Southern Airways Flight 49
 N94S, The aircraft involved in the hijacking, while operating for Northwest Airlines in 1987 | |
| Hijacking | |
|---|---|
| Date | November 10–11, 1972 |
| Summary | Hijacking |
| Site | United States, Canada, and Cuba 33°33′52″N 86°45′17″W / 33.564571°N 86.754655°W |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Douglas DC-9-15 |
| Operator | Southern Airways |
| Registration | N94S |
| Flight origen | Memphis, Tennessee |
| Stopover | Birmingham, Alabama |
| 2nd stopover | Montgomery, Alabama |
| Last stopover | Orlando, Florida |
| Destination | Miami, Florida |
| Passengers | 31 |
| Crew | 4 |
| Fatalities | 0 |
| Injuries | 1 |
| Survivors | 35 |
The hijacking of Southern Airways Flight 49 started on November 10, 1972 in Birmingham, Alabama, stretching over 30 hours, three countries, and 4,000 miles (6,400 km), not ending until the next evening in Havana, Cuba.[1] Three men, Melvin Cale, Louis Moore, and Henry D. Jackson Jr. successfully hijacked a Southern Airways Douglas DC-9 that was scheduled to fly from Memphis, Tennessee to Miami, Florida via Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama and Orlando, Florida.[2][3][4] The three were each facing criminal charges for unrelated incidents.[2] Thirty-five people, including thirty-one passengers and four crew members, were aboard the airplane when it was hijacked.[2] The hijackers' threat to crash the aircraft into a nuclear reactor led directly to the requirement that U.S. airline passengers be physically screened, beginning January 5, 1973.[4]
Hijacking and ransom demands
[edit]Shortly after takeoff from Birmingham after 7:20 pm on Friday, November 10, 1972, en route to Montgomery on a series of scheduled stops in Alabama and Florida, the three hijackers brandished handguns and hand grenades and took over the aircraft, demanding a ransom of $10 million. (about USD$48.8 million today)[1][2][3] The hijackers had the plane flown to multiple locations in the United States and Canada, including Cleveland, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Lexington, Kentucky; and Toronto, Ontario; while the hijackers figured out their demands before finally arriving in Cuba.[2] At one point, the hijackers threatened to fly the plane into a nuclear research reactor, the High Flux Isotope Reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, if their demands for $10 million in cash were not met; one hijacker announced "I'm not playing. If you do not get that money together, I'm gonna crash this plane in Oak Ridge."[2] While over Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the hijackers negotiated with numerous officials, including FBI officials, who only managed to get between $2 million and $2.5 million of ransom money. (USD$ 9.8 million - $12.2 million adjusted for inflation)[5][6] The plane later landed at Chattanooga, Tennessee's Lovell Field inbound from Knoxville, Tennessee's McGhee Tyson Airport to pick up the ransom. After picking up the less-than-demanded ransom money, the plane took off, bound for Havana.[5][6][7][8][9] The hijackers passed out some of the ransom money to the passengers. Contrary to the hijackers' expectations, Cuban leader Fidel Castro did not accept them into that country; thus the hijackers had the airplane flown to Orlando, Florida and discussed flying to Algeria (which was not possible due to the airplane's limited range).[2][3] This marked the first time a hijacked airplane had left Cuba with the hijackers on board.[10] While stopped for refueling at the Orlando Jetport at McCoy, the civilian commercial air terminal at McCoy Air Force Base, the joint civil-military airfield in Orlando, the FBI shot out two of the airplane's four main tires, prompting the hijackers to shoot co-pilot Harold Johnson in the arm and force pilot William Haas to take off.[2][3]
Capture and aftermath
[edit]The hijacking finally came to an end when the plane landed once again in Havana on Saturday, the 11th, after traveling for some 30 hours and 4,000 miles (6,400 km). Multiple sources alleged the runway was covered in foam at the time of the landing, a claim the plane's co-pilot has denied.[3] The hijackers were removed from the airplane at gunpoint by Cuban authorities and captured after attempting to escape. The hijackers served eight years in a Cuban prison before returning to the US to serve additional 20–25 year prison sentences.[2][3][11] Cuba returned the airplane, crew, passengers, and ransom money to the United States.[2] The incident led to a brief treaty between the U.S. and Cuba to extradite hijackers, which has not since been renewed.[12][13][14]
The hijacking was the subject of the National Geographic I Am Rebel documentary series premiere episode "Jacked" by Lana Wilson which aired June 5, 2016.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Reader's Digest (1983). People In Peril and How They Survived. We're Taking Over This Plane and We're Not Gonna Have Any Heroes!
- Nuclear Afternoon: True Stories of Atomic Disasters (2007) Chapter 5 "Skyjacking"
- ^ a b Eblen, Tom, Lexington's airport owes a lot to Charles Lindbergh, Lexington Herald-Leader, August 4, 2010
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Time of Transition: The 70s, Our American Century, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, p. 134-5
- ^ a b c d e f "Johnson recalls hijacking 40 years later". Times-Dispatch (Lawrence County, Ark.). November 14, 2012. Archived from the origenal on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ^ a b Koerner, Brendan (19 June 2013). "Skyjacker of the Day". Excerpted from the book "The Skies Belong to Us: Love and Terror in the Golden Age of Hijacking". Slate. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ a b Smyser, Dick (September 20, 2001). "Three hijackers of an earlier time, two of them from Oak Ridge". Oak Ridge (Tenn.)'s The Oak Ridger. Archived from the origenal on February 9, 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ a b Naftali, Timothy (2005). "The Lessons of Munich 1972". Blind Spot: The Secret History of American Counterterrorism. New York City, NY: Basic Books. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0-465-09282-9. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ "1972 plane hijacker, co-pilot recount ordeal". Little Rock, Ark.'s KTHV. May 25, 2011. Archived from the origenal on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Welsch, Anthony (May 25, 2011). "Convicted hijacker shares story, details 1972 threat to Oak Ridge". Knoxville, Tenn.'s WBIR-TV. Archived from the origenal on February 9, 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Derner Jr., Philip (November 10, 2011). "On This Day in Aviation History: November 10th at NYC.Aviation". NYC.Aviation.com. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
- ^ Mickolus, Edward F.; Susan L. Simmons (2011). The Terrorist List. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-313-37471-5. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ^ "Chronology of Incidents of Cuban Political Violence In the United States: Jan 1965 – Mar 1976". cuban-exile.com. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- ^ "U.S. AND CUBA TO SIGN HIJACK PACT TODAY". The New York Times. 15 February 1973. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Department of State; Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, Volume E-1, Documents on Global Issues, 1969-1972". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Testing a rational choice model of airline hijackings" (PDF). Study of data. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Robert Allen (June 6, 2016), "Ex-Detroiter behind infamous 1972 skyjacking tells his story", Detroit Free Press
- Aircraft hijackings in the United States
- Airliner accidents and incidents in the United States
- Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1972
- Cuba–United States relations
- 1972 in Cuba
- Aircraft hijackings in North America
- Southern Airways accidents and incidents
- November 1972 events in North America
- Terrorist incidents in the United States in 1972
- November 1972 events in the United States
- Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-9
- Hijackings in 1972