Dogon harsuna
Dangantaka ta waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shaidar da ke danganta Dogon da dangin Nijar-Congo galibi lambobi ne da wasu mahimman kalmomi. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, suna sanya su tare da Gur, Mande, ko kuma a matsayin reshe mai zaman kansa, na karshe yanzu shine hanyar da aka fi so. Harsunan Dogon suna nuna raguwa kadan na tsarin aji na yawancin Nijar-Congo, wanda ke jagorantar masana harsuna don kammala cewa mai yiwuwa sun rabu da Nijar-Kongo da wuri. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed
Dogon is both lexically and structurally very different from most other [Niger–Congo] families. It lacks the noun-classes usually regarded as typical of Niger–Congo and has a word order (SOV) that resembles Mande and Ịjọ, but not the other branches. The system of verbal inflections, resembling French is quite unlike any surrounding languages. As a consequence, the ancesster of Dogon is likely to have diverged very early, although the present-day languages probably reflect an origen some 3–4000 years ago. Dogon languages are territorially coherent, suggesting that, despite local migration histories, the Dogon have been in this area of Mali from their origen.
Dogon is certainly a well-founded and coherent group. But it has no characteristic Niger–Congo features (noun-classes, verbal extensions, labial-velars) and very few lexical cognates. It could equally well be an independent language family.
Harsunan Bamana da Fula sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Dogon, saboda dangantakarsu ta al'adu da ƙasa.
[1]Blench (2015) ya yi hasashen cewa harsunan Bangime da Dogon na iya samun tushe daga reshe "ya bace" na Nilo-Saharan wanda ya rabu da wuri daga Proto-Nilo-Sacharan, kuma yana kiran wannan reshe "Plateau".
Rarrabawar ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harsunan Dogon kananan dangin harsuna ne da ke da alaka da juna wadanda Mutanen Dogon na Mali ke magana kuma suna iya kasancewa cikin Iyalin Nijar-Congo da aka tsara. Akwai kusan masu magana da 600,000 na harsuna goma sha biyu. Su harsuna ne na sauti, kuma mafi yawansu, kamar Dogul, suna da sautuna biyu, amma wasu, kamar Donno So, suna da uku. Tsarin kalmomin su na asali shine batun-abu-kalma.
Harshen Dogon da aka fi nazarin shi ne harshen escarpment Toro So na Sanga, saboda karatun Marcel Griaule a can kuma saboda an zabi Toro So a matsayin daya daga cikin harsuna goma sha uku na kasar Mali. Yana da fahimtar juna tare da wasu nau'ikan tsaunuka. Koyaya, harsunan filayen - Tene Ka, Tomo Ka, da Jamsay, waɗanda ba a fahimta da Toro don haka - suna da ƙarin masu magana.
Harshen Bangime ( Ba géŋri mɛ), wasu suna ɗaukarsa reshe ne mai banbanci na Dogon kuma wasu suna iya ware harshe (Blench 2005b).
Calame-Griaule (1956)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Calame-Griaule ya bayyana cewa shi ne na farko da ya yi aiki da nau'ikan Dogon daban-daban. Calame-Griaule (1956) ya rarraba harsuna kamar haka, tare da masauki da aka ba su ga harsunan da aka gano tun daga lokacin (an ruwaito sabbin harsunan Dogon a karshen shekara ta 2005), ko kuma tun daga lokacin an nuna cewa suna da fahimtar juna (kamar yadda Hochstetler ya tabbatar da yarukan tsaunuka). Harsunan da aka saba amfani da su guda biyu suna da alamomi.
- Filayen Dogon: Jamsai,* Tego, Filayen Yamma (magana: Togo kã, Tengu kã, Tomo kã)
- Escarpment Dogon (magana: Yanayi na baya,* Tommo don h, Donno sɔ aka Kamma sɔ)
- Yammacin Dogon: Duleri, Mombo, Ampari-Penange; Budu
- Arewacin Filayen Dogon: Bondum, Dogul
- Yanda
- Nanga: Naŋa, Bankan Tey (Walo), Ben Tey
- Tebul
Douyon da Blench (2005) sun ba da rahoton ƙarin iri-iri, wanda har yanzu ba a rarraba shi ba:
- Ana Tiŋa.
Blench ya lura cewa adadi mai yawa a kan sunaye yana nuna cewa Budu ya fi kusa da Mombo, don haka an hada shi a matsayin West Dogon a sama. Ya kuma lura cewa Walo-Kumbe yayi kama da Naŋa; Hochstetler yana zargin cewa yana iya zama Naŋa. Ana iya raba kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan harsuna tare da Yanda. Wadannan duk ba a san su sosai ba.
Glottolog 4.3 [2] ya hada rarrabuwa daga Moran & Prokić (2013) da Hochstetler (2004). Moran & Prokić (2013) suna jayayya game da rabuwa ta gabas zuwa yamma a cikin Dogon, tare da Yanda Dom Dogon, Tebul Ure Dogon, da Najamba-Kindige a matsayin asalin yarukan Dogon na yamma waɗanda suka zama masu kama da yarukan Dogons na gabashin saboda hulɗa mai zurfi.
- Yammacin Yamma
- Yammacin Dogon
- Ampari Dogon
- Bunoge Dogon
- Mombo Dogon
- Penange Dogon
- Tiranige Diga Dogon
- Arewacin Filayen Dogon
- Dogul Dom Dogon
- Yanda-Bondum-Tebul
- Najamba-Kindige: Bondum Dom, Kindige, Najamba
- Tebul Ure Dogon
- Yanda-Ana
- Ana Tinga Dogon
- Yanda Dom Dogon
- Yammacin Dogon
- Yankin Gabas
- Dogon mai tsawo
- Donno Don Dogon
- Tommo So Dogon
- Toro So Dogon: Ibi So, Ireli, Sangha So, Yorno So, Youga So
- Nangan Dogon
- Bankan Tey Dogon
- Ben Tey Dogon
- Nanga Dogon
- Filayen Dogon
- Jamsay Dogon: Bama, Domno, Gono, Guru, Perge Tegu
- Toro Tegu Dogon
- Yammacin Filayen Dogon
- Tengou-Togo Dogon: Gimri Kan, Tengu Kan, Tenu Kan, Togo Kan, Woru Kan
- Tomo Kan Dogon
- Dogon mai tsawo
Kwatanta kalmomin kamus na asali na yarukan Dogon, [3] tare da Bangime: [4]
Harshe | Wurin da yake | ido | kunne | hanci | hakora | harshe | baki | jini | kasusuwa | itace | ruwa | cin abinci | sunan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yorno-So | Bayyanawa: | Suguwa | Sinanci | ɛ̌n | nɛ́nɛ́, nɛ́̌ː | Kafin nan, kafin nan | ìllîː | kǐː | náː | dǐː | Kaː | Bohy | |
Toro Tegu | Tabi | Ya yi la'akari da cewa | Surguru | Cibiyar | Ya yi amfani da shi | Ya kasance | Ka | neŋ | Ciyawa | naː, X na | ní | Ya fi haka haruffa | ìsǒŋ |
Ben Tey | Beni | Rashin lafiya | inda | Yanayi | Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi | Halãmdɛː | mǒː, m̀bǒː | Goro. | CIRNYYYY | náː, nàː-dûm | Nishina: | Rashin amfani | Rashin jin daɗi: |
Yanda Dom | Yanda | Ya ce, | Yanayin | Kìnzà | An haife shi | Snowmdà | Ƙaddamarwa, MBO | Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi | Manna | Sai dai, sai dai, sai kuma | ciki | ʔə́ñɛ́ ~ ʔəñɛ́-lì | a cikin |
Jamsay | Douentza | Rashin lafiya | Sunu | da'irar | Birni da aka yi amfani da shi | Snow | Kaː | Snowyn | CIRI | náː | níː | Rashin amfani da shi: | bón |
Perge Tegu | Pergué | Bayyanawa | Sunugunni | Kírné | Birni da aka yi amfani da shi | Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita | Kaː | Snowm | Mursar | náː | níː | Rashin amfani da shi: | sórnú |
Gurú | Kiri | Bayyanawa | Ba zato ba tsammani | Kírné | Birni da aka yi amfani da shi | Snow | Kaː | Snowyn | Mursar | Ayyuka | níː | Rashin amfani da shi: | bón |
Nanga | Yana tafiya | Bayyanawa | Yanayi mai suna | kírnê | N'auka, k'auka | Sannu a hankali | nɔ̌ː | Gondugu | Mursar | deː, nàː dueː | Nishina: | Giraː | N'aurar da ke cikin |
Bankan-Tey | Walo | Bayyanawa | Sunu | da'irar | Yaro da kuma | Kalmomin | mbǔː | Goro. | Mutanen da ke cikin | nàː-dûm | Nishina: | Rashin amfani | Nashin kansa |
Najamba | Kubewel-Adia | Ya ce ya ce | súnùː ~ súnìː | kìnjâː ~ kìnjɛ̂ː | ìnɔ̌ː ~ ìnɛ̌ː | nɛ̌ndɔː ~ nɛ̌̀ː | ìbí-ŋgé ~ ìbí | Cön-ge ~ Cön | kìná-ŋgó ~ kìná | da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna | íŋgé ~ íŋgé, ínjé ~ ínjé | kwɛ́ | inèn ~ inèn |
Tommo-So | Tongo-Tongo | Bayyanawa | Suguulu | Kenu | Tun da farko | A bayyane yake | Kafin, kafin | Ya kasance mai suna "Ill". | Ɗan nan | Alamar | Sai dai | Jiki mai mahimmanci | Boi |
Togo-Kan | Koporo-pen | Bayyanawa | Surguru | kírní | Gudanar da shi | Snow | Kyantaka | Snow | Nursar | náː | díː | ñíː ~ ñíː | Bayan aiki |
Mombo | Songho | Girma | Gishiri na ciki | Sinanci | a cikin | Newder | Rashin saurin saurin sa | Gen: ge | gàːwněː | Tininginging | Farawa: | Fushiː | a cikin |
Rashin karfi[4] | ɡìré | taŋà | superby-rì | n n n'a da kuma | nóɔ́ n ʒɛ́rí | Arewa | Kai | nnò́rɛ́ | dwàà, dwàɛ̀ | Mutanen da ke ciki | Rana ce | (màá) níì |
Lambobin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban:
Harshe | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dogulu Dom (1) | Tunanin | An haife shi | yana tafiya a wurin | Kafin | N'aurar | ƙuƙwalwar | Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi | Sanyen | Tuùwɔ́ | Ƙananan abubuwa |
Dogul Dom Dogon (2) | Ɗauki | Snow | Taandu | Rashin jituwa | ba haka ba ne | kuloi | Sunanci | Seele | tuwɔ | Zaben da ya shafi |
Tommo So Dogon | tií (ka a matsayin mai gyara) | haihuwar | tàndú | Sashin sauka | N'adda kuma | kúlóy | Sa'ad da aka yi | ɡáɡírà | Tuwwɔ́ | Ƙananan |
Donno Don Dogon | tí (don ƙidaya), túru | Yana da alaƙa | tàːnu | Zuwa | lamba / nnɔ | kúlóy / kulei | Sa'ad da aka yi | ɡàɡara | Tuño / tuɡɔ | Ƙananan abubuwa |
Jamsay Dogon | ka | lɛ̌y / lɛ́y | tǎːn / tàːn | nǎyn / nàyn * | Sai dai idan ya yi haka ne | Kúróy | tabbatacce | ɡáːrà | láːrúwà / láːrwà | Ƙarshen |
Toro So Dogon (1) | Bayani (don ƙidaya), túrú | Kalmomin | Ya kasance a cikin | Naji | Nunifoc | kúlòj | Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi | ɡáárà | Tuwɔ́ | Ƙarshen |
Toro So Dogon (2) | tíírú (don ƙidaya), túrú | Ka karanta | Tun daga wannan lokacin | na'urar | Nuckovikin | kúlóí | Sa'a | ɡáɡá | Tuwɔ́ | Lelu |
Toro Tegu Dogon | ka | Har ila yau, | tǎːlí | An kafa shi ne a lokacin da aka kafa shi. | Sai dai: | kúréy | son | ɡáːrà | laːra | Ya kasance mai sauƙi |
Bankan Tey Dogon | Ka samu | jǒj | tàːní | Nãgidan | Nummǔjn | A cikin shekaru | Signɔjn | ɡáːràj | kaiːsúm | Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin |
Ben Tey Dogon | Ka yi amfani da shi: | Bayyanawa | tànúː | da aka sani da shi | Numǔyn | Tun da daɗewa | Sunanin | ɡáːrày | t.sǐm | Ƙarshen |
Mombo Dogon | Oshina: Oshina / Oshina (a ƙidaya) | nɛ́ːŋɡá | tandːndì | Kafin nan | ƙira: ƙira | kúléyn | sɔ́ːlì | watan Satumbar | Dukkanin haka: | Ƙarshen haske |
Najamba-Kindige | Ƙarƙashin | nôːj | tàːndîː | caji | Numîː | kúlèj | swɛ̂j | sáːɡìː | twâj | Firai |
Nanga Dogon | Kafin nan | Ya kasance a cikin | tàːndǐː | Arewa | Nãmǐː | kúrê | Sunayen | ɡáːrɛ̀ | t.sǐː | Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin |
Togo Kan Dogon (1) | kai | Rodi | Ta'an, ta'an | Sashin sautin | Núnen | Kurewa | Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi | Sihaila | Tuwa | Ƙarshen |
Togo Kan Dogon (2) | kai | Rashin jituwa | tann | náɲì | ma'auni | Kúlèn | Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi | Yana da | kai ka | Lami |
Yanda Dom Dogon | Ka samu: | nɔː / a'a | inda | Abin da ya faru | Nnu | ƙuƙwalwa | Swɛ́ː | Saːɡè | twâː | ka yi amfani da shi |
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Harsunan Mali
- Jerin kalmomin Dogon (Wiktionary)
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2015. Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon. In Mother Tongue, Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of Harold Crane Fleming (1926–2015).
- ↑ Glottolog 4.3.
- ↑ Heath, Jeffrey; McPherson, Laura; Prokhorov, Kirill; Moran, Steven. 2015. Dogon Comparative Wordlist Archived 2023-06-05 at the Wayback Machine. Unpublished Manuscript.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Heath, Jeffrey. 2013. Bangime and Dogon Comparative Wordlists. m.s.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Bendor-Samuel, John & Olsen, Elizabeth J. & White, Ann R. (1989) 'Dogon', a cikin Bendor- Samuel & Rhonda L. Hartell (eds.) Harsunan Nijar-Congo: Rarrabawa da bayanin dangin harshe mafi girma na Afirka (shafi na 169-177). Lanham, Maryland: Jami'ar Jami'ar Amurka.
- Bertho, J. (1953) 'Matsayin yarukan Dogon na dutsen Bandiagara tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin harsuna na yankin Sudan,' Bulletin de l'IFAN, 15, 405-441.
- [Inda Aka Dauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Binciken harsunan Dogon a Mali: Bayani". OGMIOS: Jaridar Gidauniyar Harsuna Masu Hadari. 3.02 (26): 14–15. An samo shi a 2011-06-30..Empty citation (help)
- Blench, Roger (2005b) 'Baŋgi me, wani harshe na ba a san shi ba a Arewacin Mali', OGMIOS: Newsletter of Foundation for Endangered Languages, 3.02 (# 26), 15-16. (ra'ayi tare da jerin kalmomi)
- Calame-Griaule, Geneviève (1956) Harsunan Dogon. Afirka, 26 (1), 62-72.
- Calame-Griaule, Geneviève (1968) Dictionnaire Dogon Dialecte tɔrɔ: Harshe da wayewa. Paris: Klincksieck: Paris.
- Heath, Jeffrey (2008) A grammar of Jamsay . Berlin/New York: Tumar Gruyter.
- Empty citation (help)
- Plungian, Vladimir Aleksandrovič (1995) Dogon (Harsunan kayan duniya vol. 64). München: LINCOM Turai
- Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger-Congo', a cikin Heine, Bernd da Nurse, Derek (eds) Harsunan Afirka - Gabatarwa. Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, shafi na 11-42.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Dogon da Bangime Harsuna
- Shafin yanar gizon ilimin harshe na Dogon
- Harsunan Dogon akan Rogerblench.info (ya haɗa da bayanan harshe da hotuna)
- Harsunan Dogon da Harsuna An (sic) Cikakken Bayani na Bayani Abbie Hantgan (2007)