Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
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Anti-communist insurgencies continued in Central and Eastern Europe after the end of World War II. They were suppressed by the Soviet Union and its satellite states. Prominent movements include:
- The Ukrainian Insurgent Army fought a guerrilla war until they were defeated in 1956.
- The anti-Soviet Hungarian Revolution took place in 1956. Unlike the other movements given here, it was aimed against the domination of the Soviet Union, but not against the ideas of socialism and communism. Hungarian communists were among the leaders of the revolution, and Béla Király, who commanded the National Guard in the revolution, described it as being held by the working class and put emphasis on the revolutionary workers' councils.[1]
- Baltic partisans known as the "Forest Brothers" fought until they were defeated in the mid 1950s.
- Romanian anti-communist resistance movement fought until they were defeated in 1962.
- Polish "cursed soldiers" fought a guerrilla war until they were defeated in the early 1950s.
- The Bulgarian "Goryani" fought until they were defeated in the mid 1950s.
- Croatian ultra-nationalist insurgents known as the "Crusaders" fought a guerrilla war until they were defeated in the early 1950s.
- Chetniks fought until eradicated in the early 1950s.
- Belarusian Black Cats fought until they were defeated in 1946. Pockets of resistance continued into the early 1950s.
- In Russia, former members of the Kaminski Brigade, a collaborationist militia that was later reorganized into an SS unit, and supporters of the so-called "Lokot Autonomy" reorganized RONA as a partisan movement and fought until 1951.[2][3]
In Poland
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The "cursed soldiers" (Polish: Żołnierze wyklęci) is a name applied to a variety of Polish resistance movements that were formed in the later stages of World War II and afterward. Created by former members of the Polish underground resistance organizations of World War II, these organizations continued the struggle against the pro-Soviet government of Poland well into the 1950s. Their history and actions have been controversial, as they have been accused of anti-Semitism and mass murder.[4][5]
Most of these anti-communist groups ceased operations in the late 1940s or 1950s. However, the last known "cursed soldier", Józef Franczak, was killed in an ambush as late as 1963, almost 20 years after the Soviet take-over of Poland.[6]
In the Baltic states
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The Forest Brothers (also: Brothers of the Forest, Forest Brethren; Forest Brotherhood; Estonian: metsavennad, Latvian: meža brāļi, Lithuanian: miško broliai) were Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian partisans who waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states during and after World War II.[7] The Soviet Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 1940–1941 and, after a period of German occupation, again in 1944–1945. As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years, 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavily forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet resistance.
Resistance units varied in size and composition, ranging from individually operating guerrillas, armed primarily for self-defense, to large and well-organized groups able to engage significant Soviet forces in battle.
In Romania
[edit]An armed resistance movement against the communist government in Romania was active from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, with isolated individual fighters remaining at large until the early 1960s. The groups were concentrated in the Carpathian Mountains, although a resistance movement had also developed in Northern Dobruja. Armed resistance was the most structured form of resistance against the Romanian government. After the overthrow of Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1989, the details about what was called “anti-communist armed resistance” were made public, thanks to the declassification of the Securitate archives.[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Бела К. Кираи. 30 лет Венгерской революции
- ^ Чуев, Сергей (2004). Проклятые солдаты (in Russian). Эксмо. ISBN 9785699059706.
Отдельные очаги сопротивления на Брянщине продолжали партизанскую войну до 1951 года, постепенно вырождаясь в бандгруппы... В бою с одной из таких групп при задержании её главаря был тяжело ранен начальник Комаричского отделения госбезопасности капитан Ковалёв.
- ^ Грибков, Иван (2008). Хозяин брянских лесов (in Russian). Москва. ISBN 9785880670734.
Действуя мелкими разрозненными группами, повстанцы, тем не менее, причиняют серьезное беспокойство советским властям. <...> Однако изолированное от внешних сил повстанчество постепенно вырождается в бандитизм. Последняя крупная банда, действовавшая несколько лет, была ликвидирована в 1951 г. в деревне Лагеревка («Финляндия»).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Barbara Engelking-Boni. Zagłada żydów:pamięć narodowa a pisanie historii w Polsce i we Francji. p. 195.
- ^ Krzysztof Pilawski (6 March 2011). "Kto zapłaci za zbrodnie podziemia". Tygodnik Przegląd (in Polish).
- ^ „Lalek” ostatni partyzant Rzeczypospolitej Archived October 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Buttar, Prit (2013). Between Giants, the Battle for the Baltics in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781780961637.
- ^ Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu, Brazii se frâng dar nu se îndoiesc, vol II, Editura Marineasa, Timișoara, 2001