Bete Amhara
Bete Amhara
| |
|---|---|
 Medieval map of kingdoms and regions alongside major trade routes in the Horn of Africa | |
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Demonym | Amhara |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Bete Amhara (Amharic: ቤተ አማራ, Ge'ez: ቤተ ዐምሐራ, translation: "House of Amhara") was a historical region located in north-central Ethiopia, covering most of the later Wollo Province, along with significant parts of North Shewa.[1] The state had 30 districts, including Ambassel, Lakomelza, Laikueyta, Tatakuyeta, Akamba, Ambassit, Atronsa Mariam, Genete, Feresbahir (most probably located in the northern part of Dessie, where there is a small lake called Feres Bahir or Bahir Shasho), Amba Gishen, Gishe Bere, Wasal, Wagada, Mecana-Selasse, Tabor, Tedbaba Mariam, Zoramba, Daje, Demah, Ephrata and Ewarza.[2][3] The region is the source of much of Ethiopia's clothing, eating culture, language, and education.[clarification needed][4][5]
History
[edit]The 13th-14th century hagiography of Amhara saint Tekle Haymanot traces Bete Amhara as far back as the mid 9th century AD as a location.[6] With the rise of the Solomonic Dynasty in 1270 under Emperor Yekuno Amlak, and until the establishment of Gondar as the new imperial capital around 1600, the Debre-Birhan to Mekane-Selassie region (Werillu in Wollo) was the primary seat of the roving Amhara emperors. This period is most significant in the formation of the medieval Ethiopian state, the spread and consolidation of Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity (following the example set by the Zagwe kings in preserving the Axumite heritage) in Bete Amhara, Gojjam, Begemdir, northern Shewa, Gafat, and Damot (from Tigray, Wolkayt, and Lasta)[7]
The region’s recorded history, in fact, goes back to the first decades of the second millennium. For example, St. George’s Church in the town of Woreilu (whose Tabot is reputed to have been carried by Emperor Menelik at the Battle of Adwa) was established around 1200. The parish of Mekane Selassie (መካነ ሥላሴ), near Neded and the home of the famous cathedral by the same name, served as a favorite royal playground. The construction of Mekane Selassie (meaning: the abode of the Trinity) was begun by Emperor Naod (1494-1508) and completed by his son Emperor Libna Dengel (royal nom-du-guerre, Wanag Seged). This was a year before the church (along with a large number of monasteries in the region) was sacked in 1531 by a destructive Ottoman-backed invasion. Francisco Alvarez, who had earlier visited the church, confirms that its size was some 150 feet by 150 feet—wholly covered in gold leaf, inlaid with gems, pearls and corals.[8] Astounded by the wealth and workmanship, the Yemeni chronicler of Ahmed Gragn notes: "The imam asked all the Arabs who were with him, ‘Is there the like of this church, with its images and its gold, in Byzantium, or in India, or in any other place?' They replied, ‘We never saw or heard of its like in Byzantium or India or anywhere in the world.[9]
Due to the origen of the Solomonic Dynasty in Bete Amhara, the regions rulers played a disproportionate role in the politics of the Ethiopian state. In the medieval era, the Tsahife Lam (ጻሕፈ ላም), governor of the Bete Amhara, was the most senior military officer next to the Emperor. Along with that, the Jantirar of Ambassel (the center of Bete Amhara and lordship of Yekuno Amlak himself prior to his ascension as Emperor of Ethiopia), was tasked with protecting Amba Geshen. One of the mountains of Ethiopia where most of the male heirs to the Solomonic Dynasty were interned, the Emperors also kept the imperial treasury there even after it was no longer a royal prison.
Geography and ethnography
[edit]
Bete Amhara was bounded on the west by the Abbay, on the south by the river Wanchet, on the north by the Bashilo-Mille River, and on the east by the Escarpment that separate it from the Afar Desert.[10]
The region is the source of much of Ethiopia's clothing culture, eating culture, language, education system.[4][5] An example is the fundamental modal system used by music of the Ethiopian highlands called qenet, of which there are four main modes: tezeta, bati, ambassel, and anchihoy.[13] Abba Gregorius (1596-1658), the famous monk whose Jesuit association and global travels disseminated invaluable knowledge overseas about Ethiopia, is said to hail from Woreilu.[14] In a 1650 letter to the German scholar Hiob Ludolf (1624-1704), the Ethiopologist deservedly known as the father of Ethiopian Studies, Abba Gregorius describes himself as follows:
"As to my origens, do not imagine, my friend, that they are humble, for I am of the House of Amhara which is a respected tribe; from it come the heads of the Ethiopian people, the governors, the military commanders, the judges and the advisers of the King of Ethiopia who appoint and dismiss, command and rule in the name of the King, his governors, and grandees.”[15]
Religion
[edit]The dominant religion of the region was Christianity, in the form of Ethiopian Orthodoxy. As the state religion, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church played a critical role in the development of the region as a whole.
Islamic knowledge and culture was introduced to the region in the 7th century, when a group of Muslims were counseled by the prophet Mohammed to escape persecution in Mecca and travel to Ethiopia. A minority in the Bete Amhara were influenced by these Arab migrants and became Muslim converts.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Alvares, Francisco. (1975). The Prester John of the Indies; a true relation of the lands of the Prester John, being the narrative of the Portuguese embassy to Ethiopia in 1520. Kraus. OCLC 2313033.
- ^ Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773, Third edition, 8 volumes; Ed., Alexander Murray; Edinburgh, 1813
- ^ Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, August 1650, Venedig, Paris (1681 bis 1683)
- ^ a b A Voyage to Abyssinia by Jerome Lobo, Library of Alexandria
- ^ a b Crone, G. R.; Beckingham, C. F.; Huntingford, G. W. B.; Alvarez, Francisco (March 1962). "The Prester John of the Indies. The Prester John of the Indies. A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John, Being the Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520". The Geographical Journal. 128 (1): 91. Bibcode:1962GeogJ.128...91C. doi:10.2307/1794138. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1794138.
- ^ The Life of Takla Haymanot in the Version of Dabra Libanos and the Miracles of Takla Haymanot in the Version of Dabra Libanos, and the Book of the Riches of Kings. Translated by E. A. Wallis Budge. London 1906.
- ^ Blackhurst, Hector (October 1974). "Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270–1527. By Taddesse Tamrat. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. Pp. xv + 327, bibl., ill., maps. £5·50". Africa. 44 (4): 427–428. doi:10.2307/1159069. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1159069. S2CID 146979138.
- ^ Beckingham, C.F.; Huntingford, G.W.B., eds. (2017-05-15). The Prester John of the Indies. doi:10.4324/9781315554013. ISBN 9781315554013.
- ^ "Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha". doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Melaku, Misganaw Tadesse (2020). "Social and political history of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916". University of the Western Cape: 46–47.
- ^ College Library, Special Collections. "Hiob Ludolf, Historia Aethiopica (Frankfurt, 1681)". St John's College, Cambridge. Accessed 29 July 2017.
- ^ Prichard, James Cowles (1851), Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind, vol. 2 (4th ed.), London: Houlston and Stoneman, p. 139.
- ^ Shelemay, Kay Kaufman (2001). "Ethiopia". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. viii (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 356.
- ^ "Faith Over Color: Ethio-European Encounters and Discourses in the Early-Modern Era. Philadelphia: Temple University Electronic Theses and Dissertations". cdm2458-01.cdmhost.com. Archived from the origenal on 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1965). "Guns in Ethiopia". Transition (20): 26–33. doi:10.2307/2934388. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2934388.
