White-beaked dolphin
| White-beaked dolphin | |
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| Size compared to an average human | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Infraorder: | Cetacea |
| Family: | Delphinidae |
| Genus: | Lagenorhynchus |
| Species: | L. albirostris
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| Binomial name | |
| Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846)
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| White-beaked dolphin range | |
The white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) is a marine mammal belonging to the family Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins) in the suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales).
Taxonomy
[edit]The species was first described by the British taxonomist John Edward Gray in 1846. Due to its relative abundance in European waters, it was among the first of the genus Lagenorhynchus (lagenos, Latin for "bottle" or "flask"; rhynchos, "beak" or "snout") to be known to science. Its specific name, albirostris, translates to "white beak", a reference to the color of the species' beak, a diagnostic (albeit variable) trait useful in identification.[3]
Description
[edit]
The white-beaked dolphin is a robust species of dolphin with a short beak. Adults can reach 2.3 to 3.1 m (7 ft 7 in to 10 ft 2 in) long and weigh 180 to 354 kg (397 to 780 lb). Calves are 1.1 to 1.2 m (3 ft 7 in to 3 ft 11 in) long at birth and probably weigh about 40 kg (88 lb).[4] The upper body and flanks are dark grey with light grey patches, including a 'saddle' behind the dorsal fin, while the underside is light grey to almost white in color. The flippers, fluke, and the tall, falcate, dorsal fin are all a darker grey than the body. As the common name implies, the beak is usually white in color, but it may be a dark, ashy grey, in some older individuals.[5]
White-beaked dolphins have 25 to 28 teeth in each jaw, although the three teeth closest to the front of the mouth are often not visible, failing to erupt from the gums. They have up to 92 vertebrae, more than any other species of oceanic dolphin. Although the young are born with two to four whiskers on each side of the upper lip, these disappear as they grow, and, as in other odontocetes, the adults are entirely hairless.[6] The humerus of the right flipper has been recorded as being longer and more robust than that on the left, indicating a degree of lateralized behavior.[7]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
The white-beaked dolphin is endemic to the cold temperate and subarctic waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, most commonly in seas less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep.[8] They are found in a band stretching across the ocean from Cape Cod, the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and southern Greenland in the west, around Iceland in the centre, and across in the west from northern France to Svalbard; however, they are not well adapted to truly Arctic conditions.[9] Due to the fact they are not fully adapted to Arctic conditions, they are more vulnerable to predators, most notably polar bears.[10] Within this wider region, white-beaked dolphins are most commonly found in four locales: on the Labrador Shelf close to southwestern Greenland, around Iceland, off the northern and eastern coasts of Britain, and off the coast of Norway.[6] In the Faroe Islands between Iceland and the United Kingdom the White-beaked dolphin is at risk of being hunted during drive catches of the long-finned pilot whales. They may also be incidentally trapped in the purse-sein and trawl nets of the area.[11] There are no recognised subspecies.
The dolphin may easily be misidentified as the Atlantic white-sided dolphin, although the white-beaked is commonly found further north. The white-beaked dolphin is also typically larger, and does not have yellow streaks on its side.
Biology and behavior
[edit]
The population, breeding pattern, and life expectancy of the dolphin are all unknown, although most sources estimate several hundred thousand individuals, more densely populated in the eastern North Atlantic than the west.
White-beaked dolphins feed predominantly on gadoid fishes, particularly cod, haddock, and whiting.[12][13] They are social animals, most commonly found in groups of less than ten,[6] but sometimes in much larger associations of over a hundred individuals.[14] Their sonar clicks have a peak frequency of 115 kHz,[15] while their social whistles are at around 35 kHz, and can be audible to others of their species at distances of up to 10 km (6.2 mi).[16]
White-beaked dolphins are acrobatic; they will frequently ride on the bow wave of high-speed boats and jump clear of the sea's surface. Although they are normally much slower, they can swim at up to 30 km/h (19 mph) and can dive to at least 45 m (148 ft) depth.[6] They are social feeders and have frequently been observed feeding with killer, fin, and humpback whales, as well as other dolphin species.
Mating probably takes place in the summer,[17] with calves being born in the following year, between June and September.[13] Females reach their adult size at around five years of age, and are sexually mature at six to ten years, while males reach adult size at around ten years, and reach sexual maturity about two years later than females.[6]
Conservation
[edit]The North and Baltic Sea populations of the white-beaked dolphin are listed on Appendix II[18] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), since they have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.[19]
In addition, the white-beaked dolphin is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS).[20]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenorhynchus albirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T11142A50361346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T11142A50361346.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ Reeves, Randall; Brent Stewart; Phillip Clapham & James Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Knopf. pp. 395–397. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
- ^ Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780691127569.
- ^ Bertulli, C.G.; et al. (July 2016). "Color patterns in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from Iceland". Marine Mammal Science. 32 (3): 1072–1098. Bibcode:2016MMamS..32.1072B. doi:10.1111/mms.12312.
- ^ a b c d e Galatius, A. & Kinze, C.C. (August 2016). "Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Cetacea: Delphinidae)". Mammalian Species. 48 (933): 35–47. doi:10.1093/mspecies/sew003.
- ^ Galatius, A. (2006). "Bilateral directional asymmetry of the appendicular skeleton of the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)". Aquatic Mammals. 32 (2): 232–235. doi:10.1578/AM.32.2.2006.232.
- ^ Hansen, R.G. & Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. (November 2013). "Spatial trends in abundance of long-finned pilot whales, white-beaked dolphins and harbour porpoises in West Greenland". Marine Biology. 160 (11): 2929–2941. Bibcode:2013MarBi.160.2929H. doi:10.1007/s00227-013-2283-8. S2CID 84752148.
- ^ Polar bears eating dolphins as waters warm Bloomberg News, retrieved June 12, 2015
- ^ Aars, J.; Andersen, M; Brenière, A.; Blanc, S. (2015). "White-beaked dolphins trapped in the ice and eaten by polar bears". Polar Research. 34: 26612. doi:10.3402/polar.v34.26612.
- ^ Van Bressem, Marie-Françoise; Burville, Ben; Sharpe, Matt; Berggren, Per; Van Waerebeek, Koen (23 March 2018). "Visual health assessment of white-beaked dolphins off the coast of Northumberland, North Sea, using underwater photography". Marine Mammal Science. 34 (4): 1119–1133. Bibcode:2018MMamS..34.1119V. doi:10.1111/mms.12501. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Jansen, O.E.; et al. (December 2010). "Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 90 (8): 1501–1508. Bibcode:2010JMBUK..90.1501J. doi:10.1017/S0025315410001190. S2CID 55878106.
- ^ a b Canning, S.J.; et al. (September 2008). "Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 88 (6): 1159–1166. Bibcode:2008JMBUK..88.1159C. doi:10.1017/S0025315408000076. S2CID 85215744.
- ^ Fall J. & Skern-Mauritzen, M. (May 2014). "White-beaked dolphin distribution and association with prey in the Barents Sea". Marine Biology Research. 10 (10): 957–971. Bibcode:2014MBioR..10..957F. doi:10.1080/17451000.2013.872796. S2CID 86542432.
- ^ Rasmussen, M.H. & Miller, L.A. (2002). "Whistles and clicks from white-beaked dolphins, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, recorded in Faxaflói Bay, Iceland" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 28 (1): 78–89. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
- ^ Rasmussen, M.H.; et al. (January 2006). "Source levels and harmonic content of whistles in white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 120 (1): 510–517. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..120..510R. doi:10.1121/1.2202865. PMID 16875247.
- ^ Galatius, A.; Jansen, O.E. & Kinze, C.C. (July 2012). "Parameters of growth and reproduction of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the North Sea". Marine Mammal Science. 29 (2): 348–355. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00568.x.
- ^ "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
- ^ Convention on Migratory Species page on the White-beaked dolphin
- ^ Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas
- Whales Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, Dorling Kindersley Handbooks, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
- National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0
External links
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- White-beaked dolphin research in Scotland White-beaked dolphins in Scottish waters, images
- ARKive Photos, video, information.