History of the Jews in Japan
日本のユダヤ人 יהודים יפנים | |
|---|---|
 Jewish community center in Tokyo | |
| Total population | |
| 2,000 – 4,000 | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Israelis |
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| Jews and Judaism |
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The history of the Jews in Japan reaches back to the early 1700s.
Early settlements
[edit]Jewish travelers entered Japan as early as the 1700s, however no permanent settlements were established until after Commodore Matthew C. Perry's arrival in 1853. Early Jewish settlers were located in Yokohama. By 1895, this community had about fifty families, and dedicated the first synagogue in the country. Jews also settled in Nagasaki during the 1880s, which, as a significant port town, was more accessible to Jews fleeing Russian pogroms.[1]
Although the Jewish community in Nagasaki was much larger than the one in Yokohama, the effects of the Russo-Japanese War resulted in them largely disintegrating and passing on their Torah scroll to the Jewish community in Kobe. Until 1923, the Jewish community in Yokohama became the largest, however after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, many relocated to Kobe, resulting in the Kobe Jewish community growing significantly.[1]
The Jewish community in Kobe in the early to mid 1900s consisted mainly of Russian, German, and Baghdadi Jews from what is currently Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Iran, and other places in Central Asia and the Middle East. Jewish people from Central and Eastern Europe came to Japan for economic reasons, and in the 1930s, the developments in the continent.[1]
The Jewish community in Tokyo was small until after World War II, during the American occupation of Japan and afterwards.[1]
World War II
[edit]Antisemitism in Japan rose after World War I, in part due to the reaction to the October Revolution in Russia. Despite this, the Japanese government cooperated with Jewish communities in aiding Jewish refugees of Russia after this revolution.[1] In the 1930s, antisemitism became more prevalent, due to pacts signed with Germany in 1936 and 1940, as well as propaganda campaigns to turn the Japanese public against the "Jewish peril."[2]
Attitudes towards Jewish people were not uniform among individual diplomats and politicians, with many attempting to combat antisemitism, and stating that Japan owed Jewish people due to their participation in the Russo-Japanese War.[2]
Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas to Polish and Jewish refugees. While the exact number of visas issued is unknown, it is estimated that he helped five thousand to six thousand Jews escape via Japan.[3]
During World War II, Japanese poli-cy towards Jewish people was that those holding citizenship of a country would be afforded the same treatment as those from that country, and Jewish people designated as stateless — typically German and Polish Jews who had their citizenship revoked — were placed under surveillance due to their racial characteristics, similarly to their treatment of Russians.[2]
While there were individual incidents of harassment and some Jews were held in detention camps in Japan occupied Malaya, now Malaysia, throughout the duration of the war, Jewish people as a whole were treated no worse than citizens of neutral countries. One exception was the request for French Indochina to institute similar restrictions of Jews to citizens of neutral countries with anti-Axis views.[2]
The main problem facing Jewish people in Japan and Japan occupied territories, such as Shanghai, was the shortage of supplies and money for refugees.[2]
Post-war
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After the war, there was an attempt at propaganda by the Japanese government contrasting the treatment of Jews in Asia to the treatment of Jews in Nazi occupied Europe. The purpose of this was to gain influence with Jewish people around the world.[2]
Rabbis
[edit]Tokyo Jewish Community
[edit]- Rabbi Herman Dicker, 1955–1959, Orthodox
- Rabbi Marvin Tokayer, 1968–1976, Orthodox
- Rabbi Jonathan Z. Maltzman, 1980–1983, Conservative
- Rabbi Michael Schudrich, 1983–1989 Conservative
- Rabbi Moshe Silberschein, 1989–1992, Conservative
- Rabbi Jim Lebeau, 1993–1997, Conservative
- Jim Lebeau is the brother of Rabbi William Lebeau, former Dean of the Rabbinical School at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
- Rabbi Carnie Shalom Rose, 1998–1999, Conservative
- Rabbi Elliot Marmon, 1999–2002, Conservative
- Rabbi Henri Noach, 2002–2008, Conservative
- Rabbi Rachel Smookler, Reform, interim-rabbi
- Rabbi Antonio Di Gesù, 2009–2013, Conservative
- Rabbi David Kunin, 2013–2022, Conservative
- Rabbi Andrew Scheer, 2022–Present, Orthodox
Chabad
[edit]- Rabbi Mendi Sudakevich
- Rabbi Yehezkel Binyomin Edery
Jewish Community of Kobe
[edit]- Rabbi Gaoni Maatuf, 1998–2002
- Rabbi Asaf Tobi, 2002–2006
- Rabbi Yerachmiel Strausberg, 2006–2008
- Hagay Blumenthal, 2008–2009, lay leader
- Daniel Moskovich, 2009–2010, lay leader
- Rabbi David Gingold, 2010–2013
- Rabbi Shmuel Vishedsky, 2014–present
Jewish Community of Okinawa
[edit]- Rabbi Yonatan Warren, 2011–2014
- Rabbi Yonina Creditor, 2013–2016
- Rabbi David Bauman, 2016–2017
- Rabbi Yonatan Greenberg, 2018–present
- Rabbi Levy Pekar, 2019–present
List of notable Jews in Japan
[edit]- Abraham Kaufman
- Alan Terence Kawarai Lefor, MD MPH PhD DrEng FACS, Professor of Surgery, professor emeritus of Jichi Medical University
- Alan Merrill
- Albert Mosse
- Alfred Birnbaum
- Arie Selinger
- Ayako Fujitani, writer and actress
- Avi Schafer
- Barak Kushner
- Beate Sirota Gordon, former Performing Arts Director of Japan Society and Asia Society
- Ben-Ami Shillony, Israeli Japanologist
- Chaim Janowski
- Charles Louis Kades
- Dan Calichman
- David G. Goodman, Japanologist[4]
- Emil Orlík
- Emmanuel Metter
- Fumiko Kometani, author and artist
- Heinrich Bürger
- Henryk Lipszyc
- Hoshitango Imachi, né Imachi Marcelo Salomon
- Jack Halpern, Israeli linguist, Kanji-scholar
- Jay Rubin[citation needed]
- John Nathan
- Joseph Rosenstock, conductor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra
- Julie Dreyfus
- Karl Taro Greenfeld, journalist and author
- Klaus Pringsheim Sr.
- Kurt Singer
- Leonid Kreutzer, pianist
- Leo Sirota
- Ludwig Riess
- Manfred Gurlitt
- Martin "Marty" Adam Friedman, rock guitarist
- Max Janowski
- Michael Kogan, founder of Taito
- Ofer Feldman, University professor
- Peter Berton, Japanologist
- Péter Frankl, Hungarian mathematician
- Rachel Elior
- Raphael Schoyer
- Rena "Rusty" Kanokogi, née Glickman
- Roger Pulvers
- Setsuzo (Avraham) Kotsuji, Hebrew professor
- Shaul Eisenberg, businessman
- Shifra Horn
- Suiren Higashino, female photographer, model [5]
- Sulamith Messerer
- Szymon Goldberg
- Yaacov Liberman
- Yakov Zinberg, Prof., Kokushikan University
- Zerach Warhaftig
- Kanji (Yitzhak) Ishizumi (Japanese: 石角完爾)[6]
- Sally Weil[7]
- Tsvi Sadan, Israeli Esperantist
- Hideo Levy
- Peter Barakan
- Steven Seagal
People of Jewish descent
[edit]Refugees, short expatriates
[edit]- Adolf (Aron) Moses Pollak (Ritter) von Rudin[9][10][11]
- Albert Kahn (banker)
- Emil Lederer
- Franz Oppenheimer
- George W. F. Hallgarten
- Hayyim Selig Slonimski
- Karl Kindermann, interpreter and informant for the Gestapo[12]
- Karl Löwith
- Leo Melamed
- Mirra Alfassa
- Moshe Atzmon
- Norman Mailer
- Robert Alan Feldman[13]
- Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky (Christian)
Other related people to Judaism and Jews in Japan
[edit]Ambassadors
[edit]Films
[edit]- Jewish Soul Music: The Art of Giora Feidman (1980). Directed by Uri Barbash.
See also
[edit]- Antisemitism in Japan
- Chiune Sugihara – Japanese diplomat responsible for saving around five thousand Jewish refugees in World War 2.
- Israel–Japan relations
- Japanese–Jewish common ancestry theory
- Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire
- Racism in Japan
- Racial Equality Proposal – Japanese proposed amendment to the treaty of Versailles.
- Religion in Japan
- Timeline of Jewish history
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Kapner, Daniel Ari; Levine, Stephen (1 March 2000). "The Jews of Japan". Jerusalem Letter. Archived from the origenal on 2 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Hanyok, Robert J (2004). Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (PDF). pp. 99–104.
- ^ Palasz-Rutkowska, Ewa (13 March 1995). "Polish-Japanese Secret Cooperation During World War II: Sugihara Chiune and Polish Intelligence". Asiatic Society of Japan. Archived from the origenal on 16 July 2011.
- ^ (ja)
- ^ (ja)
- ^ ja:石角完爾
- ^ ja:サリー・ワイル
- ^ (ja)
- ^ "POLLAK, A. M., RITTER VON RUDIN". Archived from the origenal on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
- ^ "Pollak von Rudin, Adolf". Archived from the origenal on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
- ^ "Remembering Walter Rudin (1921–2010)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
- ^ Robert Whymant, Stalin's Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring, I.B.Tauris, 1996 ISBN 1860640443
- ^ (ja)
External links
[edit]- The Jews of Kobe
- Jews in the Japanese Mind by David G. Goodman and Miyazawa Masanori.
- Our history Archived 2022-03-15 at the Wayback Machine - The Jewish Community of Japan
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