Peter I of Portugal

"Peter the Just" redirects here. Not to be confused with Peter of Castile.

Peter I
Recumbent effigy on the tomb of King Peter I (c. 1360), Alcobaça Monastery
King of Portugal
Reign	28 May 1357 – 18 January 1367
Predecessor	Afonso IV
Successor	Ferdinand I
Born	(1320-04-08)8 April 1320 Coimbra, Portugal
Died	18 January 1367(1367-01-18) (aged 46) Estremoz, Portugal
Burial	Alcobaça Monastery
Spouses	Constanza Manuel ​ ​ (m. 1340; died 1349)​ Inês de Castro ​ ​ (m. 1354; died 1355)​
Issue among others...	Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa Ferdinand I, King of Portugal John, Duke of Valencia de Campos Denis, Lord of Cifuentes Beatrice, Countess of Albuquerque (ill.) John I, King of Portugal
House	Burgundy
Father	Afonso IV of Portugal
Mother	Beatrice of Castile

Peter I (Portuguese: Pedro I, IPA: [ˈpeðɾu]; 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367), known as the Just (o Justiceiro) or the Cruel (o Cruel), was King of Portugal from 1357 until his death.

Early life

Born on 8 April 1320 in Coimbra, Peter was the fifth child of Afonso of Portugal and his wife, Beatrice of Castile. Of his six siblings, only two – his sisters Maria and Eleonor – survived infancy.

At six years old, shortly after his father ascended the crown, Peter was granted a retinue of six people, including his butler and tutor Lopo Fernandes Pacheco.

First betrothal

In October 1327, the marriage contracts of Peter and Blanche of Castile, granddaughter of Sancho IV of Castile, and Peter's sister Maria and the future Alfonso XI of Castile were negotiated. Since both Peter and Blanche were minors, the marriage had to wait. Blanche was taken to be raised in Portugal until she was of age for marriage, where she remained for eight years. According to the Chronicle of Pedro I of Portugal by Fernão Lopes, during her stay, she began to show signs of illness and "defects of judgement" which made her unsuitable for marriage and for procreation. She was examined by physicians, including those sent by Alfonso XI, who confirmed her weak mental health and incapacity, and, because of "Infante Pedro's refusal and the evident mental disorder of doña Blanca" the proposed marriage never took place.

Marriage

In 1328, Peter's eldest sister, Maria, was married to Alfonso XI of Castile. However, soon after their marriage Alfonso began a long affair with the beautiful and newly widowed Leonor de Guzman. Maria bore Alfonso a son in 1334, who ultimately became Peter of Castile, but after the Castilian king refused to end his affair, Maria returned home to Portugal in 1335.

Alfonso had been married once before, to his cousin's daughter, Constanza Manuel (granddaughter of James II of Aragon). Alfonso had the marriage annulled in 1327, after only two years, to clear the way for marriage to Maria. This angered his cousin Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, a powerful Castilian aristocrat, and for two years Juan Manuel waged war against the Castilians – who had kept his daughter Constanza hostage – until Bishop John del Campo of Oviedo mediated a peace in 1329.

Afonso, now enraged by the infidelity and mistreatment of his daughter Maria, forged an alliance with Juan Manual by marrying his son and heir, Peter, to Constanza. When Constanza arrived in Portugal in 1340, Inês de Castro, the beautiful and aristocratic daughter of a prominent Galician family (with links albeit through illegitimacy, to the Portuguese and Castilian royal families), accompanied her as her lady-in-waiting.

Affair

Peter soon fell in love with Inês, and the two conducted a long love affair that lasted until Inês's murder in 1355. Constanza died in 1349, following childbirth complications. The scandal of Peter's affair with Inês, and its political ramifications, caused Afonso to banish Inês from court after Constanza died. Peter refused to marry any of the princesses his father suggested as a second wife; and the king refused to allow his son to marry Inês as Peter wanted. The two aristocratic lovers began living together in secret. According to the chronicle of Fernão Lopes, during this period, Peter began giving Inês's brothers, exiled from the Castilian court, important positions in Portugal and they became the heir-apparent's closest advisors. This alarmed Afonso. He worried that upon his death, civil war could tear the country apart, or the Portuguese throne would fall into Castilian hands, either as Juan Manuel fought to avenge his daughter's honor, or the de Castro brothers supported their sister. Peter claimed that he had married Inês against his father's orders. In any event, in 1355, Afonso sent three men to find Inês at the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, where she was detained, and they decapitated her in front of one of her young children. Enraged, Peter revolted against his father. Afonso defeated his son within a year, but died shortly thereafter, and Peter succeeded to the throne in 1357. The love affair and father-son conflict inspired more than twenty operas and many writers, including: the Portuguese national epic Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões, the Spanish Nise lastimosa and Nise laureada (1577) by Jerónimo Bermúdez and Reinar despues de morir by Luís Vélez de Guevara, as well as Inez de Castro by Mary Russell Mitford and Henry de Montherlant's French drama La Reine morte.

Possible Bisexuality

In the chronicle of Fernão Lopes, the author included a chapter entitled "How the King ordered his squire to be capped because he slept with a married woman", leading some modern authors to suggest this "capping" (castration) was rather motivated by the king's jealousy. The squire, Afonso Madeira, is described as a great rider, hunter, fighter and agile acrobat, and records: "For his qualities, the King loved him very much and did him generous favors." Madeira, however, fell in love with Catarina Tosse, a married woman described as "brave, mad and very elegant, of graceful gifts and good society". To get closer to her, Madeira befriended her husband, and was thus eventually able to seduce her. The sovereign, however, is claimed to have discovered the affair, and decreed upon Madeira a brutal punishment—though the chronicler, enigmatically, insists upon the affection of the sovereign for the man, stating: "As much as the King loved the squire very much, more than should be said here [...]" Nevertheless, the chronicle records that Peter I ordered that "those limbs that men in greater esteem have" be cut from the unfortunate squire. Madeira is supposed to have received assistance and survived, but "thickened in legs and body and lived for a few years with a wrinkled face and no beard".

According to the same chronicle, Peter I stuttered and had epileptic seizures.

Reign

Peter reigned for a decade, and is often confused with his Castilian nephew because of their identical nicknames. Fernão Lopes labels Peter "the Just" and said that the Portuguese king loved justice—especially the dispensing of it, which he enjoyed doing for himself. Inês' assassins received his harshest punishment: the three had escaped to Castile, but Peter arranged for them to be exchanged for Castilian fugitives residing in Portugal with his nephew, Peter of Castile. The Portuguese king conducted a public trial of Pêro Coelho and Álvaro Gonçalves in 1361. After finding them guilty of Inês' murder, the king ripped their hearts out with his own hands, according to Lopes, because of what they had done to his own heart. Diogo Lopes Pacheco escaped and died in 1393.

According to legend, Peter later had Inês' body exhumed and placed upon a throne, dressed in rich robes and jewels, and required all of his vassals to kiss the hand of the deceased "queen". However, contemporary evidence that the event occurred is minimal; Peter did have Inês' body removed from her resting place in Coimbra and taken to Alcobaça where it was reburied in the royal monastery. Peter had two tombs constructed, one for each of them, so they would see each other when rising at the Last Judgment. The tombs show Peter and Inês facing each other, with the words "Até o fim do mundo..." ("Until the end of the world...") inscribed on the marble.

Peter was also the father of Ferdinand I of Portugal and John I of Portugal. John was the Master of the military order of Avis, and he would become the founder of the Avis dynasty after the 1383–85 Crisis.

Marriage and descendants

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
Constanza Manuel (c. 1318–1349; married on 24 August 1340)
Maria	6 April 1342	1377	Marchioness of Tortosa by marriage to Infante Fernando of Aragon, Marquis of Tortosa.
Luís	1344	1344	Lived only eight days.
Ferdinand	31 October 1345	22 October 1383	Succeeded him as king of Portugal.
Daughter (possibly named Maria)	1349	1349	Died shortly after birth.
Inês de Castro (c. 1325–1355; possibly married in 1354)
Afonso	1350	1350	Died shortly after his birth.
John	1352	ca. 1396	Lord of Porto de Mós, Seia and Montelongo, also Duke of Valencia de Campos. Claimant to the throne during the 1383–85 Crisis.
Denis	1353	ca. 1403	Lord of Villar-Dompardo, Cifuentes, Escalona and Alvar de Tormes. Claimant to the throne during the 1383–85 Crisis.
Beatrice	1354	1381	Countess of Alburquerque by marriage to Sancho of Castile, Count of Alburquerque.
Teresa Lourenço (c. 1330–?)
John	11 April 1357	14 August 1433	Natural son. Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. Succeeded his half-brother Ferdinand I after the 1383–85 Crisis as John I, 10th King of Portugal, the first of the House of Aviz.

See also

• Quinta das Lágrimas
• Chronicle of the King D. Pedro I (by Fernão Lopes)

References

Sources

• Caetano de Souza, Antonio (1735). Historia Genealógica de la Real Casa Portuguesa (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Lisbon: Lisboa Occidental, na oficina de Joseph Antonio da Sylva. ISBN 978-84-8109-908-9.
• García Fernández, Manuel (1998). "La infanta Doña María, monja de Sijena, y su política castellana durante la minoría de Alfonso XI (1312-1325)". Anuario de Estudios Medievales (in Spanish). 28 (28). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC: Institución Milá y Fontanals. Departamento de Estudios Medievales: 157–174. doi:10.3989/aem.1998.v28.i0.580. ISSN 0066-5061.
• Lopes, Fernão (1735). Joze Pereira Bayam (ed.). Chronica del Rey D. Pedro I (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Lisboa Occidental. OCLC 560418350.
• McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. Vol. II. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
• Mutgé i Vives, Josefa (1997). "Relacions entre Alfons el Benigne de Catalunya-Aragó i Alfons IV de Portugal" (PDF). XV Congreso de Historia de la Corona de Aragón. Actas. Tomo II. Relaciones de la Corona de Aragón con los estados cristianos (Siglos XII-XV) (in Catalan). Barcelona: Institució Milà y Fontanals. CSIC.: 477–492. ISBN 978-84-8380-241-0.
• Muxagata, Ana Filipa Coelho (2019). A corte de D. Pedro I (1320-1367) (PDF) (in Portuguese). Lisbon.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Olivera Serrano, César (2005). Beatriz de Portugal. La pugna dinástica Avís-Trastámara (PDF) (in Spanish). Lisbon: CSIC. ISBN 9788400083434.
• Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. ISBN 978-989-626-261-7.
• Romero Portilla, Paz (2002). "Exiliados en Castilla en la segunda mitad del siglo XIV. Origen del partido portugués". Poder y sociedad en la baja edad media hispánica: Estudios en homenaje al profesor Luis Vicente Díaz Martín (in Spanish). Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. ISBN 84-8448-172-7.
• Wheeler, Douglas L.; Opello, Jr., Walter C. (10 May 2010). Historical Dictionary of Portugal (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0810860889. PEDRO I, KING (1320–1367)—The eighth king of Portugal and fourth son of King Afonso IV and Beatriz of Castile.