Scribd
Upload
2 views38 pages

Lecture 9 - SHS.318

The document covers the topic of Gram-positive bacilli, focusing on medically important genera such as Bacillus, Clostridium, and Listeria. It details the characteristics, pathogenicity, and diseases associated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, including their clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods. Additionally, it discusses the formation and resistance of bacterial spores, as well as the non-pathogenic Bacillus subtilis.

Uploaded by

Ammara Arshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views38 pages

Lecture 9 - SHS.318

The document covers the topic of Gram-positive bacilli, focusing on medically important genera such as Bacillus, Clostridium, and Listeria. It details the characteristics, pathogenicity, and diseases associated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, including their clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods. Additionally, it discusses the formation and resistance of bacterial spores, as well as the non-pathogenic Bacillus subtilis.

Uploaded by

Ammara Arshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

COURSE CODE:

318
Ms. Ammara Arshad
Microbiology - II
Spring_2025

REFERENCE TEXT BOOK:


Warren Levinson.
Lange: Review of Medical Microbi
ology and Immunology
: Thirteen edition
Gram Positive
Bacillus
Medically Important GP Genera
 Bacillus
 Clostridium
 Listeria

 Corynebacterium
 Gardnerella
Spore forming
bacteria
Spore forming bacteria

 Clostridium
 Bacillus

C. perfringens
B. anthracis

C. tetani
B. cereus

C. botulinum
B. subtilis

C. difficile
BACTERIAL SPORE
 highlyresistant structures are formed in
response to adverse conditions

 Spore formation (sporulation) occurs when


nutrients, such as sources of carbon and
nitrogen, are depleted
Spore

 The spore forms inside the cell and contains


bacterial DNA, a small amount of cytoplasm,
cell membrane, peptidoglycan, very little
water.
Spore
 Most importantly, a thick, keratin like coat that
is responsible for the remarkable resistance
of the spore to heat, dehydration, radiation,
and chemicals
 This resistance may be mediated by
dipicolinic acid, a calcium ion chelator found
only in spores.
 Once formed, the spore has no metabolic
activity and can remain dormant for many
years.

 Upon exposure to water and the appropriate


nutrients, specific enzymes degrade the coat,
water and nutrients enter, and germination
into a potentially pathogenic bacterial cell
occurs
Formation of bacterial spore
Non-spore forming gram
positive rods (genera)

 Corneybacterium

 Listeria

 Gardnerella
Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis
 Characteristics
 A large gram-positive rod
with square ends
 Capsule
(Composed of D-
glutamate)
 Spore: central endospore
 Nonmotile
Others members of
the genus are motile
 Reservoir, zoonotic

 Hoof stock (sheep, cattle,

goats)  Virulence

 Fur, hides
 Capsule
 Spore
 Soil contaminated with
 Exotoxin (anthrax toxin)
spores  Necrosis
 Edema
 Protective Ag
Pathogenicity
B. anthracis diseases

 Exposure

 Inhalation

 Inoculation

 Ingestion meat
 Disease
 Gastrointestinal
 Hemmorhage/death
 Cutaneous
 Eschar/toxemia
 Inhalation
 Toxemia
History of Bacillus
anthracis

 1st pathogenic bacterium to be seen


under microscope – Pollender, 1849
 1st bacillus to be isolated in pure culture
& shown to possess spores – Koch, 1876
 1st bacterium used for the preparation of
an attenuated vaccine – Pasteur, 1881
Clinical findings
Cutaneous anthrax

 The typical lesion of cutaneous anthrax is a


painless ulcer with a black eschar (crust,
scab).
 Local edema is prominent.
 The lesion is called a malignant pustule.
Untreated cases progress to bacteremia and
death
Cutaneous Anthrax: Eschar
Gastrointestinal anthrax

 The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include:

 vomiting,

 abdominal pain

 bloody diarrhea.
Pulmonary anthrax

 Pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax, also known

as “wool-sorter’s disease,” begins with

nonspecific respiratory tract symptoms

resembling influenza, especially a dry

cough and substernal pressure.


 This rapidly progresses to hemorrhagic

mediastinitis, bloody pleural effusions, septic

shock, and death.

 Mediastinal widening seen on chest X-ray is an

important diagnostic criterion. Hemorrhagic

mediastinitis and hemorrhagic meningitis are severe

life-threatening complications.
Laboratory Diagnosis

 B. anthracis is a large gram-positive rod with


square ends, frequently found in chains.
 Nonhemolytic colonies formed on blood agar
aerobically.
 Serological tests
 PCR
Treatment

 Ciprofloxacin is the drug of choice.

 Doxycycline is an alternative drug.


Prevention
 People at high risk can be immunized with cell-
free vaccine containing purified protective antigen
as immunogen.

 Incinerating animals that die of anthrax, rather


than burying them, will prevent the soil from
becoming contaminated with spores.
B. cereus
 Characteristics

 Aerobic

 Non-encapsulated

 Motile

 spore
Virulence

 Spores

 Enterotoxins

 Hemolysins

 Lecithinase (pLC)
DISEASE

 Food poisoning
Transmission

 Spores on grains such as rice survive


steaming and rapid frying. The spores
germinate when rice is kept warm for many
hours (e.g., reheated fried rice). The portal of
entry is the gastrointestinal tract
Pathogenesis
 B. cereus produces two enterotoxins.
 The mode of action of the other enterotoxin
resembles that of staphylococcal enterotoxin (i.e.,
it is a super-antigen).
Clinical Findings

 There are two syndromes.


 One syndrome has a short incubation period (4
hours) and consists primarily of nausea and
vomiting, similar to staphylococcal food poisoning.
 The other has a long incubation period (18 hours)
and features watery, nonbloody diarrhea,
resembling clostridial gastroenteritis.
Laboratory diagnosis

 Culture specimen from suspected food source.


 This is not usually done.
B. subtilis
 Location
 Soil
 Decaying organic matter
 Nonpathogenic
 Research organism
 Endospores
 antibiotics
 Commercial use
 Enzyme production
 Insect toxin
 Fungicide
 Food spoilage

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy