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Chapter 7 8

Chapter 7 discusses confidence intervals and hypothesis testing, explaining key concepts such as parameters, estimators, and confidence levels. It outlines the process of estimating population parameters from sample data, including the use of point estimates and interval estimates, as well as the importance of sample size and the t-distribution. Chapter 8 introduces hypothesis testing, detailing the null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and the steps involved in conducting tests, including examples of applying these concepts in real-world scenarios.

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4 views32 pages

Chapter 7 8

Chapter 7 discusses confidence intervals and hypothesis testing, explaining key concepts such as parameters, estimators, and confidence levels. It outlines the process of estimating population parameters from sample data, including the use of point estimates and interval estimates, as well as the importance of sample size and the t-distribution. Chapter 8 introduces hypothesis testing, detailing the null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and the steps involved in conducting tests, including examples of applying these concepts in real-world scenarios.

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Chapter 7 :

Confidence Intervals

1
• Parameter: is a measure that describes the
population of interest such as
• The parameters are considered as constants and
they are difficult to evaluate for large populations,
so they are estimated.
• Statistic : is a measure that describes a sample
selected from the population.

• Estimation: is the process of estimating the value of


a parameter from information obtained from a
sample.

2
• Point estimate (estimator) : is a specific numerical
value estimate of the parameter.
• A good estimator satisfies the following:
• 1- Unbiased : E(estimator) = Parameter

• 2- Consistent: If n , estimator the parameter

• Interval Estimate: is interval or range of values used to


estimate the parameter. This may or may not contain
the value of the parameter estimated.

• Confidence level : () percentage of all possible samples


that can be expected to include the true population 3
• Confidence Interval : (CI) specific interval estimate
to a parameter determined by using data obtained
from a sample and by using specific confidence level
of the estimate.
• Components of CI :
• Point estimate (reliability factor).(standard error).

• **1** ( CI for population mean when population is


normal and is known:

is called margin of error (


4
• Example : A physical therapist wished to estimate with
99 percent confidence, the mean maximal strength of a
particular muscle. Assume the strength scores are
normally distributed with a variance of 144. A sample of
15 subjects who participated in the experiment yielded to
a mean of 84.3. Help him !

5
• **2** ( CI for population mean when is unknown:

• Just substitute s instead of 𝝈.


• A- n is large.

• It works even if the population is not normal.

• B- n is Small.
• Population must be normal and we use T –
Distribution

6
• Example : In a recent study on 35 ninth grade
students, the mean number of hours per week that
they played video games was 16.6 and the standard
deviation was 2.8.
• A- Find the best point estimate of the true mean.

• B-Find 95% CI of the true mean.

• C- Find 99% CI.


7
Determining the Sample Size
• If the confidence level , population standard
deviation and the margin of error are known
then what is the sample size?

•
• Example: A healthcare professional wishes to estimate the
birthweights of infants. How large a sample must be if she

ounces of the sample mean. ( Assume 𝞼 = 8) .


desires to be 90% confident that true mean is within 2
T- Distribution
• Student's t-distribution (or simply the t-
distribution) is any member of a family of
continuous probability distributions that arises
when estimating the mean of a normally distributed
population in situations where the sample size is
small and population standard deviation is
unknown.
• The t-distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped, like
the normal distribution, but has heavier tails,
meaning that it is more prone to producing values
that fall far from its mean.
• The variance of t-distribution is greater than 1 and
its shape depends on the degrees of freedom (df) .
• Df = n-1.
• Example: Suppose you do a study of acupuncture to determine
how effective it is in relieving pain. You measure sensory rates for
15 subjects with the results given. Use the sample data to construct
a 95% confidence interval for the mean sensory rate for the
population (assumed normal) from which you took the data.
8.6, 9.4 ,7.9 ,6.8 , 8.3 , 7.3 , 9.2 , 9.6 , 8.7 ,11.4 , 10.3 , 5.4 ,
8.1 , 5.5 , 6.9.

• 95% CI for the mean is : ( 7.30, 9.15 )


• If )
• Then (1-
• Example : A survey of 1721 people found that
15.9% of them use internet for medical issues. Find
95% confidence interval of the proportion of people
who use internet for medical issues.
Sample Size for Proportion
• Example : A recent study indicated that 29% of
women over age 55 were widows.
• A- How large a sample must you take to be 90% confident
that the true proportion of women over age 55 who are
widows is within 0.05 of the estimate.

• B- If no estimate of sample proportion is available, how


the large should be the sample?
Chapter 8 :
Hypothesis
Testing
• Statistical Hypothesis: is a conjecture a bout one
population ( or more than one population )
parameter(s).
• Two types of hypotheses :
• 1- Null hypothesis : states that there is no
difference between population parameter and a
specific value or that there is no difference between
two or more population parameters. (
• 2- Alternative ( Research ) hypothesis : States that
there is a difference. (
• Outcomes of the test:

Ho is Ho is
true false
Reject Type I Correct
Ho error
Do not Correct Type II
reject Ho error

Level of Significance (𝞪) : is the probability


of type I error.
• Hypothesis testing for single population
mean:
• Example:
• Rejection Region ( critical region ) : is the set of all
values of the test statistic that cause us to reject the
null hypothesis.
• Critical Value: is the value that separates the
rejection region from non rejection region.

• Test statistic ( Test value ) : is a standardized value


which is calculated during hypothesis testing from
the sample data.

• If the test statistic is in the rejection region, then


reject the null Hypo. Otherwise, do not reject.
Steps Summary of Hypothesis testing
• 1- State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
• 2- identify the level of significance then critical
value(s) and so RR and NRR.
• 3- Find the test value:
in general; Test value =

• 4- Make decision
• 5- Comment.
• So ; z- test for one population mean will be:
•Example: A neurologist is testing the effect of a drug on response time by
injecting 100 rats with a unit dose of the drug, subjecting each to a neurological
stimulus and recording its response time. The neurologist knows that the mean
response time for rats not injected with the drug is 1.2 seconds. The mean of 100
injected rats is 1.05 seconds with a sample standard deviation of 0.5 seconds. Do
you think that the drug has an effect on response time?
• (Solve By the 3 methods )
• 2- Confidence Interval Method (Two Tailed).
• 3- P-value Method: …
• Hypothesis Testing Of one Population Proportion:
Steps:
• Example: A dietitian claims that more than 60% people are trying
to avoid Trans fats in their diets. She randomly selected 200 people
and found that 128 of them stated that they were trying to avoid fats.
At 5% level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to support the
claim?
T-test for one population mean:
• Normality assumption
• Population variance is unknown
• Sample size is small.
• Example: We measure the grams of protein for a sample of energy
bars. The label claims that the bars have 20 grams of protein. We
want to know if the labels are correct or not. Imagine we have
collected a random sample of 16 energy bars from a number of
different stores, and found that their average amount of protein is
21.5 with a standard deviation of 3.

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