reactions

Oxidizing Agent
reduction
0 -2
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2 O3(s)
0 +3
Reducing Agent oxidation

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/40

Identifying Redox Reactions

Oxidizing Agent
reduction
+3 0
2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C(s) 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
0 +4
Reducing Agent oxidation

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/41

The Activity Series of the
Elements
Cu(s) + 2Ag1+(g) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Which one of these reactions will occur?

2Ag(s) + Cu2+(g) 2Ag1+(aq) + Cu(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/42

The Activity Series of the
Elements

The elements that are

higher up in the table
are more likely to be
oxidized.

Thus, any element

higher in the activity
series will reduce the
ion of any element
lower in the activity
series.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/43

The Activity Series of the
Elements
Cu(s) + 2Ag1+(g) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Which one of these reactions will occur?

2Ag(s) + Cu2+(g) 2Ag1+(aq) + Cu(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/44

The Activity Series of the
Elements
Cu(s) + 2Ag1+(g) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Which one of these reactions will occur?

2Ag(s) + Cu2+(g) 2Ag1+(aq) + Cu(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/45

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Oxidation-Number Method

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/46

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Oxidation-Number Method
Balance the following net ionic equation in acidic
solution:
I1-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + IO31-(aq)

• Balance the equation for all atoms other than H and O.

I1-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + IO31-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/47

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Oxidation-Number Method
• Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms.

I1-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + IO31-(aq)

-1 +6 -2 +3 +5 -2

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/48

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Oxidation-Number Method
• Decide which atoms have changed oxidation number,
and by how much.
I1- (aq) + Cr2 O72- (aq) 2Cr3+ (aq) + I O31- (aq)
-1 +6 +3 +5
oxidation
reduction

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/49

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Oxidation-Number Method
• Make the total increase in oxidation number equal to
the total decrease in oxidation number.
I1- (aq) + Cr2 O72- (aq) 2Cr3+ (aq) + I O31- (aq)
-1 +6 +3 +5

Net increase = +6 Net decrease = -6

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/50

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Oxidation-Number Method
• Balance the equation for by adding H2O, and then
balance for H by adding H1+.
8H1+(aq) + I1-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq)
2Cr3+(aq) + IO31-(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/51

Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/52

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
Balance the following net ionic equation in acidic
solution:
I1-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) Cr3+(aq) + IO31-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/53

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Write the two unbalanced half-reactions.

Cr2O72-(aq) Cr3+(aq)

I1-(aq) IO31-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/54

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Balance both half-reactions for all atoms except O and
H.

Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq)

I1-(aq) IO31-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/55

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Balance each half-reaction for O by adding H2O, and
then balance for H by adding H1+.

14H1+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)

3H2O(l) + I1-(aq) IO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/56

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Balance each half-reaction for charge by adding
electrons to the side with greater positive charge.

reduction: 14H1+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 6e-

oxidation: 6e- + 3H2O(l) + I1-(aq) IO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/57

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Multiply each half-reaction by a factor to make the
electron count the same in both half-reactions.

reduction: 14H1+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 6e-

oxidation: 6e- + 3H2O(l) + I1-(aq) IO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/58

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Add the two balanced half-reactions together and
cancel species that appear on both sides of the
equation.
reduction: 14H1+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) + 6e-

oxidation: 6e- + 3H2O(l) + I1-(aq) IO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

8H1+(aq) + I1-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq)

IO31-(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/59

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
Balance the following net ionic equation in basic
solution:
MnO41-(aq) + Br1-(aq) MnO2(s) + BrO31-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/60

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Write the two unbalanced half-reactions.

Br1-(aq) BrO31-(aq)

MnO41-(aq) MnO2(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/61

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Balance both half-reactions for all atoms except O and
H.

Br1-(aq) BrO31-(aq)

MnO41-(aq) MnO2(s)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/62

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Balance each half-reaction for O by adding H2O, and
then balance for H by adding H1+.

3H2O(l) + Br1-(aq) BrO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

4H1+(aq) + MnO41-(aq) MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/63

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Balance each half-reaction for charge by adding
electrons to the side with greater positive charge.

3H2O(l) + Br1-(aq) BrO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq) + 6e-

3e- + 4H1+(aq) + MnO41-(aq) MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/64

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Multiply each half-reaction by a factor to make the
electron count the same in both half-reactions.

3H2O(l) + Br1-(aq) BrO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq) + 6e-

2 3e- + 4H1+(aq) + MnO41-(aq) MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/65

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Add the two balanced half-reactions together and
cancel species that appear on both sides of the
equation.
3H2O(l) + Br1-(aq) BrO31-(aq) + 6H1+(aq) + 6e-

6e- + 8H1+(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) 2MnO2(s) + 4H2O(l)

2H1+(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) + Br1-(aq)

2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + BrO31-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/66

 Balancing Redox Reactions:
The Half-Reaction Method
• Since the reaction occurs in a basic solution,
“neutralize” the excess H1+ by adding OH1- and cancel
any water (if possible)
2H2O

2OH1-(aq) + 2H1+(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) + Br1-(aq)

2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + BrO31-(aq) + 2OH1-(aq)

H2O(l) + 2MnO41-(aq) + Br1-(aq)

2MnO2(s) + BrO31-(aq) + 2OH1-(aq)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/67

 Redox Titrations

Titration: A procedure for determining the concentration

of a solution by allowing a carefully measured volume to
react with a solution of another substance (the standard
solution) whose concentration is known.

5H2C2O4(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

10CO2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
If the unknown concentration is the potassium
permanganate solution, MnO41-, it can be slowly added to
a known amount of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, until a faint
purple color persists.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/68
 Redox Titrations

A solution is prepared with 0.2585 g of oxalic acid,

H2C2O4. 22.35 mL of an unknown solution of potassium
permanganate are needed to titrate the solution. What is
the concentration of the potassium permanganate
solution?
5H2C2O4(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)
10CO2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
Mass of Moles of Moles of Molarity of
H 2C 2O4 H 2C 2O4 KMnO4 KMnO4

Molar Mass Mole Ratio Molarity of

of H2C2O4 KMnO4
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/69
 Redox Titrations

5H2C2O4(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

10CO2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)

Moles of H2C2O4 available:

0.2585 g H2C2O4 1 mol
x = 0.002871 mol H2C2O4
90.04 g

Moles of KMnO4 reacted:

0.002871 mol H2C2O4 2 mol KMnO4
x = 0.001148 mol KMnO4
5 mol H2C2O4

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/70

 Redox Titrations

5H2C2O4(aq) + 2MnO41-(aq) + 6H1+(aq)

10CO2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)

Concentration of KMnO4 solution:

0.001148 mol KMnO4 1000 mL
x = 0.05136 M KMnO4
22.35 mL 1L

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4/71