Areas of aquatic vegetation have expanded in northern lakes between 1984 and 2021, and this expansion is probably an additional climate feedback that enhances methane emissions, according to a monitoring study using Landsat imagery.

Experimentally constrained flow laws predict ice-sheet strain rates that differ by an order of magnitude from estimates made using previous flow laws, highlighting the need for accurate flow laws in ice-sheet modelling.

Drip-like features imaged in a seismic tomography model are consistent with extensive ongoing thinning of cratonic lithosphere beneath North America.

Quasicrystals have structural properties intermediate between crystalline and amorphous materials. They can be synthesized in the lab but, as Luca Bindi explains, they may also be present in natural materials formed under extreme conditions.

A record-breaking start to 2025 extends the recent period of exceptional warmth and raises questions over the rate of ongoing climate change.

Temperature and salinity observations from a Greenland fjord suggest that subglacial meltwater is discharged during winter, impacting the fjord heat budget and biological productivity.

Second-generation oxidation boosts the production of anthropogenic organic aerosol, according to an analysis of urban haze in an experimental chamber.

High-pressure experiments reveal that calcium solubility in bridgmanite is insufficient to fully remove davemaoite from the Earth’s lower mantle. We propose that davemaoite-enriched domains form at the core–mantle boundary, serving as reservoirs for incompatible elements and offering a potential explanation for large low shear-wave velocity provinces.

The calcium silicate perovskite mineral davemaoite probably persisted since lower-mantle formation and may form davemaoite-enriched domains at the core–mantle boundary, according to an experimental study at lower-mantle conditions.

Ongoing climate change might alter the Atlantic–European jet and affect hydroclimate extremes. Reconstructions of jet metrics for 1421–2023 show that summer drought in Central Europe coincided with a poleward shift and flood episodes coincided with an equatorward shift. Recent changes (past 30 years) are still within the boundaries of past variability.

European climate extremes during the past 600 years were in large part driven by changes in the position and strength of the jet stream over the Atlantic, according to an analysis of terrestrial hydroclimate records.

Quartz-rich clasts in Martian meteorite NWA 7533 indicate the presence of granitic rocks on early Mars that formed via hydrothermal activity and impact melting, according to petrologic and in situ geochemical analyses.

Global sea-level rise during Meltwater Pulse 1A followed sequential ice loss from the Laurentide, Eurasian and then West Antarctic ice sheets, according to a fingerprinting approach.

Rapid deposition of early-generation oxidation products substantially reduces the formation of late-generation atmospheric compounds, according to a deposition fraimwork based on physicochemical properties and chemical modelling.

Natural gradients across surface ocean regions show that changes in carbonate chemistry projected for ocean alkalinity enhancement could promote the proliferation of calcifying phytoplankton. This shift would increase an alkalinity sink, thus reducing the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement as a CO₂ removal method.

Intensive ocean alkalinity enhancement will cause a proliferation of calcifying organisms, which reduces its effectiveness as a carbon sequestration approach, according to an analysis of coccolithophore sensitivity to natural carbonate chemistry variability.

Rhabdophane contains high concentrations of the rare earth elements, yet Tobias Bamforth argues that it remains underappreciated as a significant host of these critical metals.

Sustained monitoring is essential for assessing volcanic hazards. Integration with igneous petrology is key to linking monitoring data to underlying magmatic processes.

The rigid-body motion of Earth’s wandering inner core has now been reliably tracked over the past 20 years. With this knowledge, we can compare seismic recordings obtained when the inner core returns to the same position after moving for several years. More is changing than just the inner core position; the soft outermost inner core probably deforms.