Northern Bantoid languages
| Northern Bantoid | |
|---|---|
| North Bantoid | |
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria and Cameroon |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Northern bantoid |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | nort3168 |
Northern Bantoid (or North Bantoid) is a branch of the Bantoid languages. It consists of the Mambiloid, Dakoid, and Tikar languages of eastern Nigeria and west-central Cameroon.
History
[edit]A proposal that divided Bantoid into North and South Bantoid was introduced by Williamson.[1][2]
Blench argues for the unity of North Bantoid by citing phonological, lexical, and morphological evidence.[3]
Internal classification
[edit]Blench classifies these languages as North Bantoid.[3]
Language contact
[edit]Dakoid languages have had long-term contact with Adamawa languages, while the Tikar language shares many similarities with the Bafia languages (also known as the A50 Bantu languages).[3]
Maps
[edit]-
Map of the Bantoid languages of Nigeria and Cameroon -
Map of the Mambiloid languages -
Map of the Dakoid languages -
Map of the Fam language
Numerals
[edit]Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[4]
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dakoid | Chamba-Daka | nòòní | bààrá | tárā | nààsá | túùná | túnìn | dùtím | dùtím-kə́rə́rə́ (7+ 1) | kúūm | kúūm-kə́rə́rə́ (9+ 1) |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Kwanja (Konja) | mán | fèè | tar | nàà | cùn | cánmán (5+ 1) | cɛnfèè (5+ 2) | cɛtar (5+ 3) | cɛnàà (5+ 4) | bɨfɛ́ŋ |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Konja | Twendi (Cambap) | tʃínī | fèː | táːr | nɑː̀ | tʃúên | tʃɛ́n də̄r tʃínī (5+ 1) | tʃɛ́n fèjè (5+ 2) | tʃɛ́táːr (5+ 3) | tʃɛ́n nàː (5+ 4) | jūtār |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila | Somyev (Kila Yang) | mwē | hàːn | tàːr | nàːn | tíɛ̂n | tɛ́mwē (5+ 1) | tɛ́nàːn (5+ 2) | tɛ́ntàːr (5+ 3) | tɛ́nnàːn (5+ 4) | tʃɔ́ŋ |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Cameroun Mambila | tʃɛ́n | fàl | taɡár | neà | tîn | téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) | tébɛl (5+ 2) | téndɛle (5+ 3) | tárɛ̀neà (5+ 4) | julà |
| Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila | Nigerian Mambila | tʃɛ́n * c = tʃ | fàl | tar | nà | tín | téndʒɛ́n (5+ 1) * j = dʒ | téfɛ́l (5+ 2) | téndɛll (5+ 3) | tárɛ́nà (5+ 4) | jullà * y = j |
| Mambiloid, Ndoro | Ndoola (Doori) (1) | jér | hàːlā | tāːɾā | njẽ́ | sónī | sóŋ kér (5+ 1) | sóŋ kwàlà (5+ 2) | sóŋ tāːrā (5+ 3) | sóŋ njẽ́ (5+ 4) | jóbə̄t |
| Mambiloid, Ndoro | Ndoola (Doori) (2) | jíɾə̀ | hàːlā | tāːɾā | njã́ | sónī | ʃóŋkíɾə̀ (5+ 1) | ʃóŋkwàlà (5+ 2) | ʃóŋtāːrā (5+ 3) | ʃóŋnjá (5+ 4) | jóbə̄t |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Suga | Suga (Nizaa) | mum | ɓaara | taara | naànà | tɛ́ɛ́ŋna | tánmum (5+ 1) | tánɓáára (5+ 2) | sɛ́ɛ̀ | tínáànà (5+ 4) | ɟer |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Vute (1) | mwĩ | ɓɨrɨ́b / ɓaám | taarɨ́b | nààsɨ̀b | ŋɡiiì | tínmwĩ (5+ 1; old #5 is tíŋ) | tɨɓáam (5+ 2) | sə́r | ɓwécṍ | cóóŋ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Vute (2) | mūí | ɓāám / ɓɨ̄rɨ́p | tāārɨ́p | nààsɨ́b | ŋɡīì | tín mūí (5+ 1) | tɨ́ ɓāám (5+ 2) | sə́r | ɓwé cóŋ (? 10 ) | cóŋ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Wawa (1) | mǒsī; mǒī * | bə̀mbə́ | tābə́ | nǎrə̄bə̀ | téēnbə̄ | té-mōī (5+ 1) | té-bə̀mbə́ (5+ 2) | tén-tābə́ (5+ 3) | té-nàrə̄bə́ (5+ 4) | tʃɔ́ŋ / bə̌ntə̄ |
| Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute | Wawa (2) | mʊ́ɾsī | bɔ̄mbə̀ | tábə̀ | náɾbə̀ | tɛ̄nbə́ | tɛ̄mʊ́ɪ / dʒuiɡɔ (5+ 1) * | tɛ́bɔ̀mbə̀ / dʒuididi (5+ 2) | tɛ́nàɾbə̀ / dʒuitati (5+ 3) | tɛ́tàbə̀ / dʒuːənai (5+ 4) | tʃɔ̄ŋ (< from Vute) |
| Beboid | Bebe (Naami) | mʷɛ | bifʷé | bitɔ | binwà | bitîŋ | buɬɔ | fùmáɲàŋ (8 - 1) | ɲàŋ | fùmájufi (10 - 1) | jufi |
| Beboid | Cung (Mbuk) (1) | ḿmū | fā | tálé | n̄nā | ítī | só | ńnānítá | ńɲáŋ | bʷùkə̀ | dʒófí |
| Beboid | Cung (Chung) (2) | mu | fa | tale | ə́nà | tè | so | nânita | ɲaŋ | bùkə | dʒofi |
| Beboid | Kemedzung (1) | mò (miu) / kɨ̀tɨ́ kɨ́mó (Gender 7/8) | fé / bɨ̀tɨ́ bífé | té / bɨ̀tɨ́ bíté | nà / bɨ̀tɨ́ bínɑ̀ | tɨ̀ŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ bítɨ̀ŋ | búsí / bɨ̀tɨ́ búsí | fùmbá / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbɑ́ | yàŋ / bɨ̀tɨ́ yàŋ | fùmbóò / bɨ̀tɨ́ fùmbóò | yɔ́(yɔfu) / bɨ̀tɨ́ yɔ́(yɔfu) |
| Beboid | Kemedzung (2) | mmȍ | bifɛ́ | bitɛ | binà | bitɨ̃̀ | buse | fũ̀mbà | jã̏ | fũ̀mbɔ̀ | jɔ̀ː |
| Beboid | Naki | āmū | ífə | ítāt | īnāː | ítɪː | úsiː | fùmádʒâŋ (? 8) | dʒàŋ | fùmádzófu (? 10) | dzófú |
| Beboid | Nchane (Mungong) (1) | m⁴ba³ka⁴ | fĩ³ | tə³lə² | nə³⁴ | tĩ³⁴ | so³⁴ | bu³so³fwɪ⁴ | nja³⁴ | bvu³kə⁴ | ju³fə⁴ |
| Beboid | Nchane (Ncane) (2) | mɪ3ma4 | fɛː2 | tʰɛ3dɪ3 | nɛ34 | tʰəŋ34 | bu3so23 | bu3so3ʃwɪ23 | ɲa34 | bvu3ɡə2 | ʒu3fɛ4 |
| Beboid | Noone (Noni) | māŋ̀ | fɛ́ɛ́ | tɛɛ | nɛ * | tin | sɔɔtʃàn c = [tʃ] | sɔɔʃwî sh = [ʃ] | ɲàŋ ñ= [ɲ] | bvùùkɛ | joofè y = [j] |
| Beboid | Nsari (Nsaari) | ŋk͡paŋ3 | fɛː4 | tɛː4 | nɛː42 | tiŋ42 | bu3sɔː3 | ɱfo2mɛ4ɲaːŋ2 (8 - 1) | ɲaːŋ2 | ɱfo2mɛ4joː24fi42 (10 - 1) | joː24fi42 |
| Ekoid | Ejagham | yə́t | éβáé | ésá | énî | érôn | èsáɡàsá (3 + 3) | èníɡìsá (4 + 3) | èníɡànî (4 + 4) | érôn énî (5 + 4) | ófó |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Ekajuk | njɛŋ | mbal | nra | nni | nlɔn | nrakera (3 + 3 ?) | eʃɛma | nɛkeni (4 + 4 ?) | eʃɛmʷubu (10 - 1?) | ewubu |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Nde-Ndele-Nta | n-dʒi | m-ba | n-sa | n-nɛ | n-dɔːn | asighasa (3 + 3 ?) | asimma | aneɡhane (4 + 4 ?) | asima-wobo (10 -1?) | wobo |
| Ekoid, Bakor | Nkem-Nkum (Nkim) | njirəng [ńjírə́ŋ] | ibal [íbâ] | ira [írá] | ini [ínî] | iro⃬n [írô̱n] | irara [ìrârà] | arimini [àrímī̱nî] | anigini [àníɡīnî] | arumiɡol [àrúmīɡôl] | iɡol [íɡôl] |
| Jarawan, Nigerian | Bada | ɗɪ́k | ɓâr | tàːt | jìːn | tʷàːn | tʷàŋsɔ̀lmʷák | kʲɛ́stàˑt (5 + 2) | kʲɛ́ʃìn (5 + 3) | kʲɛ́stʷàn (5 + 4) | lʊ̀m |
| Jarawan, Nigerian | Mbula-Bwazaa | mon / mwashat | rap | taru | ine | tonɡno | tonɡno war mwashat (5 + 1) | tonɡno war rap (5 + 2) | tonɡno war taru (5 + 3) | tonɡno war ine (5 + 4) | lum |
| Mamfe | Denya | ɡɛ́mâ | ópéá | ólɛ́ | ónì | ótà | òkéné | òkénàmà (6 + 1) | ónè | ónēnàmà (8 + 1) | ófíà |
| Mamfe | Kenyang | ɛ́mɔ̂t | bɛpây | bɛ́rát | mɛ́nwî | bɛ́tây | bɛ́tándât (2 x 3) ? * | tándrámɔ̂t (6 + 1) ? ** | mɛ́nɛ̀n | mɛ́nɛ̀n nɛ̀ àmɔ̀t (' 8 + 1 ') | byó |
| Mbe | Mbe | k. bɛ̀tép lètêl lé èjì bɛ́pʷâl lè bɛ̀tépbɛ́fwɔ̂r* | bɛ́pʷâl | bɛ́sá | bɛ́ñî | bɛ́tʃân | bɛ̀sêsár (3 + 3) | bɛ̀tânèbɛ́pʷâl (5 + 2) | bɛ̀ñîbɛ̀ñî (4 + 2) | bɛ́tânèbɛ́ñî (5 + 4) | bɛ́fwɔ̂r |
References
[edit]- ^ Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo Overview'. In: The Niger–Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, 3—45. University Press of America.
- ^ Blench, Roger [1987] 'A new classification of Bantoid languages.' Unpublished paper presented at 17th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.
- ^ a b c Blench, Roger. The North Bantoid hypothesis.
- ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
- Blench, Roger. The North Bantoid hypothesis.
- Blench, Roger. 2011. 'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu'. Bantu IV, Humboldt University, Berlin.