Windings

Dr. A. O. Balogun
Windings
• The windings used in rotating machines can be
classified as :

• (a) Concentrated windings

• (b) Distributed windings

 Classifications of Windings
• Concentrated Windings
• In concentrated windings, all the winding turns are wound together in series to
form one multi-turn coil.
• Examples of concentrated windings are field windings for salient pole
synchronous machines as well as for d.c. machines
• In concentrated windings all turns have the same magnetic axis
• Primary and secondary windings of a transformer also form concentrated
windings

• Distributed Windings
• All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch coils.
• The coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap periphery to
form phase or commutator winding.
• Examples of distributed type of windings are found in stator and rotor of wound
rotor induction machines, stator of squirrel cage induction machines, armatures
of both synchronous and d.c. machines
(a) Concentrated Winding (b) Concentrated Winding
(d) Distributed Winding

(c) Concentrated Winding (e) Distributed Winding

Field and Armature Windings
• Field (or Exciting) Winding
• Is that which produces the working flux
• Armature Winding
• Is one in which working e.m.f. is induced by the working flux

• Armature windings are classified under 2 main types:

• (a) Closed windings
• (b) Open windings

• Closed Windings – Used only for commutator machines, such

as d.c. machines and a.c. commutator machines
• Open Windings – Used only for a.c. machines, such as
synchronous machines and induction machines
Cont’d
• Closed windings – Has a closed path in the sense that if one
starts from any point on the winding and traverses it, one
again reaches the starting point from where one started.
• Open windings – Terminate at suitable number of slip-rings
or terminals.
• Note:
• Three phase delta connected winding used for a.c. machines, forms a
closed circuit.
• The 3-phase delta can, however, be open-circuited and reconnected
in star if desired.
• Closed windings used for commutator machines can, in no case, be
open-circuited
•
Common Terms in Windings
Overhang Overhang
Overhang

Coils Coils
Coils
sides sides
sides

One-Turn Coil Two (dual) -Turn Coil Multi-Turn Coil

• Single Layer Winding –

• One coil-side occupies the total slot area
• Used only in small a.c. machines
• Two (double or dual) Layer Winding –
• The slot contains even number (2,4,6 etc) of coil-sides in two layers
• Common above about 5 kW machines
Cont’d
Coils sides Top layer
Bottom
layer
(b) Double Layer
(a) Single Layer

Top layer
Bottom layer

(c) Double Layer

Double layer Distributed Winding
Cont’d
N S N S
• Pole Pitch – Pole Pole
pitch pitch
• Defined as the peripheral distance
between identical points on two
adjacent poles.
• Always equal to 180 degrees electrical Coils Coils
span span
• Coil Span or Coil Pitch –
• Defined as the distance between the
two coil sides of a coil.
• Usually measured in terms of teeth,
slots, or electrical degrees.

(a) (b)
 Overhang

Coils
sides

Multi-Turn Coil
Cont’d

Coils
span

Fleming Right Hand Rule

(a) (b)

Fleming Left Hand Rule

 Advantages of Double Layer Windings over
Single Layer Windings

• Easier to house the windings in slots during repairs

• Lower leakage reactance and therefore better performance
• Better emf waveform in case of generators
• More economical
• Windings
• Concentrated Winding
• Distributed Winding
• Single layer
• Double layer
• Integral Slot Winding (slot per pole per phase = an integer)
• Full Pitch ( pole pitch = coil span)
• Fractional Pitch/Chorded/Short Pitch (coil span less than pole pitch)
• Fractional Slot Winding
• Slot per phase = Integer
• Non integer Slot per phase
 Examples: Distributed Windings
• EX #1: given that:
• Number of slots (s) = 12
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 2
• Then determine if the double layer winding is an integral slot
winding or a fractional slot winding.
• Solution:
• Determine slots per pole per phase (q=S/(pm))
• q=12/(2x3)=12/6 = 2
• Therefore, this is an integral slot winding
• EX #2: given that:
• Number of slots (s) = 48
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 10
• Then determine if the double layer winding is an integral slot
winding or a fractional slot winding.

• Solution:
• Determine slots per pole per phase (q=S/(pm))
• q=48/(10x3)=48/30 = not an integer
• Therefore, this is a fractional slot winding
• EX #3: given that:
• Number of slots (s) = 12
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 2
• Coil span = 5 slots
• Then determine if the integral slot winding is a full pitch or chorded
winding.
• Solution:
• Determine the pole pitch
• Pole pitch = 6 slots
• Coil span less that pole pitch
• Therefore, this integral slot winding is chorded (not a full pitch)
• EX #4: given that:
• Number of slots (s) = 12
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 2
• Coil span = 6 slots
• Then determine if the integral slot winding is a full pitch or chorded
winding.
• Solution:
• Determine the pole pitch
• Pole pitch = 6 slots
• Which implies that Pole pitch = coil span
• Therefore, this integral slot winding is a full pitch winding
• EX #5: given that:
• Number of slots (s) = 48
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 10
• Then determine if the fractional slot winding has its slot per phase
= an integer or not.
• Solution:
• Determine the slot per phase
• Slot per phase = 48/3 = 16
• Therefore, this fractional slot winding has its slot per phase = an
integer
• EX #6: given that:
• Number of slots (s) = 36
• Number of phases (m) = 5
• Number of poles (p) = 4
• Then determine if the fractional slot winding has its slot per phase
= an integer or not.
• Solution:
• Determine the slot per phase
• Slot per phase = 36/5 = not an integer
• Therefore, this fractional slot winding has its slot per phase = not
an integer
Turn Function and Winding Function
Turn function, n(θ)
Winding function, N(θ)
N(ϕ) = n(θ) - <n(θ)>

Winding function = Turn function – Average turn function

Examples: Integral Slot Winding
N S N S N S
• EX #7: given a single layer winding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B B A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B B A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B B
such that: Turn Function n (θ)
• Number of slots (S) = 36 2N
n A (θ) N
• Number of phases (m) = 3 0
• Number of poles (p) = 6 2N
• nB (θ) N
(a) determine the slot per pole per 0
phase and the pole pitch 0
• (b) determine the slot angle )
n C (θ -N
-2N
• (c) Use the winding layout of the 3-phase Winding Function N(θ )=n(θ ) - ˂ n(θ) >
armature to construct the turn function diagram N
and the winding function diagram NA (θ) 0
-N

N
• Solution: NB (θ) 0
-N
(a)Determine the slot per pole per phase
NC (θ) N
• q = S/(pm) = 36/18 = 2 0
-N
• Determine the pole pitch
• Pole pitch = 6
0 π/18 π/6 5π/18 7π/18 π/2 11π/18 13π/18 15π/18 17π/18 19π/18 7π/6 23π/18 25π/18 3π/2 29π/18 31π/18 11π/6 35π/18
(b) Slot angle = 360o/S = 360o/36 = 10o π/9 2π/9 π/3 4π/9 5π/9 2π/3 7π/9 8π/9 π 10π/9 11π/9 4π/3 13π/9 14π/9 15π/9 16π/9 17π/9 2
 N S N S N S
(c) Turn function, n(θ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B B A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B B A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B B
Turn Function n (θ)
2N
N – number of conductors n A (θ) N
0
Winding function, N(θ) 2N
nB (θ) N
0

0
n C (θ) -N
-2N
Winding Function N(θ )=n(θ ) - ˂ n(θ) >
N
NA (θ) 0
-N

N
NB (θ) 0
-N

NC (θ) N
0
-N

0 π/18 π/6 5π/18 7π/18 π/2 11π/18 13π/18 15π/18 17π/18 19π/18 7π/6 23π/18 25π/18 3π/2 29π/18 31π/18 11π/6 35π/18
π/9 2π/9 π/3 4π/9 5π/9 2π/3 7π/9 8π/9 π 10π/9 11π/9 4π/3 13π/9 14π/9 15π/9 16π/9 17π/9 2
 1 2 3 4 57 8 9 10 11 12
6
A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B-

2N
nA (θ)
N
0
2N
nB (θ) N
0 0
0 0

nC (θ) -N
-2N

N
NA (θ) 0
-N
N
NB (θ) 0
-N 0

N 0

NC (θ) 0
-N
• EX #8: given a dual layer winding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B- A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B-

such that: 3N
A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B- A
Turn Function n (θ)
A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B- A-

• Number of slots (S) = 24 2N

nA (θ) N
• Number of phases (m) = 3 0
-N
4N
• Number of poles (p) = 4 3N Overhang
2N
• Coil span = 5 slots nB (θ)N
0
• (a) determine the slot per pole per nC (θ)0

phase and the pole pitch -N

-2N
-3N Coils
• (b) determine the slot angle -4N sides
• (c) Use the winding layout of the 3-phase Winding Function N(θ)= n(θ) - ˂ n(θ)>
2N
armature to construct the turn function diagram NA (θ) N
0
and the winding function diagram -N
-2N
2N
N
0
• Solution: NB (θ)
-N
-2N

(a)Determine the slot per pole per 2N

phase N
0
NC (θ) -N
• q = S/(pm) = 24/(4*3) = 2 -2N

• Determine the pole pitch 0 π 2π

• Pole pitch = 6
(b) Slot angle = 360o/S = 360o/24 = 15o
 S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B-
• EX #9: given a dual layer winding A A C- C- B B A- A- C C B- B-
Turn Function n (θ)
such that: 4N
3N
• Number of slots (S) = 12 nA (θ)
2N

• Number of phases (m) = 3 N

0

• Number of poles (p) = 2 4N

3N
• Full pitch nB (θ) 2N
N
• (a) determine the slot per pole per 0
0
phase and the pole pitch -N
nC (θ)-2N
-3N
• (b) determine the slot angle -4N

• (c) Use the winding layout of the 3-phase Winding Function N(θ)= n(θ) - ˂ n(θ)>
armature to construct the turn function diagram 2N
and the winding function diagram N
NA (θ) 0
-N
-2N

• Solution: 2N
N
NB (θ)
(a)Determine the slot per pole per 0
-N
phase -2N

• q = S/(pm) = 12/(2*3) = 2 2N
N
0
• Determine the pole pitch NC (θ)
-N
-2N
• Pole pitch = 6 0 π/6 π/2 5π/6 π 7π/6
4π/3
3π/2
5π/3 11π/6 2π
π/3 2π/3

(b) Slot angle = 360o/S = 360o/12 = 30o

• EX #10: given a dual layer
winding such that:
• Number of slots (S) = 12
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 2
• Coil span = 5 slots
• (a) determine the slot per pole
per phase and the pole pitch
• (b) determine the slot angle
• (c) Use the winding layout of the 3-
phase armature to construct the turn
function diagram and the winding
function diagram

• Solution:
• Home Work
Examples: Fractional Slot Winding
• EX #10: given a dual layer winding such that:
• Number of slots (S) = 48
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 10
• (a) determine the slot per pole per phase
q = S/(pm) = 48/(10*3) = 48/30
A fractional slot winding
• Determine the characteristic ratio and highest common factor
• (S/3)/p = (k*Sk)/ (k*Pk) = Sk/Pk
• Where Sk=(S/3)/k and Pk=P/k
• Sk/Pk is called the characteristic ratio and k is the highest common factor
• Sk/Pk = (48/3)/10 = 16/10 = 2*8/2*5 = 8/5
• Characteristic ratio = 8/5
• Highest common factor = 2
 • k , the highest common factor gives
the number of possible parallel
circuits in fractional slot windings
• 8/5, which is the characteristic ratio A C- B
indicates that there are 8 coils per 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

phase. Distributed among successive N1 X X X X X

poles. In order words, 8 coils S1 X X X X X
N2 X
belonging to any one pole may be X X X X
S2 X X X X X
distributed under 5 adjacent poles. N3 X X X X
• Construct a table for the
distribution
• Where you have 5 rows to indicate
the number of poles for the 1st
circuit and 8 columns per phase N1 S1 N2 S2 N3 S3 N4 S4 N5 S5
for the 3 phases A +2 -2 +2 -1 +1 -2 +2 -2 +1 -1
C- -2 +1 -1 +2 -2 +2 -1 +1 -2 +2
• Proceed putting crosses separated B +1 -2 +2 -2 +1 -1 +2 -2 +2 -1
from each other by Pk (=5)
5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4
• After 1st row go to second row and
so on.
Clock Diagram – fractional slot winding (slot per phase =
integer)
Clock Diagram – Integral slot winding (short pitch or chorded
coil)
Clock Diagram – Integral slot winding (full pitch coil)
Examples: Fractional Slot Winding
• EX #11: given a dual layer winding of the rotor of a wound rotor
induction machine such that:
• Number of slots (S) = 45
• Number of phases (m) = 3
• Number of poles (p) = 6
(a) determine the slot per pole per phase
q = S/(pm) = 45/(6*3) = 45/18
A fractional slot winding
• Determine the characteristic ratio and highest common factor
• (S/3)/p = (k*Sk)/ (k*Pk) = Sk/Pk
• Where Sk=(S/3)/k and Pk=P/k
• Sk/Pk is called the characteristic ratio and k is the highest common factor
• Sk/Pk = (45/3)/6 = 15/6 = 3*5/3*2 = 5/2
• Characteristic ratio = 5/2
• Highest common factor = 3
 A C- B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15
X X X X X X X X
N1
S1 X X X X X X X

• Notice that the north poles take 8 slots

each while the south poles take 7 slots
each
• N1 and S1 take 15 slots (N1- 8slots, S1-
7slots)
• N2 and S2 take 15 slots (N2- 8slots, S2-
N1 S1 N2 S2 N3 S3
A +3 -2 +3 -2 +3 -2
7slots)
C- -2 +3 -2 +3 -2 +3 • N3 and S3 take 15 slots (N3- 8slots, S3-
B +3 -2 +3 -2 +3 -2
8
7slots)
8 7 8 7 7
• Total = 45 slots
• Implication – Not quite symmetric
• Then try to improve the symmetry.
• You can improve the symmetry by rearranging as given
below:
• N1 and S1 take 15 slots (N1- 8slots, S1- 7slots)
• N2 and S2 take 15 slots (N2- 7slots, S2- 8slots)
• N3 and S3 take 15 slots (N3- 8slots, S3- 7slots)

• Or
• N1 and S1 take 15 slots (N1- 7slots, S1- 8slots)
• N2 and S2 take 15 slots (N2- 8slots, S2- 7slots)
• N3 and S3 take 15 slots (N3- 7slots, S3- 8slots)

• Either of the two rearrangements above will improve

symmetry
 Clock Diagram – fractional slot
winding (slot per phase = integer)
Examples: Fractional Slot Winding
• EX #12: given a dual layer winding of the stator of a 5-phase
interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine such
that:
• Number of slots (S) = 36
• Number of phases (m) = 5
• Number of poles (p) = 4
(a) determine the slot per pole per phase
q = S/(pm) = 36/(4*5) = 36/20
A fractional slot winding
• A fractional slot winding but slot per phase is not an integer
• Slot per phase = 36/5 not an integer
Phasors: 3-Phase and 5-Phase
A
A C- D-

B- C-
E B

0
0

B- E-

C B
D C
A-
A-

3-Phase 5-Phase
• No. of Slots S = 36
• No. of Phases m = 5
• No. of Poles P = 4
• Coils Span = 9
• Pole Pitch S/P = 9
• Q = S/(mP) – Not an
integer (fractional)
• Slots per Phase =S/m
–Not an integer
(fractional)
Winding Arrangement in Slots

• A 5-phase machine
• Extra slot placed on phase c
Examples: Fractional Slot Winding
• EX #13: given a dual layer winding of the stator of a 5-phase
interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine such
that:
• Number of slots (S) = 36
• Number of phases (m) = 5
• Number of poles (p) = 6
(a) determine the slot per pole per phase
q = S/(pm) = 36/(6*5) = 36/30
A fractional slot winding
• A fractional slot winding but slot per phase is not an integer
• Slot per phase = 36/5 not an integer
 A D- B E- C
N1 1 2 3 4 5 6
S1 7 8 9 10 11 12
N2 13 14 15 16 17 18
S2 19 20 21 22 23 24
N3 25 26 27 28 29 30
S3 31 32 33 34 35 36
Examples: Integral Slot Winding (5-
Phase)
• EX #13: given a dual layer winding of the stator of a 5-phase
interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine such
that:
• Number of slots (S) = 20
• Number of phases (m) = 5
• Number of poles (p) = 4
(a) determine the slot per pole per phase
q = S/(pm) = 20/(4*5) = 20/20
An integral slot winding
• Slot per phase = 1, an integer
• With a coil span of 4, obtain the turn function and winding function
 N S N S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D- B E- C A- D B- E C- A D- B E- C A- D B- E C-
D- B E- C A- D B- E C- A D- B E- C A- D B- E C- A

N Turn Function n (θ)

nA (θ)0
-N
2N
nB (θ)N
0

2N
N
nC (θ)
0
0
N
nD (θ)
-2N

0
nE (θ) N
-2N

N Winding Function N(θ)= n(θ) - ˂ n(θ)>

NA (θ) 0
-N
N
NB (θ) 0
-N

N
NC (θ) 0
-N
N
ND (θ)0
-N

N
NE (θ) 0
-N
0 π/10 3π/10 π/2 7π/10 9π/10 11π/10 13π/10 3π/2 17π/10 19π/10 2π
π/5 2π/5 3π/5 4π/5 π 6π/5 7π/5 8π/5 9π/5