Endocrine system

Maru Pérez Castro

Functions
Coordinates and regulates body functiones

Work together with nervous system

Both system together maintain homeostasis in our

body

Homeostatis: mantaining stable enviornment in our

organism

The endocrine system is responsible for many amazing bodily

processes: growth, sexual development, the fight or flight
response to danger, and the process by which cells make energy
and synthesize insulin.
 How do I keep my endocrine system
healthy?
• Get regular exercise, eat healthy foods, and see your doctor for
regular checkups.
HOW DO MY ENDOCRINE AND
NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK
TOGETHER?
The nervous system works with the endocrine system to detect and transmit
signals from internal and external stimuli to maintain homeostasis in the body.

These two systems help regulate the electrical and chemical processes that relay
information throughout and between the brain and body.

These functions include metabolism, reproduction, emotion, and HOMEOSTASIS

What is a gland?
A gland is an organ that
produces a substance, such as
hormones, digestive enzymes,
or saliva.
HORMONES

• Hormones are the chemical

messengers which coordinate the
activities of living organisms.
• Characteristics

1. They are secreted in small

amounts by endocrine glands.
2. They are poured directly into the
blood and carried throughout the
body by blood.
3. They act on specific tissues or
organs known as target organs.
4. Produce a particular response
Endocrine glands and exocrine
glands
• Exocrine • Endocrine
• Secrete other • secrete
substances through hormones into
a duct, either into the
the body or onto its
surface. bloodstream
 Organs in the body with the richest blood supply
are endocrine glands, such as:
• the adrenal gland

• the thyroid gland.

The endocrine
glands and Some glands of the endocrine system perform
functions in addition to hormone secretion,
their these glands are called "mixed glands". For
example,
hormones Pancreas has cells that secrete
hormones, and a much larger exocrine portion
of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes.

Ovaries and testes secrete hormones,

ovaries: produce oocytes (female

reproductive cells)

testes sperm cells (male

reproductive cells)
 Gland Hormone produced Function of the hormone
Growth hormone (GH) Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing gene expression
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Increases the secretion of the cortisol hormone
In females, LH stimulates ovulation and promotes the secretion of the reproductive hormones, estrogen and
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
progesterone, from the ovaries. In males, LH stimulates the secretion of testosterone.
Pituitary/ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm cells in
Hypofisis Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) the testes. Without LH and FSH, the ovaries and testes decrease in size, no longer produce oocytes or sperm
(master gland cells, and no longer secrete hormones.
controlled by Promotes the development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following
hypothalamus) Prolactin pregnancy
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
MSH promotes the synthesis of melanin.
(MSH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules. This results in less water lost as urine.
Causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as milk letdown from the breasts in
Oxytocin
lactating women.
Pineal gland Melatonin Plays an important role in sleep
Thyroid gland Thyroxine T4 Regulates body metabolism and body temperature
Parathyroid Parathyroid Hormone Regulates calcium levels in the blood and bones.
gland
Stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose and inhibits the conversion of noncarbohydrates into
Insulin glucose, so blood glucose levels fall. After a meal, when blood glucose levels are elevated, the pancreas
releases insulin.
Pancreas
Glucagon causes the glycogen stored in the liver to be converted to glucose. The glucose is then released
Glucagon into the blood to increase blood glucose levels. After a meal, when blood glucose levels are elevated,
glucagon secretion is reduced.
Give rise to the secondary male sexual characteristics (pubic hair, enlargement of the penis and deepening
Testes Testosterone
of the voice) and triggers the production of sperm.
Give rise to the secondary female sexual characteristics (enlargement of the breasts and the distribution of
Ovaries Estrogen and progesterone
adipose tissue) and control the menstrual cycle.
Where It Is Produced Hormone Function

Development white blood cells Cell T

Thymus Thymosin Important function in immune system

Adrenal Glands Aldosterone Regulates sodium and potassium balance in blood.

Corticosteroids Help manage stress, reduce inflammation, and regulate metabolism.

Kidneys Renin Regulates blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system.

Angiotensin Helps constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure.

Erythropoietin Stimulates the production of red blood cells.

Major Endocrine Glands:

• Pituitary and Hypothalamus: Controls many other glands, divided

into anterior and posterior sections.
• Thyroid Gland: Requires iodine, regulates metabolism and growth.
• Parathyroid Glands: Essential for calcium regulation, vitamin D
metabolism.
• Adrenal Glands: Produces fight-or-flight hormones, regulates blood
pressure, glucose, and fat metabolism.
• Pancreas: Mixed gland, exocrine (secretes digestive enzymes) and
endocrine functions (regulates blood glucose).
What are the main regulatory functions?
1. Metabolism. The endocrine system regulates the rate of metabolism, the sum of the
chemical changes that occur in tissues.
2. Control of food intake and digestion. The endocrine system regulates the level of
satiety (fullness) and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients.
3. Tissue development. The endocrine system influences the development of tissues, such
as those of the nervous system.
4. Ion regulation. The endocrine system regulates the solute concentration of the blood.
5. Water balance. The endocrine system regulates water balance by controlling solutes in
the blood.
6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation. The endocrine system helps regulate the
heart rate and blood pressure and helps prepare the body for physical activity.
7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients. The endocrine system regulates the levels of
blood glucose and other nutrients in the blood.
8. Control of reproductive functions. The endocrine system controls the development
and functions of the reproductive systems in males and females.
9. Uterine contractions and milk release. The endocrine system regulates uterine
contractions during delivery and stimulates milk release from the breasts in lactating
females.
10. Immune system regulation. The endocrine system helps control the production and
functions of immune cells.