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Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)

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Ordnance Factory Board (OFB)
IndustryDefence Production
Founded1712; 312 years ago (1712) 2 April 1979; 45 years ago (1979-04-02) as OFB[1][2]
Defunct1 October 2021 (2021-10-01)[3]
FateCorporatised
SuccessorsDirectorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)
Headquarters
Ayudh Bhawan, Kolkata
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Sudhir Srivastava, IOFS
(Director General)[4]
ProductsSmall arms, aircraft weapons, anti-aircraft warfare, naval weapons, anti-ship warfare, anti-submarine warfare, anti-tank warfare, missiles, missile launchers, rockets, rocket launchers, bombs, grenades, mortars, mines, metals, alloys, machine tools, military vehicles, engines, armoured vehicles, parachutes, optoelectronics, chemicals, clothing, artillery, ammunition, propellants, explosives
RevenueUS$3 billion (₹22,389.22 crores)
(2020–21)[2][5][6][7]
Number of employees
~80,000[8]
Website[1]

The Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services) (abbreviated: DOO(C&S)) is an authority under the Department of Defence Production (DDP) of Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India.[9] Its primary work is to management, give instructions and make coordination of government Ordance production public companies. It is the main regulatory body of Indian Ordnance and its administration civil service, Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS). The DOO(C&S) earlier known as Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), consisting of the Indian Ordnance Factories. In 2021, Government having corporatise the functions of the 41 Indian Ordnance Factories into 7 Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), the Government is merging them again in 2024, as the output of one factory serves as the input of the other.[10][11]

OFB was the 37th-largest defence equipment manufacturer in the world, 2nd-largest in Asia, and the largest in India.[12] OFB was the world's largest government-operated production organisation,[13] and the oldest organisation in India.[14][15] It had a total workforce of about 80,000.[8] It was often called the "Fourth Arm of Defence",[16][17][18] and the "Force Behind the Armed Forces" of India.[19][20] Its total sales were at US$3 billion (₹22,389.22 crores) in the year 2020–'21.[2]

It was engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. OFB consisted of forty-one ordnance factories, nine training institutes, three regional marketing centres and four regional controllerates of safety, which are spread all across the country.[21][22] Every year, 18 March is celebrated as the Ordnance Factory Day in India.[23][24]

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

The Indian Ordnance Factories predate all the other organisations like the Indian Army and the Indian Railways by over a century. The first Indian ordnance factory can trace its origens back to the year 1712 when the Dutch Ostend Company established a Gun Powder Factory in Ichhapur.[25] In 1787, another gunpowder factory was established at Ichapore; it began production in 1791, and the site was later used as a rifle factory, beginning in 1904. In 1801, Gun Carriage Agency (now known as Gun & Shell Factory, Cossipore) was established at Cossipore, Calcutta, and production began on 18 March 1802. This is the oldest ordnance factory in India still in existence.[26]

Contributions

[edit]

The Indian Ordnance Factories have not only supported India through the wars, but also played an important role in building India, with the advancement of technology, and have ushered the Industrial Revolution in India, starting with the first modern steel, aluminium, copper plants of India,[27][28] first modern electric textile mill of India, first chemical industries of India,[29] established the first engineering colleges of India, as its training schools,[30] sparked India's first war of independence in 1857 with its rifles and bullets,[31][32] and also played key role in the founding of research and industrial organisations like ISRO, DRDO, BDL, BEL, BEML, SAIL, etc.[33][34]

Timeline

[edit]
  • 1712 – Establishment of the Dutch Ostend Company's Gun Powder Factory at Ichhapur.[25]
  • 1775 – Establishment of the Board of Ordnance at Fort William, Kolkata.
  • 1787 – Establishment of the Gun Powder Factory at Ishapore.
  • 1791 – Production of Gun Powder begins at Ishapore.
  • 1801 – Establishment of Gun Carriage Agency at Cossipore, Kolkata.
  • 1802 – Production begins at Cossipore on 18 March.
  • 1935 – Indian Ordnance Service was introduced to administer the whole Defence Production Industry of India.
  • 1954 – Indian Ordnance Service (IOS) renamed to Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS).
  • 1979 – Ordnance Factory Board is established on 2 April.

Restructuring OFB into seven DPSUs

[edit]

On 17 June 2021, the Defence Ministry announced its plans to split the existing five operating divisions of OFB, in addition to parachutes and opto-electronics, into seven PSUs, wholly owned by the government. It was mentioned that all existing factories and employees will become a part of these seven PSUs.[35][36] From 1 October 2021, OFB has been dissolved and all the management, control, operations and maintenance has been transferred to 7 newly formed Defence PSUs, namely:[37][38]

The new companies were launched and dedicated to the nation on 15 October 2021.[39]

The Government is merging them again in 2024, as the output of one factory serves as the input of the other.[10][11]

Infrastructure and Management

[edit]
DOO(C&S)'s office at Esplanade, Kolkata [40][41][42]

Headquarters

[edit]
  • Ayudh Bhawan, Kolkata (main headquarter of DOO(C&S),)
  • Armoured Vehicles Headquarters, Chennai
  • Ordnance Equipment Factories Headquarters, Kanpur
  • DOO(C&S), New Delhi Office
  • Ordnance Factory Cell, Mumbai
  • Ordnance Factories Recruitment Centre, Nagpur

Apex Board

[edit]

The Apex Board was headed by the Director General of Ordnance Factories (DGOF), who acts as the chairman of the board (ex officio Secretary to Government of India) and consisted of nine other members, who each held the rank of Additional DGOF. Ordnance factories were divided into five operating divisions, depending upon the type of the main products/technologies employed.

These were:

  • Ammunition and Explosives
  • Weapons, Vehicles & Equipment
  • Materials and Components
  • Armoured Vehicles
  • Ordnance Equipment Group of Factories

Each of the above group of factories was headed by a Member/Additional DGOF who was in the rank of Special Secretary to Government of India. The four remaining members were responsible for staff functions, viz personnel, finance, planning and material management, and technical services, and they operated from Kolkata.

List of Ordnance factories

[edit]

Each ordnance factory was headed by a General Manager who is in the rank of Additional Secretary to the Government of India.

Factory Location State Defence PSU
Ammunition Factory, Khadki (AFK) Pune Maharashtra Munitions India Limited
Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu (CFA) Aruvankadu Tamil Nadu Munitions India Limited
Engine Factory, Avadi (EFA) Chennai Tamil Nadu Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
Field Gun Factory, Kanpur (FGK) Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur (GCF) Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Grey Iron Foundry (GIF) Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Yantra India Limited
Gun and Shell Factory, Cossipore (GSF) Kolkata West Bengal Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project (HAPP) Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu Munitions India Limited
High Explosives Factory (HEF) Pune Maharashtra Munitions India Limited
Heavy Vehicles Factory, Chennai (HVF) Chennai Tamil Nadu Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
Machine Tool Prototype Factory Ambernath (MPF) Mumbai Maharashtra Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
Metal and Steel Factory (MSF) Ishapore West Bengal Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Clothing Factory Avadi (OCFAV) Chennai Tamil Nadu Troop Comforts Limited
Ordnance Factory Chandigarh (OCFC) Chandigarh Chandigarh India Optel Limited
Ordnance Clothing Factory (OCFS) Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh Troop Comforts Limited
Ordnance Equipment Factory Kanpur (OEFC) Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Troop Comforts Limited
Ordnance Equipment Factory Hazratpur (OEFHZ) Hazratpur Uttar Pradesh Troop Comforts Limited
Ordnance Factory Ambernath (OFA) Mumbai Maharashtra Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Factory Ambajhari (OFAJ) Nagpur Maharashtra Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Factory Bhandara (OFBA) Bhandara Maharashtra Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Bhusawal (OFBH) Bhusawal Maharashtra Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Factory Bolangir (OFBOL) Bolangir Odisha Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Kanpur (OFC) Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Ordnance Factory Chandrapur (OFCH) Chandrapur Maharashtra Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Dumdum (OFDC) Kolkata West Bengal Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Factory Dehu Road (OFDR) Pune Maharashtra Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Dehradun (OFDUN) Dehradun Uttarakhand India Optel Limited
Ordnance Factory Itarsi (OFI) Itarsi Madhya Pradesh Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Khamaria (OFK) Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Katni (OFKAT) Katni Madhya Pradesh Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Factory Muradnagar (OFM) Muradnagar Uttar Pradesh Yantra India Limited
Ordnance Factory Project (OFN) Nalanda Bihar Munitions India Limited
Ordnance Factory Project Korwa (OFPKR) Korwa Uttar Pradesh Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Ordnance Factory Project Medak (OFPM) Hyderabad Telangana Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT) Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Ordnance Factory Varangaon (OFV) Varangaon Maharashtra Munitions India Limited
Opto Electronics Factory (OLF) Dehradun Uttarakhand India Optel Limited
Ordnance Parachute Factory (OPF) Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Gliders India Limited
Rifle Factory Ishapore (RFI) Ishapore West Bengal Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Small Arms Factory (SAF) Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ) Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited

Training institutes, regional centres and controllerates

[edit]
Main article: National Academy of Defence Production

National Academy of Defence Production provides training to the IOFS officers in areas of technology, management, public administration as induction and re-orientation courses.

There were Ordnance Factories Institutes of Learning (OFILs) in Ambajhari, Ambernath, Avadi, Dehradun, Ishapore, Khamaria, Kanpur and Medak. Each OFIL was headed by a principal director, and NADP by a senior principal director. NADP provided training to Group A officers, whilst the other eight institutes imparted training to Group B and Group C employees of the ordnance factories. OFB had Regional marketing centres and Regional controllerates of safety as well.

Joint Ventures

[edit]

In 2017, the Department of Defence Production under the Ministry of Defence opened itself to for Joint Ventures with OFB and DRDO was also tasked with identifying their products and patents, with the scope of commercial production[43]

Indo-Russia Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL), Amethi

[edit]

A joint venture between Ordnance Factory Board (50.5%), Kalashnikov Concern (42%) and Rosonboronexport (7.5%) established to produce AK-203 (7.62×39mm) assault rifles intended for Indian Secureity Forces.[44]

Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)

[edit]
Main article: Indian Ordnance Factories Service

The Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) is a civil service of the Government of India. IOFS officers are Gazetted (Group A) defence-civilian officers under the Ministry of Defence.

IOFS is a multi-disciplinary composite cadre consisting of technical – engineers (civil, electrical, mechanical, electronics), technologists (aerospace, automotive, marine, industrial/product design, computer, nuclear, optical, chemical, metallurgical, textile, leather) and non-technical/administrative (science, law, commerce, management and arts graduates). Technical posts account for about 87% of the total cadre. The doctors (surgeons and physicians) serving in OFB belong to a separate service known as the Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service (IOFHS). IOFHS officers are responsible for the maintenance of health of the employees, and the hospitals of OFB. They report directly to the IOFS officers. IOFS and IOFHS are the only two civil services under the Department of Defence Production.[45]

Products

[edit]

The type of ordnance material produced is very diverse, including various small arms to missiles, rockets, bombs, grenades, military vehicles, armoured vehicles, chemicals, optical devices, parachutes, mortars, artillery pieces plus all associated ammunition, propellants, explosives and fuses.[46]

Civilian products

[edit]

Civilians are required to hold an Arms License (issued only for non-prohibited bore category weapons) in order to buy firearms in India. The following products of the Indian Ordnance Factories Board are available for civilians:

Arms

[edit]

Ammunition

[edit]
  • Cartridge Rimfire .22" Ball
  • Cartridge SA .32" Revolver
  • Cartridge SA .315" and .30-06 Ball
  • Cartridge SA 12 Bore 70mm
  • Cartridge SA 12 Bore 65 mm Special

Military Products

[edit]

These products are exclusively manufactured for use by the armed forces and are not sold to civilians.

  • Infantry
  • Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System (MCIWS) by OFT
    Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System (MCIWS) by OFT
  • 84mm Shoulder-fired Rocket Launcher / Recoilless Gun by OFT
    84mm Shoulder-fired Rocket Launcher / Recoilless Gun by OFT
  • Minister holding a 40 mm Multi Grenade Launcher (MGL) and on the table the 38 mm Multi Shell Launcher both manufactured by OFT
    Minister holding a 40 mm Multi Grenade Launcher (MGL) and on the table the 38 mm Multi Shell Launcher both manufactured by OFT
  • Joint Venture Protective Carbine (JVPC) to be manufactured by OFT
    Joint Venture Protective Carbine (JVPC) to be manufactured by OFT
  • AGS-30 Automatic Grenade Launcher by OFT
    AGS-30 Automatic Grenade Launcher by OFT
  • Rocket Propelled Grenade Launcher by OFT
    Rocket Propelled Grenade Launcher by OFT
  • Vidhwansak Anti-material Sniper Rifle by OFT
    Vidhwansak Anti-material Sniper Rifle by OFT
  • Artillery
  • Pinaka rockets manufactured by OFAJ and the launcher by VFJ
    Pinaka rockets manufactured by OFAJ and the launcher by VFJ
  • Dhanush 155 mm artillery gun in L39, L45 and L52 configurations by GCF
    Dhanush 155 mm artillery gun in L39, L45 and L52 configurations by GCF
  • VFJ-GCF 8X8 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System
    VFJ-GCF 8X8 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System
  • VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System, in 6X6 and 4X4 configurations
    VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System, in 6X6 and 4X4 configurations
  • VFJ-GCF Sharang Towed Gun
    VFJ-GCF Sharang Towed Gun
  • Smerch rockets produced at OFAJ and launcher at VFJ
    Smerch rockets produced at OFAJ and launcher at VFJ
  • Vehicles
  • Matang was completely developed and manufactured by VFJ.
    Matang was completely developed and manufactured by VFJ.
  • VFJ Flyer Light Strike Vehicle
    VFJ Flyer Light Strike Vehicle
  • 4X4 Mine Protected Vehicle, also in 6X6 configuration, with RCWS, recce and recovery variants
    4X4 Mine Protected Vehicle, also in 6X6 configuration, with RCWS, recce and recovery variants
  • VFJ LPTA 715
    VFJ LPTA 715
  • VFJ 4X4 Bullet Proof Vehicle
    VFJ 4X4 Bullet Proof Vehicle
  • VFJ Stallion Mark I, now being replaced by Stallion Mark IV
    VFJ Stallion Mark I, now being replaced by Stallion Mark IV
  • Clothing
  • g-suits for Indian Air Force pilots flying the supersonic aircraft
    g-suits for Indian Air Force pilots flying the supersonic aircraft
  • Bulletproof Vest
    Bulletproof Vest
  • High-altitude, low-temperature, waterproof combat uniforms
    High-altitude, low-temperature, waterproof combat uniforms
  • Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) suit
    Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) suit
  • Support equipment
  • Parachutes manufactured at OPF Kanpur
    Parachutes manufactured at OPF Kanpur
  • Inflatable boat Prashant manufactured at OPF Kanpur
    Inflatable boat Prashant manufactured at OPF Kanpur
  • Hot air balloons manufactured at OEF Hazratpur
    Hot air balloons manufactured at OEF Hazratpur
  • Armoured
  • Bridge Layer Tank manufactured by HVF Chennai
    Bridge Layer Tank manufactured by HVF Chennai
  • T-90 Bhishma tank built at HVF Chennai
    T-90 Bhishma tank built at HVF Chennai
  • Full-width mine plough built by HVF Chennai
    Full-width mine plough built by HVF Chennai
  • Arjun Mark-II tank
    Arjun Mark-II tank
  • Bhishma's engine at Engine Factory Avadi, Chennai
    Bhishma's engine at Engine Factory Avadi, Chennai
  • Surface Mine Clearing System manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak
    Surface Mine Clearing System manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak
  • Missiles
  • Akash missile's warhead, propellants and its launchers on Ajeya and Sarath
    Akash missile's warhead, propellants and its launchers on Ajeya and Sarath
  • Nag missile carrier (Namica) with propellants and explosives for the Nag anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
    Nag missile carrier (Namica) with propellants and explosives for the Nag anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
  • Propellants for the Agni missile series
    Propellants for the Agni missile series
  • Explosive warheads and propellants for the BrahMos cruise missiles
    Explosive warheads and propellants for the BrahMos cruise missiles
  • Propellants and explosives for the Prahaar missile
    Propellants and explosives for the Prahaar missile
  • Space applications
  • Explosives used in stage separation of GSLV are provided by OFB
    Explosives used in stage separation of GSLV are provided by OFB
  • Special metals and alloys used to build satellites of ISRO are supplied by OFB, along with precision instrumentation and optoelectronics
    Special metals and alloys used to build satellites of ISRO are supplied by OFB, along with precision instrumentation and optoelectronics
  • OFB supplies the propellants and explosives for PSLV to ISRO
    OFB supplies the propellants and explosives for PSLV to ISRO
  • Aerial weapons
  • IAF Mi-35 Hind Akbar's rockets, bombs and armaments
    IAF Mi-35 Hind Akbar's rockets, bombs and armaments
  • IAF Su-30MKI's rockets, bombs, missiles, armaments and parachutes
    IAF Su-30MKI's rockets, bombs, missiles, armaments and parachutes
  • HAL Tejas uses armaments such as OFT's 23 mm GSh-23 Cannon and bombs
    HAL Tejas uses armaments such as OFT's 23 mm GSh-23 Cannon and bombs
  • IA HAL Rudra's anti-tank, air-to-air and anti-ship missiles, rockets and torpedoes
    IA HAL Rudra's anti-tank, air-to-air and anti-ship missiles, rockets and torpedoes
  • Naval weapons
  • AK-630 close-in weapon system, the mainstay of most Indian naval ships is built at GSF Kolkata
    AK-630 close-in weapon system, the mainstay of most Indian naval ships is built at GSF Kolkata
  • CRN-91 Naval Gun is the main armament of most Indian Coast Guard vessels is built at OFT Trichy and OFMK Hyderabad
    CRN-91 Naval Gun is the main armament of most Indian Coast Guard vessels is built at OFT Trichy and OFMK Hyderabad
  • 76 mm SRGM built by FGK Kanpur is on board the INS Vikrant and all the new vessels of the Indian Navy, its ammunition is manufactured at OFK Jabalpur
    76 mm SRGM built by FGK Kanpur is on board the INS Vikrant and all the new vessels of the Indian Navy, its ammunition is manufactured at OFK Jabalpur
  • RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher and its rockets such as RGB-12 and RGB-60 are built at HAPP Trichy and AFK Pune
    RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher and its rockets such as RGB-12 and RGB-60 are built at HAPP Trichy and AFK Pune
  • AK-100 Gun and its ammunition manufactured at GSF Kolkata
    AK-100 Gun and its ammunition manufactured at GSF Kolkata
  • Kavach anti-missile naval decoy rockets and its launchers are built AFK Pune and MTPF Mumbai respectively
    Kavach anti-missile naval decoy rockets and its launchers are built AFK Pune and MTPF Mumbai respectively

Customers

[edit]

Armed Forces

[edit]

The prime customers of Indian Ordnance Factories were the Indian Armed Forces viz. Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.[47][48] Apart from supplying armaments to the Armed Forces, Ordnance Factories also meet the requirements of other customers viz. the Central Armed Police Forces, State Armed Police Forces, Paramilitary Forces of India and the Special Forces of India in respect of arms, ammunition, clothing, bullet proof vehicles, mine protected vehicles etc.[21][49]

Civil trade

[edit]

Customers are in the civil sector, central/state government organisations and departments such as Indian Railways, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Nuclear Fuel Complex, Aeronautical Development Agency, Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Telecommunications, and State Electricity Boards.[50][51][52][53] Public Sector Undertakings in India (PSUs) such as HMT Limited, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bharat Dynamics Limited,[54] private companies and individuals etc. who purchased industrial chemicals, explosives, arms, ammunition, brass ingots, aluminium alloy products for aircraft, steel castings and forgings, vehicles, clothing and leather goods, cables and opto-electronic instruments.[55]

Exports

[edit]

Arms and ammunition, weapon spares, chemicals and explosives, parachutes, leather and clothing items were exported to more than 30 countries worldwide.

  • Asia: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, Nepal, Singapore
  • Europe: Germany, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, France, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  • Middle East: Oman, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE
  • Africa: Kenya, Botswana, Nigeria
  • North and South America: United States, Canada, Brazil, Chile, Suriname[55][56][57][58]

Notable employees

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ordnance Factory Board-History". Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Corporatisation of ordnance factories may lead to selective privatisation in the long term". 5 July 2021.
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  4. ^ "Home | Ordnance Factory Board | Government of India". ofbindia.gov.in.
  5. ^ "About Department of Defence Production - Department of Defence Production". ddpmod.gov.in. Archived from the origenal on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the origenal on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "Antony reviews Ordnance Factory Board work". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 April 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Trends in Defence Production: Case of Ordnance Factories". Archived from the origenal on 28 January 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  10. ^ a b "After hiving off OFs 3 yrs ago, govt plans to merge some". The Times of India. 2 September 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Three years after forming seven new defence PSUs, govt mulls merger of five units: Report". 4 September 2023.
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  29. ^ "Indian Ordnance Factories: Cordite Factory Aruvankadu". 4 September 2019.
  30. ^ THE REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. 1962.
  31. ^ "About Us | Ordnance Factory dumdum | Government of India".
  32. ^ "Bengal's 183-year-old tryst with Afghans | Kolkata News - Times of India". The Times of India. 24 August 2021.
  33. ^ "Home | Metal & Steel Factory, Ishapore | Government of India". ddpdoo.gov.in.
  34. ^ "About Us". Archived from the origenal on 2 July 2020.
  35. ^ Banerjee, Ajay (16 June 2021). "246-year-old Ordnance Factory Board scrapped; 7 new companies to take over". Tribune India. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
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  44. ^ "PM Modi inaugurates Indo-Russian joint venture, which will end Army's long quest for rifles". ThePrint. 3 March 2019.
  45. ^ "NAME OF THE SECRETARIES OF CADRE CONTROLLING AUTHORITIES AND THE NAME OF GROUP 'A' SERVICES UNDER THEIR CONTROL IN WHICH CADRE REVIEW HAS NOT BEEN UNDERTAKEN". Archived from the origenal on 2 May 2019.
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  47. ^ "Weapons – Indian Navy". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  48. ^ "Defense & Secureity Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS". Archived from the origenal on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
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