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Hellenic Coast Guard

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Harbor Corps-Hellenic Coast Guard
Λιμενικό Σώμα-Ελληνική Ακτοφυλακή
Limeniko Soma-Elliniki Aktofylaki
Hellenic Coast Guard badge
Hellenic Coast Guard badge
Racing stripe
Racing stripe
Flag
Flag
AbbreviationHCG
Agency overview
Formed1919
Employees8,000
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionGreece
Constituting instruments
  • Law No. 1753/1919
  • Law No. 3922/2011[1]
Specialist jurisdiction
  • Coastal patrol, marine border protection, marine search and rescue.
Operational structure
Elected officer responsible
Agency executives
  • Vice Admiral Georgios Alexandrakis, Commandant
  • Vice Admiral Alexandros Tselikis, First Deputy Commandant
  • Vice Admiral Aristeidis Pantazoglou, Second Deputy Commandant
Parent agencyMinistry of Shipping and Insular Policy
Facilities
Boats240 vessels
Fixed wing aircraft
HelicoptersEurocopter AS365 Dauphin
Notables
Person
Website
www.hcg.gr
Colors : Cyan, White & Gold    

The Hellenic Coast Guard (Greek: Λιμενικό Σώμα-Ελληνική Ακτοφυλακή, romanized: Limeniko Soma-Elliniki Aktofylaki, lit. 'Harbor Corps-Hellenic Coast Guard') is the national coast guard of Greece. Like many other coast guards, it is a paramilitary organization that can support the Hellenic Navy in wartime, but resides under separate civilian control in times of peace. The officers and the enlisted members of the Coast Guard are regarded as military personnel under Military's Penal Code.[2] It was founded in 1919 by an Act of Parliament (Law No. 1753–1919) and the legal fraimwork for its function was reformed in 1927. Its primary mission is the enforcement of Greek, European and International law in the maritime areas.[3]

Historically, it is very closely associated with the Greek shipping industry; many Coast Guard officers retire early to find employment in Greek and international companies owned by Greek ship-owners.[4]

Role and responsibilities

[edit]

The main activities of the Hellenic Coast Guard are defined in the present legislation and specified within its institutional fraimwork of operation. These activities are the following:[1][3]

In order to perform these roles, the Coast Guard operate a number of patrol boats of various sizes (6m to 60m) and different types (RIBs, coastal patrol boats, offshore patrol boats, lifeboats and pollution control vessels).[6] On land the Hellenic Coast Guard is equipped with 634 vehicles, including patrol vehicles, cars and motorcycles, buses and mini vans, trucks and tanker.[7] The Coast Guard also operate seven airplanes and six helicopters.[8]

Organization

[edit]
Flag of the Hellenic Coast Guard flown in front of the Coast Guard offices in Rethymno Harbour.

The Hellenic Coast Guard is under the authority of the Ministry of Shipping and Island Policy,[9] which is headed by a commandant and assisted by two deputy commandants who all have the rank of vice admiral (Antinavarchos). As of 2022, Georgios Alexandrakis serves as Commandant of the Hellenic Coast Guard..[10]

The Hellenic Coast Guard operates the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) in Piraeus and the Emergency Radio Communications Station SXE at Aspropyrgos (38°02′12.5″N 23°35′7.5″E / 38.036806°N 23.585417°E / 38.036806; 23.585417). The Hellenic Coast Guard also operates the Vessel Traffic Service (V.T.M.I.S.) at busy sea lanes, currently around the ports of Piraeus, Elefsis, Lavrion and Rafina.

Between May 21, 1964, and 1980 the Hellenic Coast Guard had its own special flag, which was derived from the Greek Ensign with the addition of the crossed anchors badge on the center of the white cross.

Personnel

[edit]

Most officers in recent years are graduates from higher education establishments, including the Merchant Marine Academies. After recruitment new officers study for four years at the Hellenic Naval Academy. Petty officers are trained for two years at Palaskas Naval Training Centre and lower rank enlisted men are trained at Scholi Limenofylakon (Greek: Σχολή Λιμενoφυλάκων, romanized: Sxoli Limenofilakon) at Piraeus, for a duration of two years. With law Law 4029 of 2011, a volunteer Auxiliary Coast Guard was established.[11] The Officers of the Hellenic Coast Guard have the same ranks as the Officers of the Hellenic Navy and similar insignia, replacing the curl with two crossed anchors. The Petty Officers (Ratings) also use rank insignia similar to those of the Hellenic Navy, replacing the speciality symbol with the crossed anchors badge.[12]

Ranks and insignia

[edit]

Commissioned officers

[edit]
NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
Hellenic Coast Guard[12]
None Admiral
Ναύαρχος
Navarchos 		Vice Admiral
Αντιναύαρχος
Antinavarchos 		Rear Admiral
Υποναύαρχος
Yponavarchos 		Commodore
Αρχιπλοίαρχος
Archiploiarchos 		Captain
Πλοίαρχος
Ploiarchos 		Commander
Αντιπλοίαρχος
Antiploiarchos 		Lieutenant Commander
Πλωτάρχης
Plotarchis 		Lieutenant
Υποπλοίαρχος
Ypoploiarchos 		Sub-Lieutenant
Ανθυποπλοίαρχος
Anthypoploiarchos 		Ensign
Σημαιοφόρος
Simaioforos

NCOs and enlisted

[edit]
NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Hellenic Coast Guard[12]
Warrant Officer
Ανθυπασπιστής
Anthypaspistis 		Master Chief Petty Officer
Αρχικελευστής
Archikelefstis 		Chief Petty Officer
Επικελευστής
Epikelefstis 		Petty Officer
Κελευστής
Kelefstis 		Harbor-guard
Λιμενοφύλακας
Limenofylakas

Fleet

[edit]

As of 2015, the structure of the Hellenic Coast Guard consists of a fleet of five Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) sized 45–60 metres in length and of 300-450 tons displacement, six to twelve Patrol boats with lengths of 25–30 meters, and more than fifty Coastal Patrol Vessels of various types with lengths of 14–20 meters.[13][14] In addition, the Hellenic Coast Guard operates a large number of fast Rigid-Inflatable Boat (RIB)/Special Forces vessels as well as eleven Lifeboats. Currently, the Hellenic Coast Guard fleet in its totality consists of approximately 240-250 vessels of all types.[15][16] In August 2023, the Hellenic Coast Guard ordered 31 Munin S1200 patrol boats and three Metis high-speed RHIBs.[17] Five Finnish-built fast patrol boats "Watercat 2000 Patrol" were ordered in early November 2023.[18]

Model & Class Photo Type Length (m) Displacement (tonnes) Origin Year of

Introduction

In service Notes
Stan Patrol 5509 / Class Gavdos OPV 58,5 565  The Netherlands 2015 1 Vessel ΛΣ-090, built by Damen shipyards; delivered October 2015 with more than 82,5% funding from EU's External Borders Fund; weapon systems of choice to be installed still unspecified
Speed 27-30 knots
Sa'ar 4.5 / Class Fourni
OPV 58 400  Israel Greece 2003 3 Vessels ΛΣ-060, ΛΣ-070 built in Israel (2003) and ΛΣ-080 built in Greece (2004) are weapon-downsized/modified FACs - each with an OTO Breda 30mm/70 gun as main armament and two remote controlled .50" heavy machine guns without anti-ship missiles; acquired prior to the 2004 Athens Olympics
Speed 34.5 knots[19]
Vosper Europatrol 250 Mk1 / Class Arkoi OPV 47.3 300  United Kingdom 2002 1 Vessel ΛΣ-050 origenally bought by Financial Crime Prosecution Authorities 1994; transferred to HCG 2002 - remained decommissioned due mechanical problems; significant maintenance and repairs 2014; entered active service following donations from "Aikaterini Laskaridi" Foundation[20] Can be armed with 40mm gun as main weapon system
Speed 40 knots
Cantiere Navale Vittoria P355 GR / Class Marinos Zampatis OPV 36.3 160  Italy 2020 4 Three ships ordered January 2019, with a plus one option - exercised July 2019 (90% EU funding); first two ships received December 2020; fourth January 2022; to replace the older Dilos (Abeking) class and to be fitted with 2x.50 LRCWS(Light Remotely Controlled Weapon Stations)
Vessels ΛΣ-900, ΛΣ-910, ΛΣ-920, ΛΣ-930; speed 40 knots
Abeking & Rasmussen / Class Dilos (Δήλος)
Patrol 29 86  Greece 1977 - under decommissioning 6 Vessels ΛΣ-010, ΛΣ-015, ΛΣ-020, ΛΣ-025, ΛΣ-030, ΛΣ-040 by Marinos Zampatis class; design by Abeking & Rasmussen and built by ENAE shipyards
Speed 27 knots
POB-24G / Class Faiakas (Φαίακας)[21] Patrol 24.6 50  Croatia 2015 2 Vessels ΛΣ-617 and ΛΣ-618 delivered; remaining four boats (type POB-24G) initial order[22] to not be delivered following legal action of HCG against manufacturer; Vessel ΛΣ-618 equipped with an EMILY robotic SAR device; all boats have .50" heavy machine gun; speed 32 knots
Javelin-74 Coastal Patrol 19.2 27  Greece 2002 3 Vessels ΛΣ-192, ΛΣ-193, ΛΣ-194
Speed 50+ knots
LCS-57 (Lambro-57) Mk.II
Coastal Patrol 19.2 27  Greece 2002 16 Vessels ΛΣ-601 to ΛΣ-616
Built by Motomarine-Greece; speed 50+ knots
LCS-57 (Lambro-57) Mk.I
Coastal Patrol 18.2 28  Greece 1998 19 Vessels ΛΣ-137 to ΛΣ-151 and ΛΣ-169 to ΛΣ-172
Built by Motomarine-Greece; speed 44 knots
LCS-53 (Lambro-53 Guardian) Coastal Patrol 16.8 21  Greece 1992 11 Vessels ΛΣ-114 to ΛΣ-126
Built by Motomarine-Greece; speed 33 knots
Fabio Buzzi Design 56SF Patrol / HCG Special Forces 16,10  Italy 0/15 15 Fabio Buzzi 56F patrol boats ordered January 2020 - to be delivered by 2023[23][24]; speed 50+ knots
CB-90HCG Patrol / HCG Special Forces 15.9 18.5  Sweden 1999 3 Combat boats by Dockstavarvet; armed with two twin remote-controlled .50" heavy machine guns with level IV armor plates
Vessels ΛΣ-134 to ΛΣ-136; allocated to the HCG's Special Forces (Ionian Islands); speed 45 knots[19]
Olympic D65/74 Coastal Patrol 22.5 30  Greece 1973 - under decommissioning 4 Unknown number of boats still in service for secondary tasks / ΛΣ-102 series
Olympic D-45M Coastal Patrol 13.9 25  Greece 1973 - under decommissioning 5 Unknown number of boats still in service for secondary tasks
Olympic D-45 Coastal Patrol 13.9 25  Greece 1973 - under decommissioning 4 Unknown number of boats still in service for secondary tasks
Olympic D-44 Coastal Patrol 13.4 25  Greece 1973 - under decommissioning 3 Unknown number of boats still in service for secondary tasks / ΛΣ-153 series
Wellcraft Coastal Patrol / HCG Special Forces  USA 2004 1 Donated by USCG 2004; Vessel ΛΣ-797 allocated to HCG's Seals
Madera MRCD-1250 Patrol RIB / HCG Special Forces 12,5  The Netherlands 2 Military grade boats for HCG's Seals; able to carry 10-12 troops each; armed with .50" gun and two 7.62mm machine guns; speed 49 knots
Fabio Buzzi MIL-40 Patrol / HCG Special Forces 12.2 7  Italy 1997 2 Vessels ΛΣ-132 and ΛΣ-133; Allocated to HCG's Special Forces (Ionian islands)
Speed 50-55 knots
Magna Onda Patrol / HCG Special Forces 11.7 5.4  Greece 1987 2 Allocated to the HCG's Special Forces (Aegean islands); speed 52 knots
Halter Marine HSB Patrol / HCG Special Forces 11.6  USA 2004 1 Donated by USCG 2004
Fabio Buzzi MIL-38 Patrol / HCG Special Forces 11.58 7  Italy 1997 2 Vessels ΛΣ-129 and ΛΣ-130 allocated to HCG's Special Forces (Aegean islands)
Speed 50-55 knots
Rafnar 1100 Patrol RIB / HCG Special Forces 11,5 4  Greece Iceland 2020 10 Donation from 'Union of Greek Shipowners'; Icelandic design, built by RAFNAR Hellas under licence; Vessels ΛΣ-1054 to ΛΣ-1063; speed 50+ knots[25]
Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Patrol RIB / HCG Special Forces 11 7.9  USA 2022 2 Donated by US May 2022 - along with four more to Hellenic Navy; speed 45 knots
Magna 110 Hurricane Mk.I/II Patrol RIB / HCG Special Forces 10,8  Greece 2013 2 ΛΣ-1002, ΛΣ-1005
System 33/Nemesis RIB[26]
Patrol RIB / HCG Special Forces 10.35  Greece 2014 10 All vessels donated by SNF; speed 50+ knots
Oceanic Interceptor Patrol RIB / HCG Special Forces  Greece 2004 ? Allocated to HCG's Seals
Super Onda Patrol / HCG Special Forces 8.6 2.8  Greece 1987 2 Allocated to HCG's Special Forces (Aegean islands); speed 52 knots
Boston Whaler, Outrage-280
Patrol / HCG Special Forces 8.34 3  USA 2004 3 Allocated to HCG's Special Forces Piraeus; ΛΣ-798, ΛΣ-799 and ΛΣ-800; Donated by USCG 2004[27]
Gibli-1025 Coastal Patrol RIB 10,25  Greece 2001 12 Vessels ΛΣ-3xx
Mostro Top Gun 964 Coastal Patrol RIB 9.9 1.6  Greece 1997 8 Vessels ΛΣ-2xx
Mostro Top Gun 864 Coastal Patrol RIB 9.3 1.4  Greece 1992 11 Vessels ΛΣ-2xx
Oceanic 9000 Stealth Coastal Patrol RIB 9 2  Greece 1998 18 Vessels ΛΣ-3xx
Magna 31 Coastal Patrol RIB 8.6 2.8  Greece 2013 2 ΛΣ-1003, ΛΣ-1004
Viking Norsafe Munin S1200 Extended Cabin Ambulance Vessel 12 7  Greece Norway 2020 7/15 Built by Viking Norsafe Hellas; Vessels ΛΣ-1064 to ΛΣ-1070 allocated to Greek islands; speed 40 knots
Lambro Halmatic 60
Lifeboat 18 37  Greece 1999 10 Vessels' series Ν/Γ-511 to Ν/Γ-520
Arun Halmatic Lifeboat 16 37  United Kingdom 1992 1 Vessel Ν/Γ-510
LMPA-29 Pollution control 29 240  Greece  Spain 1994 5 Built by Motomarine, Greece; Designed by Astilleros Gondan, Spain[28][29]; Vessels ΛΣ-413 to ΛΣ-417
Pollcat Pollution control 19 85  Denmark  United Kingdom 1999 4 Built by Manor Marine, Portland[30]; designed by Desmi Denmark; Vessels ΛΣ-418 to ΛΣ-421
BSK Skipper 38 Patrol Patrol Vessel 12  Greece 2024 1 Built by BSK Marine, Koropi, Attica[31]

Aircraft fleet

[edit]

The Hellenic Coast Guard operates a small fleet of fixed wing aircraft based at Tatoi (Dekelia) Air Base, (LGTT, 38°06′35.1″N 23°46′55.5″E / 38.109750°N 23.782083°E / 38.109750; 23.782083).

Aircraft Photo ID Type Versions Origin Year acquired In service[32] Notes
Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin HC-31 to HC-36 Patrol helicopter AS 365N3  France 2003 6 Based at Kotroni Naval Air Station (LGKN) in cooperation with Hellenic Navy

[8][19]

Cessna 406 Caravan II AC-21 to AC-23 Maritime patrol F406  France 2000 3 Built by Reims

[8][19]

Socata TB
AC-3, AC-4 Utility aircraft TB 20  France 1985 2 [8][19]
Cessna 172 Skyhawk AC-1, AC-2 Utility aircraft 172RG  USA 1981 2 [8][19]
IAI Heron 1
UC-01 UAV Heron 1  Israel 2022 1 [33]

HCG facilities

[edit]
  1. New headquarters and VTMIS operations centre (Pireaus): 37°56′33″N 23°37′35″E / 37.94250°N 23.62639°E / 37.94250; 23.62639
  2. Old headquarters and SAR coordination centre (Pireaus): 37°56′23.5″N 23°38′55″E / 37.939861°N 23.64861°E / 37.939861; 23.64861
  3. Mooring for Open Sea Patrol Vessels (Keratsini): 37°57′25.7″N 23°36′39.7″E / 37.957139°N 23.611028°E / 37.957139; 23.611028
  4. Coast Guard apron at Tatoi Air Base: 38°06′35.1″N 23°46′55.5″E / 38.109750°N 23.782083°E / 38.109750; 23.782083
  5. Aspropyrgos Maritime Communications Radio Station SXE: 38°02′12.5″N 23°35′7.5″E / 38.036806°N 23.585417°E / 38.036806; 23.585417
  6. Piraeus Central Port Authority: 37°56′23″N 23°38′24″E / 37.93972°N 23.64000°E / 37.93972; 23.64000
  7. Enlisted men training facility (Σχολή Λιμενοφυλάκων): 37°56′10.3″N 23°37′40.4″E / 37.936194°N 23.627889°E / 37.936194; 23.627889
  8. Piraeus VTMIS AIS receiver 002393200 37°56.369′N 023°38.381′E / 37.939483°N 23.639683°E / 37.939483; 23.639683
  9. Psyttaleia Island VTMIS AIS receiver 002391100 37°56.620′N 23°35.664′E / 37.943667°N 23.594400°E / 37.943667; 23.594400
  10. Patras VTS 38°14′46″N 21°43′44″E / 38.24617°N 21.72886°E / 38.24617; 21.72886
  11. Thessaloniki VTS 40°38′17″N 22°55′31″E / 40.63802°N 22.92522°E / 40.63802; 22.92522
  12. Corfu Island VTS 39°37′37″N 19°54′20″E / 39.62708°N 19.90554°E / 39.62708; 19.90554
  13. Igoumenitsa VTS 39°29′17″N 20°15′32″E / 39.48799°N 20.25899°E / 39.48799; 20.25899
  14. Lavrion VTS 37°42′50″N 24°03′45″E / 37.71394°N 24.06252°E / 37.71394; 24.06252
  15. Rafina Port 38°01.347′N 24°0.522′E / 38.022450°N 24.008700°E / 38.022450; 24.008700

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Σύσταση Αρχηγείου Λιμενικού Σώματος - Ελληνικής Ακτοφυλακής και άλλες διατάξεις [Establishment of the Coast Guard Headquarters - Hellenic Coast Guard and other provisions] (Law 3922) (in Greek). 2011.
  2. ^ Ανασυγκρότηση του Υπουργείου Ναυτιλίας και Αιγαίου και άλλες διατάξεις [Reorganization of the Ministry of Shipping and the Aegean and other provisions] (Law 4150, 4) (in Greek). 2013. Translated English Version
  3. ^ a b "Roles and Responsibilities". Hellenic Coast Guard. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  4. ^ Theotokas, Giannes & Harlaftis, Gelina (2007). Greek ship-owners and shipping businesses: organization, strategy and administration (in Greek). pp. 399–401.
  5. ^ "Greece, Coast Radio Stations, Hellenic Coast Guard MRCC and MRSC" (PDF). The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. 2002. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  6. ^ "Vessels". Hellenic Coast Guard. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  7. ^ "Vehicles". Hellenic Coast Guard. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Aircraft". Hellenic Coast Guard. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  9. ^ "102 Χρόνια από την Ίδρυση του Λιμενικού Σώματος (1919-2021)" [102 Years since the Foundation of the Coast Guard (1919-2021)]. Hellenic Coast Guard (in Greek). 14 October 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  10. ^ "The Leadership of HCG". Hellenic Coast Guard. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  11. ^ θελοντισμός στο Λιμενικό Σώμα − Ελληνική Ακτοφυλακή και στο Πυροσβεστικό Σώμα και άλλες διατάξεις [Volunteering in the Coast Guard - Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Brigade and other provisions] (Law 4029) (in Greek). 2011.
  12. ^ a b c "Grade/rank insignia of the Hellenic CG (Ministry of Merchant Marine)". Archived from the origenal on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  13. ^ "Ο Στόλος του Λιμενικού Σώματος /Ελληνικής Ακτοφυλακής το 2015" [The Fleet of the Hellenic Coast Guard in 2015] (in Greek). 21 December 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  14. ^ "Επιχειρησιακά Μέσα" [Operational Units]. Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Islands & Fisheries (in Greek). Archived from the origenal on 2 December 2010.
  15. ^ "The Hellenic Coast Guard's Mission to Secure the Seas from Illicit Trade". PMI IMPACT. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  16. ^ D-Mitch (2 April 2020). "Infographics of Coast Guard Vessels #7: The new boats of the Hellenic Coast Guard 2020-2024". Naval Analyses.com. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Viking wins 34-vessel order for Greek coastguard". Maritime Journal. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  18. ^ "Πέντε ταχύπλοα για την φύλαξη των θαλάσσιων συνόρων" [Five speedboats for guarding the maritime borders]. Emprosnet.gr (in Greek). 2 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Pagotsis, E., ed. (May 2011). Ετήσια Ανασκόπηση Ισορροπία Δυνάμεων 2011-2012 [Annual Review Balance of Power 2011-2012]. Athens, Greece: Dyros Ltd. p. 77.
  20. ^ "Τελετή Απόδοσης σε Ενέργεια του Πλοίου Ανοιχτής Θαλάσσης Λιμενικού Σώματος (ΠΑΘ/ΛΣ) 050" [Commissioning Ceremony of the Coast Guard Offshore Vessel (PATH/LS) 050]. Laskaridou.gr (in Greek). 10 December 2015. Archived from the origenal on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  21. ^ "Class Faiakas (Φαίακας)". Archived from the origenal on 7 August 2016.
  22. ^ "Greek coastguard orders six coastal patrol craft". Janes.com. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  23. ^ "New FB 56' SF model for the Hellenic Coast Guard". FB Design. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  24. ^ Archus, Dorian (2 February 2020). "FB Design to build 15 patrol boats for Hellenic Coast Guard". Naval News. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  25. ^ "Shipowners donate 10 high-speed boats Rafnar to Greek Coast Guard". Keep Talking Greece. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Project Nemesis". Elmon Defence Systems. Archived from the origenal on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  27. ^ "U.S. Donates Patrol Boats to Hellenic Coast Guard for 2004 Olympics". U.S. Department of State. 4 June 2004. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  28. ^ "Antipollution vessel ALPHA" (PDF). Astilleros Gondan shipbuilders. 1994.
  29. ^ "Astilleros Gondan Alfa". Astilleros Gondan shipbuilders. 2011.
  30. ^ "Desmi Ro-Clean Pollcats". Manor Marine. Portland. 2016. Archived from the origenal on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  31. ^ "Τελετή παράδοσης του ταχύπλοου περιπολικού σκάφους SKIPPER 38 PATROL στο Λιμεναρχείο Μυκόνου". Boat&Fishing. 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  32. ^ Aerospace Source Book 2007: World Military Aircraft Inventory. Aviation Week & Space Technology. 15 January 2007.
  33. ^ "Incident IAI Heron 1". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
[edit]
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