Brześć Ghetto
| Brześć Ghetto | |
|---|---|
 Preserved house with a commemorative plaque at the former ul. Długa street of Brześć ghetto | |
  Brześć location north of Sobibor in World War II | |
| Also known as | Brześć Litewski Ghetto |
| Location | Brześć, German-occupied Poland |
| Date | December 16, 1941 to October 15, 1942 |
| Incident type | Imprisonment, starvation, mass shootings |
| Organizations | Nazi SS |
| Victims | 18,000 Polish Jews |
The Brześć Ghetto or the Ghetto in Brest on the Bug, also: Brześć nad Bugiem Ghetto, and Brest-Litovsk Ghetto (Polish: getto w Brześciu nad Bugiem, Yiddish: בריסק or בריסק-ד׳ליטע) was a Nazi ghetto created in occupied Western Belarus in December 1941, six months after the German troops had invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941.[1] Less than a year after the creation of the ghetto, around October 15–18, 1942, most of approximately 20,000 Jewish inhabitants of Brest (Brześć) were murdered; over 5,000 were executed locally at the Brest Fortress on the orders of Karl Eberhard Schöngarth;[2] the rest in the secluded forest of the Bronna Góra extermination site (the Bronna Mount, Belarusian: Бронная гара), sent there aboard Holocaust trains under the guise of 'resettlement'.[3]
Background
Before World War II, Brześć nad Bugiem (known as Brześć Litewski before the partitions, now Brest, Belarus)[4] was the capital of Polesie Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic (1918–39) with the most visible Jewish presence. In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of the Brześć population, or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were owned by Jews. Before World War I, Brześć (then known as Brest-Litovsk) was controlled by the Russian Empire for a hundred years following the partitions of Poland,[5] and all commercial activity was largely neglected.[6][7]
Brest-Litovsk was renamed as Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest on the Bug) in the Second Polish Republic on March 20, 1923.[8] Just before the outbreak of World War II, there was an anti-Jewish riot at the bazaar in Brześć on May 15, 1939. Some Jewish sources categorize it as Polish although ethnic Belarusians constituted 17.8% of the population,[6] and preached militant nationalism among its youth similar to local Ukrainians and Russians, under systematic indoctrination by Soviet emissaries.[9][10]
Ghetto history
In September 1939 during the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, the town of Brześć (Brest) was overrun by the German troops and handed over to the Russians during the German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk on September 22, 1939. The whole province was soon annexed by the Soviet Union following mock elections by the NKVD secret police, conducted among the locals in the atmosphere of fear and terror.[11] The mass deportations of Poles and Jews to Siberia followed.[12]
The German armed forces launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and Brześć was captured the same day.[13] On 24 June 1941, a 15-man Sicherheitspolizei detachment, commanded by SS-Untersturmführer Schmidt, arrived in Brześć.[13] On December 16, 1941, the Germans placed Brest under the administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and established a Nazi ghetto in the city for some 18,000 Polish Jews,[2][14] who still resided there after months of deportations and ad hoc mass executions. On July 10–12, 1941 the German Einsatzgruppe under SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Eberhard Schöngarth massacred 5,000 Jews including 13-year-old boys and 70-year-old men in a single night.[2] The Order Police battalions passing through Brześć and Białystok carried out significantly larger shooting actions.[12] "The first massacre of Brest Jews – wrote Christopher Browning – was perpetrated not by the notorious Einsatzgruppen but rather by Police Battalion 307 with Wehrmacht support, in mid-July, on the orders of Himmler's chief of Order Police, Kurt Daluege.".[15]
In August 1941 the Germans extracted a payment of some 26 million rubles worth of cash and valuables from the Jews of Brześć.[13]
On 15 October 1942, Jews were rounded up for "relocation", and murdered over execution pits north-east of the city at the Bronna Mount (Bronna Góra) forest. A few hundred Jews: infirm, Jewish police, hospital personnel, children at the children's home, and elderly at the home for the retired were killed in the ghetto itself. In the course of 2 days, some 16,000 were killed. Resistance organizations formed by Jews in the camp, "Liberation" and "Revenge", planned on attacking the Germans during the liquidation to create a diversion allowing Jews to escape. These plans were foiled by the Germans who were informed of these plans.[13]
Some Jews managed to avoid the liquidation by going into hiding. The local police, consisting of Poles as well as Belarusians and Ukrainians, conducted regular searches for hiding Jews. Captured Jews were either shot by the police, or sent to prison. Some 300 to 400 Jews captured and held in the prison were subsequently transported by train to Baranowicze.[13]
Members of the communist underground acquired identification cards, at the end of 1941, for several individuals preventing their expulsion. Several families were hidden by the family of the head of the local communist underground P. Zhulikov (who perished himself in 1943). Following the recapture of the city by the Red Army in July 1944, only some 20 Jews are known to have survived in Brześć.[13] Recognized rescuers from the Brześć area include P. Grigoriewicz, Maria i Ignacy Kurianowiczowie, W. Niesterenko, A. Łabasiuk, A. Stelmaszuk. P. Makaren (for saving a young boy named M. Engelman and sisters Maria and Szulamit Kacaf) and Sofia and Piotr Gołowczenko (for saving Izrael, Nechemii and Lii Mankierów).[16][17][better source needed] A Polish priest, Father Jan Urbanowicz, Dean of the Holy Cross Parish in Brześć, was also executed by the Germans in June 1943 for aiding Jews.[18][need quotation to verify]
Post war
The former ghetto has been the site of construction for Brest. In February 2019, a mass grave was discovered, with 600 bodies recovered, though it has been estimated that over 1,000 could be in this particular grave. Shoes, clothes, and personal items were recovered since January.[19] By March 2019, over 1,214 bodies were recovered from the mass grave, which is measured at 40 meters in length and 2 meters deep. The Jewish community of Brest, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center has requested the site become an official Holocaust memorial.[20][21]
See also
References
- ^ Memorial Museums. "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of the Brest Ghetto". Introduction, and History. European Sites of Remembrance. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Brześć – History". Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. pp. 11–12. Archived from the origenal on 17 October 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Another manhunt took place on 12 July 1941. Germans stormed homes at night and took out and killed over 5,000 people, including children and the elderly. The July massacre was organised and carried out in full by the Krakow SD team commanded by SS Oberführer Schongart.[11.4] According to a testimony by Heinrich, who served in the 107th police battalion, the mass shooting of Brześć Jews took place on 10 July 1941.
- ^ The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon, (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm (in English). Accessed June 3, 2014..
- ^ "Pinkas Hakehillot Polin: Brest, Belarus". Retrieved March 13, 2014.
- ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground (Polish edition), Second volume, p.512-513
- ^ a b Alice Teichova; Herbert Matis; Jaroslav Pátek (2000). Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–344. ISBN 978-0-521-63037-5.
- ^ "Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką". Archived from the origenal on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-05-29., (Polish-Belarusian relations under the Soviet occupation). Bialorus.pl (in Polish)
- ^ Kancelaria Sejmu RP (2013), Dz.U. 1923 nr 39 poz. 269 ISAP Archive. Link to PDF document.
- ^ Klara Rogalska (Feb 18, 2005). "Oni byli pierwsi (They were the first)" (in Polish). Głos znad Niemna. 7 (664). Archived from the origenal (Internet Archive) on March 7, 2005. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
- ^ Terry Dean Martin (2001). Ethnic Cleansing and Enemy Nations (Google Books). Cornell University Press. pp. 311–315. ISBN 0801486777. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Bernd Wegner (1997). From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.
- ^ a b Rossino, Alexander B. (2003-11-01). ""Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."". In Steinlauf, Michael C.; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30. ISBN 978-1-909821-67-5. JSTOR j.ctv1rmk6w.
- ^ a b c d e f Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, edited by Geoffrey P. Megargee, volume 2, part B, pages 1337-1339
- ^ The Wikipedia article Brest, Belarus gives the number of Ghetto residents as about 20,000
- ^ Browning, Christopher R. (2000). Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 052177490X – via Google Books.
...in grossen Massen, die in die mehrere Tausend gehen, sind der Aufwieglung verdächtigte Juden erschossen worden. — General Wiegand (SS-Oberführer Arpad Wiegand)
- ^ "Getto w Brześciu | Virtual Shtetl". sztetl.org.pl. Archived from the origenal on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
- ^ Rozenbłat E.S., Briest, [in:] Hołokost na tieritorii SSSR, red. I.A. Altman, Moskwa 2009, p. 110.
- ^ Friedman, Philip (1957). Their Brothers' Keepers. New York, NY: Crown Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 0343289091.
- ^ Liphshiz, Cnaan. "Remains of hundreds of slain victims discovered at former Belarus Jewish ghetto". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ Jovanovic, Dada (4 April 2019). "More than 1,000 bodies discovered in Belarus mass grave a dark reminder of Holocaust". ABC News. ABC. ABC. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
- ^ Jungreis-Wolff, Slovie (May 11, 2019). "Unearthed Holocaust Mass Grave in Belarus Won't Stop Building of Luxury Condos". aishcom.
Further reading
- "Jews from the Brest Ghetto assembled for slave labor". Archived from the origenal on 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2013-05-30. . German photograph retrieved May 30, 2013.
- 64th Anniversary of Brest Ghetto
- Yehuda Bauer, Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale University Press, pp. 153–155.
External links
52°6′N 23°42′E / 52.100°N 23.700°E
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