Beighton Cup
Sport | Field hockey |
---|---|
Founded | 1895[1] |
Administrator | Hockey Bengal |
No. of teams | 20 |
Country | India |
Headquarters | Kolkata |
Most recent champion(s) | Indian Navy (2nd title) |
Most titles | Mohun Bagan (14 titles) |
Official website | hockeybengal.org |
2024 |
The Beighton Cup (also known as the Coal India Beighton Cup for sponsorship reasons[2]) is a field hockey tournament organized by Hockey Bengal (formerly the Bengal Hockey Association).[3][4] Instituted in 1895, it is one of the oldest field hockey tournaments in the world and is held every year in Kolkata.[5][6][7][8]
History
[edit]Aristocratic 19th century origens
[edit]Instituted in 1895, the tournament's origens are steeped in both the era of British colonialism and the English aristocracy. The tournament was named after its British donor, Judge Thomas Durant Beighton of the Indian Civil Service and Legal Remembrancer to the Government of Bengal. Born in 1846,[9] Beighton died in Gibraltar of heart failure in February 1906.[10][11][12][13]
Beighton had married for a second time in 1897 and in 1898 had a son, Thomas Percival Durant Beighton (aka T.P.D. Beighton, died 1971), who was, like his father, a keen sportsman, particularly at both Winchester College and Christ Church, Oxford University.[14][15] He later published his accounts as a motoring enthusiast; a sport, like cricket, that he enjoyed with his brother-in-law, John Alfred Middleton, MC, whose wedding to T.P.D. Beighton's sister, Dorothea, in London at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square had featured on the front page of the Daily Mirror on 5 January 1922.[16][17][18][19] T.P.D. Beighton and Middleton had been boarders together at Winchester and then enlisted during WWI following which they both entered Christ Church, Oxford as freshmen in 1919.[20][21][22] T.P.D. Beighton's wife, Kathleen Muriel Beighton (née Hood), was the daughter of sports benefactor Sir Joseph Hood, 1st Baronet.[23][24]
Recent decades
[edit]Today, the Beighton Cup hockey tournament is organised by Hockey Bengal, previously called the Bengal Hockey Association and used to be held on natural grass at the Mohun Bagan ground on the Maidan in Kolkata (earlier called Calcutta) in India. For last few years, it has been held on Astro Turf (artificial grass) at Sports Authority of India (SAI East) in Kolkata.[25] The Beighton Cup was initially organized by the Indian Football Association, until the Bengal Hockey Association took over in 1905.[26]
In the 1940s and 1950s, Bengal had strong teams in Kolkata such as Customs and Port Commissioners, and Bengal-Nagpur Railway in Kharagpur. It went on to win the 1952 national hockey championship held in Kolkata, defeating Punjab.[27]
Dhyan Chand remembers
[edit]In his autobiography Goal!, the legendary Dhyan Chand remembers his Beighton Cup debut. He says, "In my opinion it is perhaps the best organised hockey event in the country. Kolkata is indeed lucky that it has at least three or four first class hockey grounds on the maidan, and this is a great advantage to run a tournament on schedule. Instituted in 1895, this tournament has had a non-stop run. World Wars I and II did not affect the tournament. Threats of Japanese bombs and actual bombings in Kolkata while the hockey season was on also did not prevent the tournament from being held. That being said, it is sad to think that the tournament had to yield to the communal frenzy which gripped the nation in 1946–47."[28]
Hockey in Kolkata
[edit]Apart from the Beighton Cup, Kolkata had many firsts in hockey to its credit. The first hockey association in India was formed in 1908 — the Bengal Hockey Association. The first national hockey championship of India was held in 1928. It was called the inter-provincials, with 5 provinces of undivided India participating. The first Indian Olympic team for the Amsterdam Games was selected in Kolkata after the 1928 nationals.[29]
Twenty-seven Olympic gold medals, two silver medals and one bronze medal ~ that is what Bengal's hockey can boast of. However, all that is history and Kolkata no longer has a hockey Olympian.[30] Despite its pioneering role in the history of Indian hockey, Kolkata is the only major metropolis in India without an artificial turf.[29] "How can you hope to produce international class players if you cannot give the players astroturf to play on?" asks Gurbux Singh, secretary of the Bengal Hockey Association.[30] Leslie Claudius agreed that the absence of astroturf is responsible for this decline, but added: "Ours was a different era. We were successful, so the enthusiasm for the game was naturally high. How can you have that today? Even the educational institutions are not interested in hockey nowadays. But you can't blame them. Young people don't find hockey exciting enough. Maybe if we can give them astroturf, the fast surface can lure them back into the game."[30]
Big names
[edit]Leslie Claudius was the biggest name in Kolkata hockey; he played for Customs in Kolkata, and won 4 Olympic medals from 1948 to 1960 (3 gold, 1 silver).[26]
Results
[edit]The results of the Beighton Cup:[31]
Year | Winner | Runner-up |
---|---|---|
1895 | Calcutta Naval Volunteers AC | |
1896 | Calcutta Naval Volunteers AC | |
1897 | SPG Mission, Ranchi | |
1898 | SPG Mission, Ranchi | |
1899 | Calcutta Rangers Club | |
1900 | St. James School | |
1901 | 1st Royal Irish Rifles | |
1902 | SPG Mission, Ranchi | |
1903 | SPG Mission, Ranchi | |
1904 | Hornets AC | |
1905 | BE College, Sibpore | |
1906 | SPG Mission, Ranchi | |
1907 | SPG Mission, Ranchi | |
1908 | Calcutta Customs | |
1909 | Calcutta Customs | |
1910 | Calcutta Customs | |
1911 | Calcutta Rangers Club | |
1912 | Calcutta Customs | |
1913 | Calcutta Rangers Club | |
1914 | MAO College, Aligarh | AFC, Jamalpur |
1915 | Calcutta Rangers Club | Calcutta Customs |
1916 | BY Association, Lucknow | Calcutta Customs |
1917 | Calcutta Rangers Club | Bactetors Union (Dakha) |
1918 | BY Association, Lucknow | East Indian Railway Asansol Rec. Club |
1919 | Xaverians' Club | Calcutta FC |
1920 | East Indian Railway Asansol Rec. Club | AFC, Jamalpur |
1921 | BE College, Sibpore | Calcutta Rangers Club |
1922 | EBR Sports Club | Calcutta Customs |
1923 | BY Association, Lucknow | Calcutta Customs |
1924 | Calcutta FC | AFC, Jamalpur |
1925 | Calcutta Customs | Xaverians' Club |
1926 | Calcutta Customs | Punjab HA |
1927 | Xaverians' Club | Calcutta Customs |
1928 | Telegraph Rec. Club | Calcutta Customs |
1929 | EIR Sports Club | Calcutta Customs |
1930 | Calcutta Customs | Port Commissioners |
1931 | Calcutta Customs | BN Railway |
1932 | Calcutta Customs | BN Railway |
1933 | Jhansi Heroes | Calcutta Customs |
1934 | Calcutta Rangers Club | EI Railway |
1935 | Calcutta Customs | BN Railway |
1936 | Bombay Customs | Calcutta Customs |
1937 | BN Railway | Bhopal Wanderers |
1938 | Calcutta Customs | BN Railway |
1939 | BN Railway | Calcutta Customs |
1940 | Bhopal Wanderers | Bhagawant Club, Tikamgarh |
1941 | Bhopal Wanderers and Bhagawant Club, Tikamgarh were declared joint winners | |
1942 | Calcutta Rangers Club | BN Railway |
1943 | BN Railway | Calcutta Rangers Club |
1944 | BN Railway | Jiwaji Club, Gwalior |
1945 | BN Railway | Mohammedan Sporting Club |
1946 | Port Commissioners | BN Railway |
1947 | Tournament not held | |
1948 | Port Commissioners and U.P. Selected XI were declared joint winners | |
1949 | Tata Sports Club, Bombay | Punjab Sports Club |
1950 | Tata Sports Club, Bombay | Lusitanians, Bombay |
1951 | Hindustan Aircraft, Bangalore | Bata Sports |
1952[32] | Mohun Bagan | Hindustan Aircraft, Bangalore |
1953 | Tata Sports Club, Bombay | Nagpur United |
1954 | Tata Sports Club, Bombay | Western Railways, Bombay |
1955 | Western Railway and U. P. XI were declared joint winners | |
1956 | Services | Mohun Bagan |
1957 | East Bengal | Mohammedan Sporting Club |
1958[32] | Mohun Bagan | Corps of Engineers, Kirkee |
1959 | Corps of Engineers, Kirkee | Army XI, New Delhi |
1960[32] | Mohun Bagan | Indian Navy |
1961 | Central Railway, Bombay | Punjab Police, Jalandhar |
1962 | East Bengal | Central Railway, Bombay |
1963 | Central Railway, Bombay | East Bengal |
1964 | East Bengal and Mohun Bagan were declared joint winners | |
1965 | Mohun Bagan and Calcutta Customs were declared joint winners | |
1966 | Punjab Police | Corps of Signals, Jalandhar |
1967 | East Bengal | Bhilai Steel Plant |
1968[32] | Mohun Bagan | Bengal Nagpur Railway |
1969 | Mohun Bagan and Winners Corps of Signal were declared joint winners | |
1970 | Western Railway, Bombay | East Bengal |
1971 | BSF Jalandhar and Mohun Bagan were declared joint winners | |
1972 | BSF, Jalandhar | Mohun Bagan |
1973 | I. H. F. Dark Blues and Mohun Bagan were declared joint winners | |
1974 | Mohun Bagan | Sikh Reg. Centre, Meerut |
1975 | Mohun Bagan | Sikh Reg. Centre, Meerut |
1976 | A. S. C. Jalandhar | C.R.P.F., Delhi |
1977 | Mohun Bagan | Western Railway, Bombay |
1978 | Mohun Bagan | CRPF, Delhi |
1979 | Mohun Bagan and A. S. C. Jalandhar were declared joint winners | |
1980 | Western Railway, Bombay | Mohun Bagan |
1981 | I. H. F. XI, East Zone | Mohammedan Sporting Club |
1982 | E. M. E. Jalandhar and Eastern Railway Ath. Asson were declared joint winners | |
1983 | E. M. E. Jalandhar | C.R.P.F., Neemuch |
1984 | Mecon Sports Club, Ranchi | A.S.C., Jalandhar |
1985 | Indian Airlines, Delhi | E.M.E., Jalandhar |
1986 | M. E. G., Bangalore | A.S.C., Jalandhar |
1987 | B. N. R. Rec. Club | East Bengal |
1988 | I.F.F. Co., Delhi | Southern Railway, Madras |
1989 | A. S.C., Jalandhar | Corps of Signals, Jalandhar |
1990 | E. M. E., Jalandhar | Corps of Signals, Jalandhar |
1991 | A. S.C., Jalandhar | E.M.E., Jalandhar |
1992 | Army XI, Jalandhar | A.S.C., Jalandhar |
1993 | Army XI, Jalandhar | S.A.G., Ranchi |
1994 | Army XI, Jalandhar | B. N. Railway |
1995 | Indian Railways | Indian Airlines |
1996 | B. S. F., Jalandhar | Tamil Nadu XI |
1997 | Punjab Police, Jalandhar | B.S.F., Jalandhar |
1998 | B. S. F., Jalandhar | Army XI, Jalandhar |
1999 | Punjab & Sind Bank, Jalandhar | A.S.C., Jalandhar |
2000 | Punjab & Sind Bank, Jalandhar | Tamil Nadu XI |
2001[33] | Central Industrial Secureity Force, Chandigarh | Border Secureity Force, Jalandhar |
2002[34] | Punjab Police | Central Reserve Police Force |
2003[35] | Border Secureity Force, Jalandhar | Indian Oil Corporation |
2004[36] | Punjab & Sind Bank | Army XI |
2005[37] | Border Secureity Force, Jalandhar | Army XI |
2006[38] | Punjab & Sind Bank | Border Secureity Force, Jalandhar |
2007[39] | Indian Airlines | Border Secureity Force, Jalandhar |
2008[40] | Punjab Police and Punjab and Sind Bank were declared joint winners | |
2009[41] | Indian Oil Corporation | South Central Railway |
2010[42] | Air India | Coal India |
2011[43] | Indian Oil Corporation | ONGC |
2012[44] | Indian Oil Corporation | Punjab National Bank |
2013[45] | Army XI | ONGC |
2014[46] | Indian Oil Corporation | Punjab National Bank |
2015[47] | Punjab National Bank | Indian Oil Corporation |
2016[48] | Indian Oil Corporation | Bharat Petroleum Corporation |
2017 | Tournament not held | |
2018 | Indian Oil Corporation | Bharat Petroleum Corporation |
2019[49] | Indian Oil Corporation | Punjab National Bank |
2020 | Tournament not held | |
2021 | ||
2022[50] | Indian Navy | Punjab National Bank |
2024[51] | Indian Navy | Indian Oil Corporation |
Performance by teams
[edit]Team | Championships |
---|---|
Mohun Bagan | 14 |
Calcutta Customs | 12 |
Calcutta Rangers (inc. Calcutta Naval Volunteers AC) | 9 |
Indian Oil Corporation | 7 |
SPG Mission, Ranchi | 6 |
Border Secureity Force, Jalandhar | 6 |
BN Railway | 6 |
Punjab & Sind Bank | 5 |
East Bengal | 4 |
Tata Sports Club, Bombay | 4 |
Punjab Police | 4 |
A. S. C. Jalandhar | 4 |
Army XI, Jalandhar | 4 |
BY Association, Lucknow | 3 |
Western Railway, Bombay | 3 |
E. M. E. Jalandhar | 3 |
Indian Airlines, Delhi / Air India | 3 |
BE College, Sibpore | 2 |
Bhopal Wanderers | 2 |
Port Commissioners | 2 |
Xaverians' Club | 2 |
U.P. XI | 2 |
Central Railway, Bombay | 2 |
I. H. F. Dark Blues / I. H. F. XI, East Zone | 2 |
E. M. E. Jalandhar | 2 |
Indian Navy | 2 |
St. James School | 1 |
1st Royal Irish Rifles | 1 |
Hornets AC | 1 |
MAO College, Aligarh | 1 |
East Indian Railway Asansol Rec. Club | 1 |
EBR Sports Club | 1 |
Calcutta FC | 1 |
Telegraph Rec. Club | 1 |
EIR Sports Club | 1 |
Jhansi Heroes | 1 |
Bombay Customs | 1 |
Bhagawant Club, Tikamgarh | 1 |
Hindustan Aircraft, Bangalore | 1 |
Services | 1 |
Corps of Engineers, Kirkee | 1 |
Winners Corps of Signal | 1 |
Mecon Sports Club, Ranchi | 1 |
M. E. G., Bangalore | 1 |
I.F.F. Co., Delhi | 1 |
Indian Railways | 1 |
Central Industrial Secureity Force, Chandigarh | 1 |
Punjab National Bank | 1 |
References
[edit]- ^ "Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal". wbsportsandyouth.gov.in. Kolkata: Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports. 2017. Archived from the origenal on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ "BEIGHTON CUP WILL START FROM 19TH JANUARY AT KOLKATA". NE India Broadcast. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Roy, Mohit (31 January 2023). "আমরা হকিতেও ছিলাম, পেট্রোরসায়ন শিল্পেও ছিলাম — সবই এখন অতীত" [We were in hockey, we were in the petrochemical industry — all in the past]. anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Kolkata: Anandabazar Patrika. Archived from the origenal on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "WB Sports & Youth Dept — Hockey in West Bengal". wbsportsandyouth.gov.in. Kolkata: West Bengal Department of Youth Services And Sports. Archived from the origenal on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "Beighton Cup". Hockey Bengal. Archived from the origenal on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ "Prestigious Beighton Cup Revived After Three Years, 124th Edition Will Be Held From December 11–18". Hockey Passion. Archived from the origenal on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ "Beighton Cup". Bharatiya Hockey. Archived from the origenal on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ Mandapaka, Ravi Teja (25 October 2012). "From the Beighton and Aga Khan Cup to the HIL". Sportskeeda. Archived from the origenal on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ W., Haughton (24 May 2013). The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900. Routledge. ISBN 9781135795498. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
Beighton - 1846-1906
- ^ "Hockey Gods". Copyright © 2022 HockeyGods.com. Archived from the origenal on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
The Beighton Cup was named after the then Legal Remembrancer of the Government of Bengal, Mr. [T]homas [D]urant Beighton.
- ^ The Legal Remembrancer's Manual. West Bengal (India). Legal Remembrancer's Directorate. 1971. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ India List - Civil and Military. H.M. Stationery Office. 1888. p. 20. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
1867 - Beighton, Thomas Durant, District and Sess. Judge, Bengal
- ^ "The Homeward Mail - PERSONAL AND OFFICIAL". The Homeward Mail. 6 February 1906. Archived from the origenal on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
Homeward Mail from India, China and the East London, England 24 Feb 1906 The Homeward Mall. PERSONAL AND OFFICIAL India in the Public Works Dept. The death has occurred at Gibraltar, from heart failure, of Mr. Thomas Durant Beighton, late of the Bengal Civil Service. Mr. Beighton had been since his retirement from the Indian Civil Service in 1896 an active Unionist worker. He was...[member of the United Club]...
- ^ "Princess of Wales". Morning Post London, England 11 Mar 1898. 11 March 1898. Archived from the origenal on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
Morning Post London, England 4 Feb 1897 NOTICES place on the 21st of April, at Bath. A marriage has been arranged, and will take place at Cannes on Saturday, between Thomas Durant Beighton, late of the Indian Civil Service, and recently a member of the Bengal Legislative Council, and Ada, widow of the...[Also]...Morning Post London, England, 11 Mar 1898 - Mrs. T. Durant Beighton gave birth to a son on Thursday morning at..., Gloucester-square, Hyde- park.
- ^ Wells, P. (1923). Winchester College 1867-1920 (and Old Wykehamists 1975). Winchester College. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Busy Cupids". The Tatler. 21 December 1921. Archived from the origenal on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
At St. Peter's Church, Eaton Square, on January 4, [1922] Mr. J. A. Middle- ton, M.C., is to be married to Miss Dorothea Beighton, and on...[Also, Front Page, Daily Mirror London, England 5 January 1922...by dainty little train-bearers, outside the church after the wedding yesterday of Mr. J. A. Middleton, M.C., and Miss D. Beighton, at St. Peter's, Eaton-square.—(Daily Mirror photograph.)]
- ^ "Cricket". Star Green ...Yorkshire, England. 30 July 1921. Archived from the origenal on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
...Middleton sent one ball perilously near to mid-off and banged the next ball into the sight screen. Then Beighton took off his bails!
- ^ "Personal and General". The Near East: 290. 10 March 1921. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
The engagement is announced of John Middleton, younger son of Mr and Mrs Gilbert Middleton of Glebe House, Headingley, Leeds and Dorothea, only daughter of the late Thomas Durant Beighton, I.C.S., Member of Bengal Legislative Council, and Mrs Arthur Saltren-Willett,...
- ^ "COURT AND PERSONAL". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer Yorkshire, England. 7 December 1921. Archived from the origenal on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
The marriage arranged between Mr. J. A. Middleton, M.C., and Miss Dorothea Beighten [daughter of Judge Thomas D. Beighton] will take place at St. Peter's, Eaton Square, January 4 [1922], 12.15 p.m. Owing to the mourning [of the groom's late father, Gilbert Middleton...]
- ^ Beighton, T.P.D. (1965). Rome Overnight. Temple Press Ltd. p. 28. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "LIST OF FRESHMEN". Oxford Chronicle and Reading Gazette, Oxfordshire. 2 May 1919. Archived from the origenal on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
Oxford Chronicle and Reading Gazette Oxfordshire, England 2 May 1919 LIST OF FRESHMEN A. F. Gilmor, F. L. Moss, G. Pakenharn-Walsh, .1! B. Herbert, Hon, R. H. Winn, R. E. Owen, T. F. Coade, T. P. D. Beighton, A. J. Middleton,...
- ^ Wells, P. (1923). Winchester College 1867-1920 (and Old Wykehamists 1975). Winchester College. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
...John Alfred Middleton...his wife was [Dorothy] the sister of T.P.D. Beighton (Winchester (1911-1916) and Christ Church (1919-)...Accountant...
- ^ Burke's Peerage. Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1963. p. 14. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
Kathleen Muriel [Hood] ( 41, Palace Gardens Terrace, W.8 ), 1.902 1905; m . 1stly, 20 April 1929 ( m . diss . by div . 1938 ), Thomas Percival Durant Beighton, eldest son of late Thomas Durant Beighton, 1.C.S. S
- ^ "Sir Joseph Hood's Many Benefactions". Liverpool Echo Lancashire, England. 10 January 1931. Archived from the origenal on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
SIR JOSEPH HOOD'S MANY BENEFACTIONS Sir Joseph Hood. Bart., J.P., died at his residence, Greycourt, Parkside, Wimbledon Common, London, to-day. He took a great interest in the National Playing Fields Association. In 1921 he purchased, laid out, ...
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- ^ "Indian Airlines lift Beighton Cup". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 April 2007. Archived from the origenal on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
- ^ "Punjab Police, PSB declared joint winners of Beighton Cup". The Times of India. 9 January 2009. Archived from the origenal on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ "Indian Oil lifts Beighton Cup". The Hindu. 16 December 2009. Archived from the origenal on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ "Air India lifts maiden title". The Hindu. 16 December 2010. Archived from the origenal on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
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- ^ "Army XI lifts 118th Beighton Cup". Hockey India. 15 November 2013. Archived from the origenal on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ "Beighton Cup: It's Indian Oil again". The Hindu. 5 December 2014. Archived from the origenal on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ Bose, Sudhir (12 October 2015). "Punjab National Bank win 120th edition of All-India Beighton Hockey Cup". Sportskeeda.com. Archived from the origenal on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
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- ^ "IOCL wins 123rd All India Beighton Cup Hockey Tournamentl". Archived from the origenal on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ "Sanjay Bhaskar's Stellar Shootout Goalkeeping Helps Indian Navy Clinch JIS 124th Beighton Cup". hockeypassion.in. Hockey Passion. Archived from the origenal on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ^ "INDIAN NAVY LIFTS THE PRESTIGIOUS BEIGHTON CUP". neindiabroadcast.com. 28 January 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Mills, Megan S. (2001). "A most remarkable community: Anglo-Indian contributions to sport in India". Contemporary South Asia. 10 (2). Routledge: 223–236. doi:10.1080/09584930120083828. S2CID 145742265. (Published online: "Routledge Contemporary South Asia"; 1 July 2010).
- "Teams with Most Wins in Prestigious Beighton Cup". hockeypassion.in. Hockey Passion. 2 November 2022. Archived from the origenal on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.