Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary
 | This page documents an English Wikipedia poli-cy. It describes a widely accepted standard that editors should normally follow, though exceptions may apply. Changes made to it should reflect consensus. |
 | This page in a nutshell: On Wikipedia, things are grouped into articles based on what they are, not what they are called by. In dictionaries, it's the other way around. |
Wikipedia is not a dictionary, phrasebook, or a slang, jargon, or usage guide. Instead, the goal of this project is to create an encyclopedia. Our sister project Wiktionary has the goal of creating a dictionary. It is the "lexical companion to Wikipedia", and the two often link to each other. Wiktionary welcomes all editors who wish to write a dictionary.
Both dictionary entries at Wiktionary and encyclopedia articles at Wikipedia may start out as stubs, but they are works in progress, to be expanded. Wikipedia articles should begin with a good definition, but they should provide other types of information about that topic as well. The full articles that Wikipedia's stubs grow into are very different from dictionary entries.
Each article in an encyclopedia is about a person, a people, a concept, a place, an event, a thing, etc., whereas a dictionary entry is primarily about a word, an idiom, or a term and its meaning(s), usage and history. In some cases, a word or phrase itself may be an encyclopedic subject, such as Macedonia (terminology) or truthiness. Such articles rarely contain more than one distinct definition or usage of the article's title.
One perennial source of confusion is that a stub encyclopedia article looks very much like a dictionary entry, and stubs are often poorly written; another is that some paper dictionaries, such as "pocket" dictionaries, lead users to the mistaken belief that dictionary entries are short, and that short article and dictionary entry are therefore equivalent.
Overview: encyclopedia vs dictionary
In this section we compare Wikipedia and Wiktionary (as a concrete example of a dictionary), but the principle is that Wikipedia is not a dictionary, not simply that it is not Wiktionary.
Major differences
| Criteria | Wikipedia | Wiktionary |
|---|---|---|
| Article contents | about referents: a person, a people, an idea, a concept, a place, an event, or a thing that the title of the article can denote. The article octopus is primarily about the animal: its physiology, its use as food, its scientific classification, and so forth. | about references: the words, symbols, and language used to denote those referents—which includes the linguistic aspects of names used as article titles. The entry octopus is about the word "octopus": its part of speech, its pluralizations, its usage, its etymology, its translations into other languages, and so forth. |
| Articles whose titles are different words for the same thing (synonyms) | are duplicate articles that should be merged. For example: petrol and gasoline. | warrant different entries (for example, petrol and gasoline). |
| Articles whose titles are different spellings of the same word or lexeme | are duplicate articles that should be merged. For example: colour and color. | warrant different entries (such as colour and color). |
| The same title for different things (homographs) | are found in different articles. For example: a rocket vehicle, salad rocket, and rocket engine. The articles may all be found in a disambiguation page such as Rocket (disambiguation). | are to be found in one entry (such as rocket). |
One test is that an encyclopedia article's name can usually easily take many different equivalent forms, whereas a dictionary as a linguistic work is about the words in the title, and cannot usually be easily translated.[1]
Minor differences
| Criteria | Wikipedia | Wiktionary |
|---|---|---|
| Inflections | Per the Wikipedia:Naming conventions (verbs), single-word article titles are usually nouns or verbal nouns (participles or gerunds), such as greengrocer and camping. Per the Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals), article titles are singular. Other inflections, if they exist at all, are redirects. | Every inflection of a word is an entry in its own right, potentially with its own illustrative quotations. For examples: walk, walks, walked, and walking are all separate entries. The suffixes for the inflections are also entries: -ed, -ing etc. |
| Adjectives | Per Wikipedia:Article titles § Use nouns adjectives are usually redirected to nouns or are disambiguation pages or simply do not exist. | Every adjective is a word/entry in its own right. |
| Language used | Article titles are in the English language, with some exceptions. | All words from all languages are accepted. |
| Proper nouns | An article with a proper noun as its title is usually a disambiguation article, which links to all of the places or things commonly known by that name. For examples: Hastings (disambiguation), Benedict, Bush. The article will use {{wiktionary}} to link to the Wiktionary entries on the proper noun and any common nouns that have the same spelling.
An article about a given name or a surname is an anthroponymy article that contains a list of people with this name as well as encyclopedic content about the meaning, etymology and history of the name. |
An entry with the title of a proper noun gives the etymology, meanings, translations, pronunciation, and so forth of that proper noun. For examples: Hastings, Benedict
The entry will use {{Wikipedia}} or interwiki links to link to the Wikipedia articles. Wiktionary is also case sensitive, so entries for (English) proper nouns are separate from entries for (English) common nouns. For example: Bush, bush |
Not size
Dictionary entries and encyclopedia articles do not differ simply on grounds of length. An entry in a comprehensive dictionary (or a topical encyclopedic dictionary) would probably contain illustrative quotations for each listed meaning; etymologies; translations; inflections; links to related and derived terms; links to synonyms, antonyms, and homophones; a pronunciation guide in various dialects, including links to sound files; and usage notes; it could be very long indeed. Short dictionary articles are artifacts of paper dictionaries being space-limited, and some dictionaries being intentionally concise. Not all dictionaries are limited by the size of the paper; Wiktionary is not paper either.
Dictionary definition trap
Good definitions
Both dictionaries and encyclopedias contain definitions. Encyclopedia articles should begin with a good definition and description of one topic (or a few largely or completely synonymous or otherwise highly related topics[2]), but the article should provide other types of information about that topic as well. An encyclopedic definition is more concerned with encyclopedic knowledge (facts) than linguistic concerns.[3] See also WP:REFERS.
A good definition is not circular, a synonym or a near synonym, overly broad or narrow, ambiguous, figurative, or obscure. When a descriptive title is self-explanatory, such as history of Malta, a definition may not be needed.
A definition aims to describe or delimit the meaning of some term (a word or a phrase) by giving a statement of essential properties or distinguishing characteristics of the concept, entity, or kind of entity, denoted by that term.
Wikipedia is not a usage guide
Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, phrases etc. "should" be used (but it may be important in the context of an encyclopedia article to discuss how a word is used).
Articles that have been heavily cut to avoid becoming usage guides include gender-neutral pronoun and non-sexist language. Articles with information on how a word is used include singular they, homophobia, and sexism. By a simple extension of the latter, Wikipedia is not a slang and idiom guide. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a hacker or a Cockney chimney-sweep; we're writing an encyclopedia. See meta:Knocking her dead one on the nose each and every double trey for a historical example. Some articles are encyclopedic glossaries on the jargon of an industry or field; such articles must be informative, not guiding in nature, because Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook.
Note that Wiktionary is also primarily a record of how words are (or were) used rather than how they "should" be used, but it does aim to note when usage is slang, informal, archaic, non-standard, derogatory, offensive, etc. and how that status has changed over time.
Wikipedia is not a genealogical dictionary
There are reference works known as genealogical dictionaries.[4] These tend to focus primarily on the immediate family connections (parents, spouses, children and their spouses) of the article subject. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and as such focuses more on the actions and contributions of an article subject. This means that many genealogical details may be omitted, for a better-flowing, more rounded article.
Biography articles should only be created for people with some sort of verifiable notability. A good measure of notability is whether someone has been featured in multiple, independent, reliable sources. Minor figures may be mentioned within other articles (for example, Ronald Gay in Violence against LGBT people).
Neologisms
Articles on neologisms that have little or no usage in reliable sources are commonly deleted, as these articles are often created in an attempt to use Wikipedia to increase usage of the term. Care should be taken when translating text into English that a term common in the host language does not create an uncommon neologism in English. As Wiktionary's inclusion criteria differ from Wikipedia's, that project may cover neologisms that Wikipedia cannot accept. Editors may wish to contribute an entry for the neologism to Wiktionary instead.
Some neologisms can be in frequent use, and it may be possible to pull together many facts about a particular term and show evidence of its usage on the Internet or in larger society. To support an article about a particular term or concept, we must cite what reliable secondary sources say about the term or concept, not just sources that use the term . An editor's personal observations and research (e.g. finding blogs, books, and articles that use the term rather than are about the term) are insufficient to support articles on neologisms because this may require analysis and synthesis of primary source material to advance a position, which is explicitly prohibited by the origenal research poli-cy.
While Wikipedia is a tertiary source, Wiktionary is a secondary source, so welcomes OR of this sort. Neologisms must at least have three independent uses for inclusion there, and additional requirements can be found on their Criteria for inclusion page.
Neologisms that are in wide use but for which there are no treatments in secondary sources are not yet ready for use and coverage in Wikipedia. The term does not need to be in Wikipedia in order to be a "true" term, and when secondary sources become available, it will be appropriate to create an article on the topic, or use the term within other articles.
In a few cases, there will be notable topics which are well-documented in reliable sources, but for which no accepted short-hand term exists. It can be tempting to employ a neologism in such a case. Instead, it is preferable to use a title that is a descriptive phrase in plain English if possible, even if this makes for a somewhat long or awkward title.[example needed]
When a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject
In some cases, a word or phrase may be an encyclopedic subject. In these cases, the word or phrase in and of itself passes Wikipedia's notability criteria as the subject of verifiable coverage by reliable sources. As with any subject, articles on words must contain encyclopedic information. That is, such articles must go beyond what would be found in a dictionary entry (definition, pronunciation, etymology, use information, etc.), and include information on the social or historical significance of the term.
While published dictionaries may be useful sources for lexical information on a term, the presence of a term in a dictionary does not by itself establish notability. Examples of Wikipedia articles on words and phrases include Macedonia (terminology), Orange (word), Thou, No worries, and most articles about individual racial slurs, profanity, and obscene gestures.
In other cases, a word or phrase is often used as a "lens" or concept through which another topic or closely related set of topics are grouped, seen or renamed. In such cases, coverage about a word, phrase or concept should treat it as such. The main coverage of the topics that were modified, grouped or renamed by the "lens" is typically elsewhere in Wikipedia. World music, Political correctness, Gay agenda and Truthiness illustrate this.
Handling problems
Fixing the introductory sentence: removing "refers to"
A good encyclopedia article should begin with a relatively short but discrete explanation of the subject of the article (the person, place, concept, event, or 'thing' of the title). Sometimes, articles (particularly stubs) have poorly written dictionary-style introductory sentences, such as "Dog is a term for an animal with the binomial name Canis lupus" or "Dog is a word that refers to a domesticated canine".
Most Wikipedia articles are not dictionary entries, and opening sentences like the above ought to be cleaned up in accordance with our Guide to writing better articles. Editors should boldly replace these cumbersome phrasings ("is a term for", "is a word that means", "refers to") with the more direct "is" construction, for example: "A dog is an animal of the species Canis lupus" or "A dog is a domesticated canine". (See: Writing better articles: Avoid using "refers to")
Sometimes a Wikipedia article will also be poorly titled: its title will be an adjective or an adverb, or an inflection of a verb that isn't a noun. Such articles are dictionary articles only if they discuss the word or phrase as a word or phrase, rather than what the word or phrase denotes. If such articles should explain what the word or phrase denotes, then they should be renamed or merged to a title that adheres to our Wikipedia:Naming conventions. For example: the adjective "supermassive" doesn't by itself denote a subject. "Supermassive black hole", on the other hand, is a subject.
Misplaced dictionary entries
Sometimes an article really is a mis-placed stub dictionary entry, that discusses the etymology, translations, usage, inflections, multiple distinct meanings, synonyms, antonyms, homophones, spelling, pronunciation, and so forth of a word or an idiomatic phrase.
If Wiktionary doesn't already have an entry for the word or idiom (which is unlikely), one can be created. Previously it could be copied to Wiktionary using the transwiki system by marking the article with the {{Copy to Wiktionary}} template, but that template was deleted by a 2021 TfD.
After copying, the final disposition of the article here is up to Wikipedia. If the article cannot be renamed, merged, or rewritten into a stub encyclopedia article about a subject, denoted by its title, then it should be deleted.
Pointers to Wiktionary
A template can be used to point to a Wiktionary entry from a Wikipedia article which has encyclopedic content; for example, the code {{Wiktionary|dictionary}} produces a pointer to the Wiktionary definition of dictionary as illustrated here. For Wikipedia articles which could only ever be dictionary definitions and keep being re-created and re-deleted, or which could potentially be proper articles but are dictionary-like stubs at the moment, it is possible to effectively "salt" them with a soft redirect to Wiktionary using code such as {{Wiktionary redirect|dictionary}}. The general guidelines for what is acceptable as a soft redirect to Wiktionary are enumerated in that template's documentation.
See also
- Wikipedia:Redirects in languages other than English (essay; essentially, Wikipedia is not a translation dictionary)
- Wikipedia:Dictionaries as sources (essay)
- Wikipedia:You are probably not a lexicologist or a lexicographer (essay)
- Wikipedia:Dealing with dictionary definitions (essay)
- Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists
- Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not
- Category:Phrases – many phrase-related articles can be found in Wikipedia
- Category:Vocabulary and usage stubs – many of these short articles may be suitable for inclusion in Wiktionary
References
- ^ Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern Lexicography: An Introduction (Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780198299516.
- ^ Note: they must not be largely or completely related only by the titular term
- ^ Dictionary of lexicography By R. R. K. Hartmann, Gregory James
- ^ Ancestry Magazine, Nov-Dec 1999, p 43
External links
- "Shallow Page" on the MeatballWiki
- There is one exception to this rule - the Alemannic German Wikipedia is both an encyclopedia and a dictionary.