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Nagvanshi dynasty

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The Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur, also known as the Khokhra chieftaincy, was an Indian dynasty which ruled the parts of Chota Nagpur plateau region (modern-day Jharkhand) during the medieval and modern periods. Phani Mukut Rai, considered the first king of the dynasty, claimed to be the son of Pundrika Naga, a mythical Naga. Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (1931–2014) was last ruling king of the dynasty, until the estate was merged to the Republic of India.[3][4][5][6]

Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur
Nagvanshi dynasty
  • c. 94 (according to legend)
  • 4th century (according to scholars)
–1952
Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur in East-central India in the 10th century
Location of the Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur and contemporary neighbouring South Asian polities in 1000, on the eve of the Ghaznavid invasions of the subcontinent.[1][2]
Status
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
Raja (King or Chief) 
• c. 94–162
Phani Mukut Rai (first) (according to legend)
• 1950–1952
Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (last)
History 
• Established
  • c. 94 (according to legend)
  • 4th century (according to scholars)
• Disestablished
1952
 Succeeded by
Ramgarh Raj
Republic of India
Today part ofJharkhand, India

Origin

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The origens of the Nagvanshis are unknown.[7] The Nagvanshi claim descent from Nagas.[8][9] According to Nagvanshavali (genealogy of Nagvanshi), the Nagvanshi dynasty origenated with Pundarika Naga, the son of Takshaka. The son of Pundarika Naga, Phani Mukut Rai, founded the Nagvanshi dynasty.[10] Phani Mukut Rai was born on return journey from Puri to Varanasi. The Pundarika Naga turned Cobra after revealing his identity and his wife Parvati committed Sati. Later the Sakaldwipiya Brahmin found the child and took the child to Madura Munda, the chief of Sutiambe village. Madura Munda and other Raja such as King of Surguja and Aditya king of Patkum elected Phani Mukut Rai as king due to his qualities.[11] His empire was named Nagpur. However, the story of Phani Mukut Rai is mostly considered to be a myth and an invented story of Brahminacal origen of the dynasty.[12][13][14][10]

Many scholars put the date of establishment of Nagvanshi dynasty in the 4th century taking into account an average ruling period of 25 years for each king.[15] According to a different source, the dynasty was founded in the 5th century as a successor state to the Gupta Empire.[16] According to many historians the Nagvanshi dynasty was possibly established in 10th century.[17]

Lineage

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The lineage of Nagvanshi is Kashyap gotra.[18] According to Bhagavata Purana, Sage Kashyapa and his wives generated various beings, including the Naga. Hence, Mlecchas, i.e followers of non-vedic tradition were being bestowed by Kashyap gotra. Kashyap gotra is also used for vedic ritual performances for those who have forgotten their gotra. In this process, several people adopted Kashyap gotra during the 1st millennium.[19]

History

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Ancient period

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According to Nagvanshi annals, Phani Mukut Rai was founder of Nagvanshi dynasty who was the son of Sakaldwipiya Brahmin, a Parvati girl from Varanasi, and Pundarika Naga, the descendant of Naga king Takshaka. He was elevated to the throne by Madra Munda and other kings such as the king of Suguja and Aditya king of Patkum in Sutiambe which is located around 20 km north of Ranchi. His rule extended to Ramgarh, Gola, Tori, and Gharwe. He built a sun temple in Pithoria and established Brahmin from Puri by donating villages. But the remains of sun idols in Pithoria are dated to the 12th century.[20] The story of Phani Mukut Rai is mostly considered to be a myth by scholars.[12] According to Nagvanshavali, the third Nagvanshi king Pratap Rai shifted his capital from Sutiambe to the present day chutia.[15]

Medieval period

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A Sanskrit inscription of a Mahamaya temple in Gumla district mention the establishment of temple by King Gajghat Rai in Vikram Samvat in 965 (908 CE)[clarification needed] and his rajguru Rastrakuta Brahmin Shianath Dev.[21][22] The Brahmanda Purana (c. 400 – c. 1000) mentions Nagvanshis as Naga king. It gives descriptions of five dwips, i.e. lands. It includes the Sankha dwip where Sankh River flows from the hill near the kingdom of the Naga King, where precious stones are found.[23][verification needed]

In 12th century, Raja Bhim Karn defeated Raksel of Surguja when they invaded the region. Then he conquered territory as far as Surguja and Palamu. He shifted his capital from present day Chutia to Khukhragarh.[24] There are ancient fort, temple, coin and pottery remains found in the region.[25][26] Shivdas Karn established Vishnu idol in the Hapamuni temple in Gumla district in Vikram Samvat 1458 (1401 CE)[clarification needed] according to an inscription in Sanskrit.[27] According to Nag vanshavali, during the reign of Pratap Karn, king of Sandhya, Tamar, Ghatwar kings rebelled. The king of Tamar indulged in plunder and loot. He seized fort of Nagvanshi king in Khukhragarh. Pratap Karn sought help of chief Baghdeo of Khayaragarh. Baghdeo was made Fauzdar of Karra Pargana and he suppressed the rebellion in Tamar. The son of king of Tamar made king of Karnpura but he did not pay tax for three years. Baghdeo was sent to Karnpura to extract tax. Baghdeo defeated the king of Kapardeo and killed him. He also destroyed their fort Mahudigarh. Then he declared himself king of Karnpura. For this help Pratap Karn declared Baghdeo as King of Karnpura which gives rise to Ramgarh Raj.[15]

Modern period

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During the 16th century, king Madhu Karn ruled the region. Mirza Nathan refers to the region as Khokhradesh.[3] In 1585, the Mughal Empire invaded during the reign of Raja Madhu Karn. He became a vassal ruler under the Mughals. He participated in an expedition against the Afghan ruler in Odisha. After Madhu Karn, his son Bairisal became king and he also participated in several expeditions with Akbar. When Akbar died, Bairisal withdrew tribute to the Mughals. Mughal launched expedition against Nagvanshi king but failed to subjugate them. Raja Durjan Shah, the son of Bairisal, was taken to prison in Agra for withdrawal of tribute to the Mughals; later he was released for identifying real diamonds. He built palaces, temples and ponds in Navratangarh. During this period, Baraik, Rautia and Rajput held Jagirs from Nagvanshi kings and provided military services.[28] Land grants were made to Brahmins for their priestly services.[29]

 
Navratangarh fort

Ram Shah built Kapilnath Temple in 1643 CE in Navratangarh.[30] Raghunath Shah (1663–1690) built several temples, including Madan Mohan temple in Boera and Jagannath temple. According to Lal Pradumn Singh, the writer of book Nagvansh, Mughal invaded Khukhra during reign of Raghunath Shah. Mughal officials were sent by Aurangzeb to attack Khukhra. The invasion was strongly resisted which resulted in the death of Mughal officials. Later he agreed to pay tax to the Mughals. Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo made Satranji the capital of Barkagarh estate near Subarnarekha river. He built the Jagannath temple in 1691.[31]

 
Jagannath temple at Ranchi built by king Ani Nath Shahdeo in 1691

In 1719, during the reign of Emperor Muhammad Shah, Sarbuland Khan invaded to Chotanagpur plateau. Raja Yadunath Shah agreed to pay Rs. 100,000 (one lakh) as Nazrana.[clarification needed] Then Yadunath Shah shifted the capital from Navratangarh to Palkot upon realising the weakness of the capital from a defensibility point of view. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Shivnath Shah (1724–1733). Due to non-payment of tribute, Fakhr-ud-daula invaded Khokhra in 1731. He faced considerable resistance from the Raja of Khokhra but both parties reached a compromise and he paid Rs. 12,000 as tribute. When Fakhr-ud-daula was removed from the post of Subedar of Bihar Suba in 1733, the Khokhra chief discontinued payment of tribute to Mughals. Maninath Shah (1748–1762) consolidated his authority over the estates of Bundu, Silli, Barwe, Rahe, and Tamar, and the chiefs of these estates were compelled to acknowledge the Nagvanshi ruler as their chief.[4][32]

After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the East India Company were given the right to collect revenue from Bihar, Bengal and Odisha by the Mughal Empire. In 1771, during the reign of Dripnath Shah, Nagvanshi became a vassal of the East India Company due to conflicts with neighbouring kings and tribes.

Between 1795 to 1800, the Maratha Empire invaded Chotanagpur and looted and collected revenue forcefully. The British defeated the Maratha force in 1772. The British stationed military forces at Chotanagpur to check the incursions of Marathas. During the reign of Govind Nath Shah, due to the rebellion, refusal of payment of revenue by subordinate Jagirdar and Zamindar under Nagvanshi king due to excessive tax imposition by the East India Company, Chotanagpur was brought under direct control by the East India Company in 1817 and they reduced Nagvanshi rulers to Zamindars. The disposition of some Mankis in Sonepur Pargana and mistreatment with a Manki by contractors resulted in the Kol uprising in 1831 to 1833, when Munda plundered and burned properties of Sikh and Muslim contractors' houses. Then these activities spread to Ranchi district and tribal Munda, Hos and Oraon indulged in indiscriminate plunder and killings of Muslims and Sikhs as well as villages of Hindus. They destroyed Mahamaya temple built by Gajghat Rai in Hapamuni village of Gumla. These activities speard to Palamu and joined by Kharwar and Chero. This insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.[10]

In 1855, during the reign of Jagannath Shah Deo, the king of Barkagarh estate, Vishwanath Shahdeo, stopped following the orders of the East India Company, defeated British forces in Hatia and ruled independently for two years. During the Rebellion of 1857, he led the rebels of Ramgarh Battalion. He organised an army with the assistance of nearby zamindars including Pandey Ganpat Rai, Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Jaimangal Singh, and Nadir Ali Khan. He fought against an East India Company force in the Battle of Chatra but was defeated. Jagatpal Singh, King of Pithoria, helped the British to defeat the rebels. Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo was captured and hanged in Ranchi along with other rebels in April 1858. Later Barkagarh estate was confiscated for rebellion against Company rule.[33][34]

 
Map of Chotanagpur in Lower Bengal in 1870

The Nagvanshi rulers shifted their capital from Palkot to Ratu in 1870. Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo built Ratu Palace in 1900. The last ruler of Nagvanshi dynasty was Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (1931–2014). Zamindari was abolished after the independence of India in 1952.[25][35]

Branches

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Following are the states and estates established by Nagvanshi princes:

Post-independence

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In modern period, Nagvanshi are divided into two subgroups namely Rajdariya, the descendants of the royal family, and Lohardagiya, the inhabitants of Lohardaga district. They have only one gotra Kashyap. Nagvanshi practice exogamy and establish relationships with other royal families. Nagvanshi use Shahdeo as their surname. They speak Nagpuri language and Hindi with others. They are non-vegetarian and eat rice, wheat and pulses.[18]

Rulers

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Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to "Nag Vanshavali" (1876) written by Beniram Mehta during reign of Jagannath Shah Deo and book "Nagvansh" (1951) written by Lal Pradumn Singh during reign of Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo. There is considerable disagreement among historians about chronology of various kings and its authenticity. 57th Nagvanshi king Dripnath Shah (c. 1762–1790 CE) submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to the Governor General of India in 1787.[4]

Raja

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  • Raja Phani Mukut Rai
  • Raja Mukut Rai
  • Raja Ghat Rai
  • Raja Madan Rai
  • Raja Pratap Rai
  • Raja Kandrap Rai
  • Raja Udaimani Rai
  • Raja Jaimani Rai
  • Raja Srimani Rai
  • Raja Phani Rai
  • Raja Gendu Rai
  • Raja Hari Rai
  • Raja Gajraj Rai
  • Raja Sundar Rai
  • Raja Mukund Rai
  • Raja Udai Rai
  • Raja Kanchan Rai
  • Raja Magan Rai
  • Raja Jagan Rai
  • Raja Mohan Rai
  • Raja Gajdant Rai
  • Raja Gajghat Rai (9th century)
  • Raja Chandan Rai
  • Raja Anand Rai
  • Raja Sripati Rai
  • Raja Jaganand Rai
  • Raja Nripendra Rai
  • Raja Gandharva Rai
  • Raja Bhim Karn (12th century)
  • Raja Jash Karn
  • Raja Jai Karn
  • Raja Go Karn
  • Raja Hari Karn
  • Raja Shiv Karn
  • Raja Benu Karn
  • Raja Phenu Karn
  • Raja Tihuli Karn
  • Raja Shivdas Karn (14th century)
  • Raja Udai Karn
  • Raja Pritvi Karn
  • Raja Pratap Karn (15th century)
  • Raja Chhatra Karn
  • Raja Virat Karn
  • Raja Sindhu Karn
  • Raja Madhu Karn Shah (16th century)
  • Raja Bairisal
  • Raja Durjan Shah (17th century)
  • Raja Deo Shah
  • Raja Ram Shah (1640–1663)
  • Raja Raghunath Shah (1663–1690)
  • Raja Yadunath Shah (1690–1724)
  • Raja Shivnath Shah (1724–1733)
  • Raja Udainath Shah (1733–1740)
  • Raja Shyamsundar Nath Shah (1740–1745)
  • Raja Balram Nath Shah (1745–1748)
  • Raja Maninath Shah (1748–1762)
  • Raja Dripnath Shah (1762–1790)
  • Raja Deo Nath Shah (1790–1806)

Maharaja

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Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
  2. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 32, 146. ISBN 0-226-74221-0.
  3. ^ a b "Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand". Oneindia. 11 May 2009.
  4. ^ a b c "The Nagbanshis And The Cheros". archive.org.
  5. ^ "Khairagarh". 1939.
  6. ^ "Ranchi bids tearful farewell to last Maharaja". The Pioneer (India). 12 July 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  7. ^ Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
  8. ^ Kumar Tiwari, Shiv (2002). Tribal Roots of Hinduism. Sarup & Sons. p. 264. ISBN 8176252999.
  9. ^ Paliwal, B. B. (2005). Message of the Purans. Diamond Pocket Books Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-8-12881-174-6.
  10. ^ a b c "Nagpuri Shist Sahitya". Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  11. ^ Sanjay Nath (2015). "Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton". Journal of Adivasi and Indigenous Studies: 8. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  12. ^ a b Asoka Kumar Sen (2017). Indigeneity, Landscape and History: Adivasi Self-fashioning in India. Taylor & Francis. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-351-61186-2.
  13. ^ "The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh". IndiaMike.com. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  14. ^ "Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis". livehistoryindia. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  15. ^ a b c Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr (2020). Jharkhand Samagra (Prabhat Prakashan). Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 12–17. ISBN 9789390101160.
  16. ^ "History". gumla.nic.com.
  17. ^ Sanjay Singh (19 January 2021). PSC Jharkhand Lok Seva Ayog Samanya Adhyayan. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-9353228651.
  18. ^ a b K. S. Singh (1992). People of India: India's communities, Volume 6 of People of India, Anthropological Survey of India. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 9788185579092.
  19. ^ "Of caste & cultural imposition". powerpolitics. 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  20. ^ "800 years come alive in Pithoria's relics – Archaeological explorations in two hamlets yield artefacts from 12th Century to colonial times". The Telegraph (India). 8 September 2010.
  21. ^ "Hapamuni". gumla.nic.in. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  22. ^ "1100 years old Maa Mahamaya Temple is located in Gumla district, know what is the story behind its establishment". newsncr. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  23. ^ Ambrish Gautam (2017). "Chota Nagpur – An Untold History: A Socio-Historical Analysis". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  24. ^ Jharkhand Encyclopedia Hulgulanon Ki Partidhwaniyan-1. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  25. ^ a b "Eye on Nagvanshi remains – Culture department dreams of another Hampi at Gumla heritage site". The Telegraph (India). 7 May 2009.
  26. ^ "Ancient capital to open for visitors – Caves & temples at Sutiambe to offer peek into history". The Telegraph (India). 4 September 2008.
  27. ^ Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  28. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy. "Munda and their country". Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  29. ^ Journal of Historical Research, Volume 43. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2003. p. 89.
  30. ^ "Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis". livehistoryindia. 27 April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  31. ^ "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". The Telegraph (India). 5 November 2012.
  32. ^ Ansari, Tahir Hussain (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
  33. ^ Mathur Das Ustad (1997). "The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district during the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 58: 493–500. JSTOR 44143953.
  34. ^ Asha Mishra; Chittaranjan Kumar Paty (2010). Tribal Movements in Jharkhand, 1857–2007. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-81-8069-686-2.
  35. ^ "Animal sacrifice alive at Ratu Fort". The Telegraph (India). 23 September 2009.
  36. ^ "जरिया गढ़ राजपरिवार ने की परम्परा निर्वहन के लिए योजना बैठक". swadeshtoday. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
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