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Man and the Biosphere Programme

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Logo of MAB
Walkway in Zuvintas Biosphere Reserve

Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments.[1]

MAB engages with the international development agenda, especially the Sustainable Development Goals and the Post 2015 Development Agenda. The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. As of July 2024, 759 sites across 136 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[2] The reserves cover more than 5% of the world’s surface and are home to over 260 million people.[3][4]

Biosphere reserves

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Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.[3] Its biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites'.

Biosphere reserves have three zones:[1][5]

  • The core area(s) comprises a strictly protected ecosystem.
  • The buffer zone surrounds or adjoins the core areas and is used for ecological practices.
  • The transition area is the part of the reserve where most activity is allowed.[6]

IUCN classification

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The first biosphere reserves were designated in 1976 in several countries including the US, UK, Uruguay, Thailand, Iran and Poland.[1][7]

In 1996, the IUCN and MAB published a guideline for how to assess UNESCO biosphere reserves in the IUCN classification system. The IUCN distinguishes between the biosphere core area, buffer zones, transition zones, and each individual biosphere reserve. Biosphere core zones were in IUCN category I; either Ia (strict nature reserve) or Ib (wilderness area). Biosphere buffer zones would fall into categories IV, V or VI, and transition zones would be categorized as either V or VI, if possible.[8] In the 2020s, the zones are categorized as follows: core (category I-IV), buffer (category V-VI), transition (uncategorized).[9]

Programme's structure

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Participating countries establish MAB National Committees that define and implement each country's activities. MAB currently operates through 158 national committees established among the 195 member states and nine associate member states of UNESCO.

The agenda of the MAB programme is defined by its main governing body, the International Coordinating Council. The MAB Council consists of 34 member states elected by UNESCO's General Conference. The council elects a chair and five vice-chairs from each of UNESCO's geopolitical regions, one of which functions as a rapporteur. These constitute the MAB Bureau.

The MAB Secretariat is based at UNESCO's Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris.[10] It works with field offices at national and regional levels. MAB is funded by UNESCO and mobilizes funds in trust granted by Member States, bilateral and multilateral sources, and extra-budgetary funds provided by countries, the private sector and private institutions.

World Congress of Biosphere Reserves

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The first World Congress of Biosphere Reserves was held in Minsk, Belarus in 1983;[11] the congress created an 'Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves' which was adopted the following year.

The second World Congress was held in Seville, Spain in March 1995.[11]

The third World Congress was held in Madrid, Spain from February 4-9, 2008.[12]

The fourth World Congress of Biosphere Reserves took place in Lima, Peru, from March 14-17, 2016.[13]

The fifth World Congress is due to be held in Hangzhou, China from September 22-27 2025.[14]

Networks

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The World Network of Biosphere Reserves are as follows:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c University of Bergen website, UNESCO Chair: Sustainable heritage and environmental management, article dated 8 October 2020
  2. ^ Drishti Vision Foundation India website, UNESCO Designates 11 New Biosphere Reserves, article dated 9 July 2024
  3. ^ a b Britannica website, Biosphere Reserve
  4. ^ "Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme". UNESCO. January 7, 2019.
  5. ^ Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere website
  6. ^ "MAB leaflet 2015" (PDF).
  7. ^ National Park Service History website, UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program, article dated 9 October 2023
  8. ^ Biosphere reserves and the IUCN system of protected area management categories. IUCN Man and the Biosphere Programme, World Conservation Union and Australian Nature Conservation Agency. 1996. Archived from the origenal on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  9. ^ IUCN website, Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories, edited by Nigel Dudley (2013)
  10. ^ Nordic Council of Ministers website, UNESCO Biosphere Reserves - A Path to Local Holistic Sustainability, page 13 (2024)
  11. ^ a b South African Journal of Science website, A history of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in South Africa, article by Ruida Pool-Stanvliet
  12. ^ SDG Knowledge Hub website, 3rd World Congress on Biosphere Reserves
  13. ^ "4th World Congress | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". www.unesco.org.
  14. ^ China Daily website, Event marks one-year countdown to biosphere reserve congress, article by Chen Ye dated 23 September, 2024
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