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CH 9

Chapter 9 introduces the data-link layer, which facilitates node-to-node communication across networks in the Internet. It outlines key services provided by this layer, including framing, flow control, error control, and congestion control, as well as the distinction between point-to-point and broadcast links. Additionally, the chapter discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for translating IP addresses to link-layer addresses necessary for data transmission.

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3 views24 pages

CH 9

Chapter 9 introduces the data-link layer, which facilitates node-to-node communication across networks in the Internet. It outlines key services provided by this layer, including framing, flow control, error control, and congestion control, as well as the distinction between point-to-point and broadcast links. Additionally, the chapter discusses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for translating IP addresses to link-layer addresses necessary for data transmission.

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alsaydia1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 9

Introduct
ion
To
Data-Link
Layer
9-1 INTRODUCTION

The Internet is a combination of


networks glued together by
connecting devices (routers or
switches). If a packet is to travel
from a host to another host, it
needs to pass through these
networks.

9.2
Figure 9.1: Communication at the data-link layer

9.3
9.9.1 Nodes and Links

Communication at the data-link layer is node-to-


node. A data unit from one point in the Internet
needs to pass through many networks (LANs and
WANs) to reach another point. Theses LANs and
WANs are connected by routers. It is customary to
refer to the two end hosts and the routers as nodes
and the networks in between as links. Figure 9.2 is a
simple representation of links and nodes when the
path of the data unit is only six nodes.

9.4
Figure 9.2: Nodes and Links

9.5
9.9.2 Services

The data-link layer is located between the physical


and the network layers. The data-link layer provides
services to the network layer; it receives services
from the physical layer. Let us discuss services
provided by the data-link layer.

9.6
Figure 9.3: A communication with only three nodes

9.7
9.9.2 Services

 Framing

 Flow Control

 Error Control

 Congestion Control

9.8
9.9.3 Two Categories of Links

Although two nodes are physically connected by a


transmission medium such as cable or air, we need
to remember that the data-link layer controls how
the medium is used. We can have a data-link layer
that uses the whole capacity of the medium; we can
also have a data-link layer that uses only part of the
capacity of the link. In other words, we can have a
point-to-point link or a broadcast link.

9.9
9.9.4 Two Sublayers

To better understand the functionality of and the


services provided by the link layer, we can divide the
data-link layer into two sublayers: data link control
(DLC) and media access control (MAC). This is not
unusual because, as we will see in later chapters,
LAN protocols actually use the same strategy.

9.10
Figure 9.3: Dividing the data-link layer into two
sublayers

9.11
5-4 LINK-LAYER ADDRESSING

However, in a internetwork such


as the Internet we cannot make a
datagram reach its destination
using only IP addresses. The
source and destination IP
addresses define the two ends
but cannot define which links the
packet should pass through.

9.12
Figure 9.5: IP addresses and link-layer addresses in a small
internet

9.13
9.2.2 ARP

Anytime a node has an IP datagram to send to


another node in a link, it has the IP address of the
receiving node. However, the IP address of the next
node is not helpful in moving a frame through a
link; we need the link-layer address of the next node.
This is the time when the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) becomes helpful.

9.18
Figure 9.6: Position of ARP in TCP/IP protocol suite

9.19
Figure 9.7: ARP operation

9.20
Figure 9.8: ARP packet

9.21
Example 9.4
A host with IP address N1 and MAC address L1 has a
packet to send to another host with IP address N2 and
physical address L2 (which is unknown to the first host).
The two hosts are on the same network. Figure 9.9 shows
the ARP request and response messages.

9.22
Figure 9.9: Example 9.4

9.23
Figure 9.10: The internet for our example

9.24
Figure 9.11: Flow of packets at Alice site

9.25
Figure 9.12: Flow of activities at router R1

9.26
Figure 9.13: Flow of activities at router R2

9.27
Figure 9.14: Activities at Bob’s site

9.28

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