特里·吉列姆:修订间差异

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| birthname = {{lang|en|Terrence Vance Gilliam}}
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1940|11|22}}
| birthplace = {{USA-1912}}[[明尼蘇達州]][[明尼阿波利斯]]
| occupation = [[編劇]]、[[導演]]、[[演員]]、動畫師及監製
| yearactive = 1967年至今
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吉列姆的电影通常都具有高度的幻想气质。他的很多作品都包含一部分或完全发生在角色幻想世界的故事线,由此引出对“认同”和“心智健全”定义的质疑;他的电影中经常显露出对官僚主义和独裁政体的反感;他也在作品中用扰人且讽刺的笔触将“上层社会”和“下层社会”区分开来;他的电影经常会有一场与强大势力的战斗或斗争,对手或是一种情感境遇,或是一个人造偶像,或甚至是人物自身,这种斗争并不是总能够以喜剧收场。电影的气氛经常是黑暗的、妄想的,角色多有由普通人转变而来的异常人物。他的剧本带有黑色喜剧的色彩,经常以调子阴暗的悲喜剧转折来作结。
 
吉列姆的电影有着与众不同的视觉风格,往往只需一个片段就可辨识出来;[[罗杰·伊伯特]](Roger Ebert)曾写道“他的世界永远幻化在丰盛的细节描述中”("his world is always hallucinatory in its richness of detail.")<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050825/REVIEWS/50822002/1023%2F20050825%2FREVIEWS%2F50822002%2F1023 |title=The Brothers Grimm Review] |access-date=2022-01-14 |archive-date=2012-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929105109/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20050825%2FREVIEWS%2F50822002%2F1023 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。这些电影中经常会有巴洛克风格的设计,例如《[[巴西 (電影)|巴西]]》中使用低科技放大镜的高科技电脑监视器,《[[渔王]]》中身着翼衣的红骑士。他也经常会将不和谐的事物(如美丽与丑陋,或是陈旧与摩登)并置在一起。他的大多数电影都几乎完全采用了28mm或以下的超广角镜头来拍摄,并运用了极度的深焦摄影。
 
[[File:Terry Gilliam at IFC Center 2006.jpg|thumb|left|2006年10月4日,吉列姆在IFC中心]]
 
=== 电影制作中遭遇的困境 ===
吉列姆拍过几部因制作中遇到麻烦而成本激升的昂贵电影。吉列姆曾和[[环球]]公司为电影《[[巴西 (電影)|巴西]]》的发行问题作了长期的斗争,他的下一部电影《[[吹牛大王历险记]]》又在拍摄过程中多次增加预算,最终花掉了[[哥伦比亚]]公司4600万美元<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=adventuresofbaronmunchausen.htm |title=Box Office Mojo] |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326184631/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=adventuresofbaronmunchausen.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>,上映后却只收回800万的国内票房。
 
九十年代中期,吉列姆和老拍档Charles McKeown为《[[时光大盗]]》的续集写了剧本,计划最终因几位原版中的演员去世而放弃。他还曾计划将查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)的《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)再度搬上银幕,后来因预算和选角无法与片厂达成一致而作罢。
 
1999年,吉列姆的新片《[[誰殺了唐吉訶德]]》开拍,预算达到了3210万,是当时最昂贵的欧洲独资电影之一。片子开拍不到一周,主演唐吉科德的Jean Rochefort腰椎间盘突出发作,而一场洪水则将整个布景几乎完全摧毁。电影被迫取消,事后申请的保金高达1500万美元。虽然电影被取消,之前片场工作的全过程却被原本雇来拍摄幕后故事的团队完整记录下来,并剪成了纪录片《{{le|救命吶!唐吉訶德|Lost in La Mancha}}》发行上映。近年来,吉列姆和电影的主演[[约翰尼·德普]]都表达过让电影重新开工的愿望,不过目前剧本所有权还掌握在保险公司手中。<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/donqfact.htm |title=Dreams: The Man Who Killed Don Quizote<!-- Bot generated title -->] |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125152015/http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/donqfact.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>該片於2017年6月拍攝完畢。
 
吉列姆还曾两度试图将阿兰·摩尔(Alan Moore)的漫画《[[守護者 (漫畫)|守護者]]》搬上大银幕,时间分别是1989年和1996年,结果都以失败告终(該片後來由[[查克·史奈德]]拍成[[守護者 (電影)|電影]])。之後,又一桩悲剧发生在了吉列姆的新片上,就在拍摄的间歇期,《[[帕納大師的魔幻冒險]]》的主演[[希斯·莱杰]]在纽约的一所公寓中意外去世。
 
吉列姆目前手头有几个计划尚处在发展阶段,其中包括一部由[[尼爾·蓋曼|尼尔·盖曼]](Neil Gaiman)和[[泰瑞·普萊契|泰瑞·普莱契]](Terry Pratchett)的插画幻想小说《[[好預兆|好兆头]]》(Good Omens)改编的电影,吉列姆希望能由[[约翰尼·德普]]和[[罗宾·威廉姆斯]](Robin Williams)来分别出演两位主角Crowley克鲁利(Crowley)Aziraphale亚兹拉菲尔(Aziraphale),最终也以失败告终(该片后来由{{tsl|en|Douglas Mackinnon|道格拉斯·麦金农}}拍成[[好預兆 (迷你劇)|六集迷你剧]])
 
吉列姆电影制作过程中频发意外的现象已受到了广泛的关注,讽刺报纸《The Onion》也发表了一篇恶搞的文字,命名为”特里·吉列姆的野餐会遭受制作延期困扰“("Terry Gilliam Barbecue Plagued By Production Delays.")<ref>[http://www.theonion.com/content/node/32920 Terry Gilliam Barbecue Plagued By Production Delays | The Onion - America's Finest News Source<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theonion.com/content/node/32920 |date=20080815221136 }}</ref>
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=== 未来计划 ===
未来吉列姆还可能会执导或参与一部虚拟乐队”街头霸王“(Gorillaz)担纲的电影,档期被排在了2008年或2009年。在06年9月一篇《Uncut magazine》杂志的专访上,乐队灵魂达蒙·阿尔本(Damon Albarn)谈到”...我们正在策划一部电影,已经把特里·吉列姆给拉了进来。“(... we're making a film. We've got Terry Gilliam involved.") <ref name="Uncut">{{cite web | url = http://gorillaz-news.livejournal.com/169939.html#cutid1 | title = West London Calling | accessdate = 2006-10-11 | author = Williamson, Nigel | date = November 2006 issue, pg 88 | publisher = ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' | archive-date = 2020-10-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201026043738/https://gorillaz-news.livejournal.com/169939.html#cutid1 | dead-url = no }}</ref>
吉列姆目前手头有几个计划尚处在发展阶段,其中包括一部由[[尼尔·盖曼]](Neil Gaiman)和[[泰瑞·普莱契]](Terry Pratchett)的插画幻想小说《好兆头》(Good Omens)改编的电影,吉列姆希望能由[[约翰尼·德普]]和[[罗宾·威廉姆斯]](Robin Williams)来分别出演两位主角Crowley和Aziraphale。
 
未来吉列姆还可能会执导或参与一部虚拟乐队”街头霸王“(Gorillaz)担纲的电影,档期被排在了2008年或2009年。在06年9月一篇《Uncut magazine》杂志的专访上,乐队灵魂达蒙·阿尔本(Damon Albarn)谈到”...我们正在策划一部电影,已经把特里·吉列姆给拉了进来。“(... we're making a film. We've got Terry Gilliam involved.") <ref name="Uncut">{{cite web | url = http://gorillaz-news.livejournal.com/169939.html#cutid1 | title = West London Calling | accessdate = 2006-10-11 | author = Williamson, Nigel | date = November 2006 issue, pg 88 | publisher = ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'' }}</ref>
 
=== 经常合作的演员 ===
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=== 吉列姆与哈利波特 ===
《哈利波特》(Harry Potter)系列小说的作者[[J·K·罗琳]](J.K.Rowling)是吉列姆的影迷。因此当[[华纳]]公司准备将第一部小说《哈利波特与魔法石》搬上银幕时,吉列姆成了罗琳的第一选择。但[[华纳]]拒绝了吉列姆,将导筒交给了克里斯·哥伦布(Chris Columbus)。<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000416/bio IMDb: Biography for Terry Gilliam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000416/bio |date=20201111203826 }}. Accessed [[2007-04-22]].</ref>吉列姆多年后就此事回忆道”我是拍哈利波特的完美人选。记得离开会议室后,我驾车沿着穆赫兰道(Mulholland Drive)开了足足两个钟头,我实在是太愤怒了。克里斯·哥伦布的版本拍得太烂了,十足地呆板无趣。“("I was the perfect guy to do Harry Potter. I remember leaving the meeting, getting in my car, and driving for about two hours along Mulholland Drive just so angry. I mean, Chris Columbus' versions are terrible. Just dull. Pedestrian.")<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html |title=Terry Gilliam Bitter About Potter] |accessdate=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2007-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811035807/http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
尽管仍有流言传出,但吉列姆已声称他永远不会执导任何一部波特电影。<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/gilliam%20vows%20never%20to%20direct%20harry%20potter |title=Gilliam Vows Never To Direct Harry Potter] |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2009-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517114237/http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/gilliam%20vows%20never%20to%20direct%20harry%20potter |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
=== The Secret Tournament广告 ===
2002年,吉列姆为耐克公司(Nike)的足球世界杯企划拍了一组名为”The Secret Tournament“的广告<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A776009 |title='The Secret Tournament' - the Nike World Cup 2002 Advert] |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2009-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304231841/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A776009 |dead-url=no }}</ref>,内容说的是一场由世界上最好的球员对战的3对3比赛,场地设在了一艘巨大的油轮上,背景音乐用了猫王(Elvis Presley)的歌“A Little Less Conversation ”。广告深受好评且风靡一时。
 
=== Slava's Diabolo舞台秀 ===
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=== 帕納大師的魔幻冒險 ===
2007年1月23日,吉列姆宣布他和编剧搭档Charles McKeown已经着手为新片工作。第二天,吉列姆的影迷网站Dreams报道说<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/parnfact.htm |title=Dreams: The Imaginarium of Dr Parnassus, a Terry Gilliam film<!-- Bot generated title -->] |access-date=2008-07-30 |archive-date=2020-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808103749/http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/parnfact.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>新片被命名为《帕納大師的魔幻冒險》(The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus)。同年的10月3日,Dreams网站确认了吉列姆的下一部电影正是这部由克里斯托弗·普拉莫和汤姆·维茨(Tom Waits)出演的《帕納大師的魔幻冒險》,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Stubbs
| first = Phill
| coauthors =
| title = ''The Imaginarium of Dr Parnassus''
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Dreams
| date =
| url = http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/parnprev.htm
| accessdate = 2007-10-10
| accessdate = 2007-10-10 }}</ref> 影片定在了2009年上映。<ref>{{cite news | author=Shawn Adler | url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/11/15/ledger-a-big-joker-when-it-comes-to-new-gilliam-film/ | title=Ledger A Big Joker When It Comes To New Gilliam Film | publisher=[[MTV]] | date=2007-11-15 | accessdate=2007-12-30 }}</ref>拍摄工作于07年12月在伦敦正式启动。<ref>{{cite news | author= | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975156.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 | title=Gilliam, Ledger reteam for film | publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=2007-10-31 | accessdate=2007-12-30 }}</ref>
| archive-date = 2021-01-25
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210125033219/http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/parnprev.htm
| dead-url = no
| accessdate = 2007-10-10 }}</ref> 影片定在了2009年上映。<ref>{{cite news | author=Shawn Adler | url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/11/15/ledger-a-big-joker-when-it-comes-to-new-gilliam-film/ | title=Ledger A Big Joker When It Comes To New Gilliam Film | publisher=[[MTV]] | date=2007-11-15 | accessdate=2007-12-30 | archive-date=2015-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016043313/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/11/15/ledger-a-big-joker-when-it-comes-to-new-gilliam-film/ | dead-url=no }}</ref>拍摄工作于072007年12月在伦敦正式启动。<ref>{{cite news | author= | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975156.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 | title=Gilliam, Ledger reteam for film | publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=2007-10-31 | accessdate=2007-12-30 | archive-date=2009-03-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313090132/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975156.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 | dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
2008年的1月22日,影片的制作过程因主演[[希斯·莱杰]]的意外去世而被迫中止。《综艺》杂志(Variety)报道说莱杰的加入曾是这部电影成功筹资的关键要素。<ref name=death>{{cite news | author=Adam Dawtrey | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979492.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title='Parnassus' team faces dilemma | publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date =2008-01-23 | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archive-date=2010-01-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104230214/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979492.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | dead-url=no }}</ref> 虽然到了1月24日,电影已经被确定无限期推迟<ref name=suspended>{{cite news | author=Christine Kilpatrick | url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20173511,00.html | title=Production Suspended on Heath Ledger's Latest Movie | publisher=[[People人物 (magazine美國雜誌)|People人物]] | date=2008-01-24 | accessdate=2008-01-24 | archive-date=2010-04-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420103139/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20173511,00.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>,吉列姆却仍在四处奔忙试图挽救电影,并声明这么做是想将电影作为对[[希斯·莱杰|莱杰]]的致敬<ref name=go_on>{{cite news | author=Natasha Stoynoff | url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20174404,00.html | title=Show Will Go On for Heath's Last Movie, Says Costar | publisher=[[People人物 (magazine美國雜誌)|People人物]] | date=2008-01-28 | accessdate=2008-01-28 | archive-date=2010-04-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420103317/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20174404,00.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。到了08年的2月,有报道说演员[[约翰尼·德普]]、[[裘德·洛]](Jude Law)和柯林·法瑞尔(Colin Farrell )已经签约加盟,他们将轮流出演[[希斯·莱杰|莱杰]]留下的戏份——电影中的角色因坠入「魔术」世界而屡次变身。<ref>{{cite news | author=[[Drew McWeeny|"Moriarty"]] | url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/35623 | title=AICN EXCLUSIVE! We Know Who’s Paying Tribute To Heath Ledger In DR. PARNASSUS Now! | publisher=''[[Ain't It Cool News]]'' | date=2008-02-15 | accessdate=2008-02-17 | quote = ...we’re going to see Heath Ledger’s work in Terry Gilliam’s new film, and that we’re also going to see three very interesting actors step up to offer interpretations of him...now we’ve got the names verified... JOHNNY DEPP. ... JUDE LAW. ... COLIN FARRELL. | archive-date=2010-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207173458/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/35623 | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Shawn Adler |title=Heath Ledger's Final Film To Go Forward - With Johnny Depp, Jude Law, Colin Farrell in His Role |publisher=[[MTV]] |url=http://www.mtv.ca/news/article.jhtml?id=7086 |date=2008-02-15 |accessdate=2008-02-15 |quote=Report: The three actors have signed on to complete film. ... [[Heath Ledger]] died last month at the age of 28, but his final performance will live on - thanks to a little creativity and some famous friends. ... [[Johnny Depp]], [[Jude Law]] and [[Colin Farrell]] have all signed on to film scenes as Ledger's character in Terry Gilliam's 'The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus,' a magical re-telling of the Faust story, according to Aintitcoolnews.com. The announcement serves as a tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511152754/http://www.mtv.ca/news/article.jhtml?id=7086 |archivedate=2011-05-11 }}</ref>
 
== 作品年表 ==
* 1968:{{le|故事时间 (电影)|Story Time (film)|故事时间}}(Story Time,短片)
* 1974:{{le|飞行的奇迹|Miracle of Flight}}(Miracle of Flight,短片)
* 1975:{{le|[[巨蟒与圣杯|Monty Python and the Holy Grail}}]](Monty Python and the Holy Grail,和特里·琼斯联合执导)
* 1977:{{le|巨龍怪譚|Jabberwocky (film)}}(Jabberwocky)
* 1981:[[时光大盗]](Time Bandits)
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{{Commons|Terry Gilliam}}
* {{imdb name|id=0000416|name=Terry Gilliam}}
* [http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/home.htm Dreams - exclusive interviews with Gilliam and coverage of his films] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/home.htm |date=20210226202549 }}
* [http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/gilliam/ Senses of Cinema: Terry Gilliam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2003/great-directors/gilliam/ |date=20210203175040 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981206152626/http://members.aol.com/morgands1/closeup/indices/gillindx.htm The Terry Gilliam Files - Interviews and behind-the-scenes production stories]
* [http://www.alt-flix.co.uk/direcgui/terrygill.htm Extensive Terry Gilliam Filmography and Biography] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alt-flix.co.uk/direcgui/terrygill.htm |date=20191228113432 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080815221136/http://www.theonion.com/content/node/32920 The Onion: Terry Gilliam Barbecue Plagued By Production Delays]
* [http://www.gerardcourant.com/projection.php?t=c&film=601 Terry Gilliam's Cinématon. A 4 minutes portrait by Gérard Courant] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gerardcourant.com/projection.php?t=c&film=601 |date=20201020225200 }}
 
=== 访谈 ===
* [http://www.avclub.com/content/node/23192 Onion A.V. Club Interview (05/1998)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/23192 |date=20080516223218 }}
* [http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22595 Onion A.V. Club Interview (02/2003)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/22595 |date=20080724052700 }}
* [http://www.avclub.com/content/node/54008 Onion A.V. Club Interview (10/2006)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.avclub.com/content/node/54008 |date=20080921165210 }}
* [http://www.badmouth.net/interview-terry-gilliam/ Interview: Terry Gilliam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.badmouth.net/interview-terry-gilliam/ |date=20191110033748 }} (Badmouth.net)
* [http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/035/035923p1.html IGN's Four Part interview with Gilliam] {{Wayback|url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/035/035923p1.html |date=20081008011033 }}
* [http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1998/06/05int.html Salon Interview (06/1998)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1998/06/05int.html |date=20090903120330 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080622001805/http://www.kayotix.com/tmp/newsfeeds/11.08.06/terrygilliam/ Terry Gilliam video interview, BBC Hardtalk Extra]
 
{{Terry Gilliam}}
{{英国电影学院奖终身成就奖}}
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{{洛杉磯影評人協會獎最佳導演}}
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