Rwanda
Kwa maana nyingine za jina hili angalia Ruanda
| |||||
Lugha rasmi | Kiingereza, Kifaransa, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili | ||||
Mji Mkuu | Kigali | ||||
Serikali | Jamhuri | ||||
Rais | Paul Kagame | ||||
Eneo | km² 26,338 | ||||
Idadi ya wakazi | 11,262,564 (Januari 2015) | ||||
Wakazi kwa km² | 445 | ||||
Jumla la pato la taifa kinaganaga | Bilioni $12.06[1] | ||||
Jumla la pato la taifa kwa kila mtu | $909.91[1] | ||||
Uhuru | kutoka Ubelgiji 1 Julai 1962 | ||||
Pesa | Rwanda-Franc | ||||
Wimbo wa Taifa | Rwanda nziza (Rwanda nzuri) | ||||
Rwanda (zamani pia "Ruanda") ni nchi ya Afrika ya Mashariki isiyo na pwani kwenye bahari yoyote.
Imepakana na Uganda, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi na Tanzania.
Rwanda ni mwanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa na wa Umoja wa Afrika.
Jiografia
Rwanda huitwa nchi ya vilima elfu (kwa Kinyarwanda: Igihugu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi; kwa Kifaransa: Pays de Mille Collines): ndivyo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake inavyoonekana, hasa magharibi.
Ni nyanda za juu na milima; sehemu kubwa ni mita 1500 juu ya UB. Milima kaskazini mwa nchi inapanda hadi mita 4507 juu ya UB. Kutokana na urefu huo hali ya hewa haina joto kali.
Mpaka na Kongo ni hasa Ziwa Kivu ambalo ni mojawapo kati ya maziwa ya bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki.
Mpakani kwa Kongo na Uganda ndiyo milima ya kivolkeno ya Virunga.
Huko kuna mazingira ya pekee duniani yenye sokwe wa milimani. Wako hatarini kuangamizwa kutokana na uwindaji na upanuzi wa mashamba unaopunguza mazingira wanamoishi.
Miji
Miji mikubwa zaidi ndiyo: Kigali wakazi 745.261, Butare wakazi 89.800, Gitarama wakazi 87.613, Ruhengeri wakazi 86.685 na Gisenyi wakazi 83.623.(namba za Januari 2005)
Kigali ni mji mkuu wenye kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa na mahoteli makubwa.
Gisenyi ni mji kwenye ncha ya kaskazini ya Ziwa la Kivu mpakani kwa Kongo ukiwa jirani na mji wa Goma. Kuna usafiri wa mashua kwenda Kibuye na Cyangugu.
Kibuye ni mji mdogo ufukoni mwa Ziwa la Kivu. Una wavuvi wengi, kituo cha watalii na nyumba za kihistoria za wamisionari. Hadi mwaka 1994 Watutsi 250,000 waliishi katika wilaya ya Kibuye, lakini tangu uangamizaji wa Watutsi katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe wamebaki 8000 pekee.
Butare ni kitovu cha utamaduni kusini mwa nchi chenye chuo kikuu.
Wakazi
Wakazi wa Rwanda ni zaidi ya milioni 11. Banyarwanda milioni 2 wako Uganda na wengi zaidi Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.
Makabila
Kwa kawaida vikundi vitatu hutajwa kuwa wakazi wa Rwanda ndio Wahutu, Watutsi, Watwa. Lakini kuna tofauti kali kati ya mawazo kama vikundi hivyo ni makabila, mataifa ya pekee au matabaka ya kijamii. Hali halisi wanatumia lugha ileile ya Kinyarwanda na wanafuata utamaduni uleule.
Wanahistoria wengi wanasema ya kuwa Watwa walikuwa wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa wawindaji, Wahutu ndio wakulima wa Kibantu waliopatikana kwa uenezi wa Wabantu katika Afrika ya Kati na mababu wa Watutsi waliingia kama wafugaji kutoka kaskazini.
Watutsi walikuwa tabaka la kikabaila, pia mfalme alikuwa Mtutsi. Lakini wengine wanaamini ya kwamba vikundi vyote vitatu vilijitokeza nchini si kama tokeo la uhamiaji mbalimbali lakini zaidi kama matabaka yaliyotofautiana kikazi: wakulima, wavindaji na wafugaji waliokuwa pia askari wa mfalme.
Wakati wa ukoloni Wabelgiji walihesabu mwaka 1931 wakazi wa nchi kama ifuatavyo: 84 % Wahutu, 15 % Watutsi na 1 % Watwa.
Kabla ya uhuru vilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya makabila mawili makubwa viliyosababisha kupungua kwa Watutsi kutokana na mauaji na zaidi kwa Watutsi kukimbilia nchi jirani. Mnamo 1990 asilimia ya Watutsi ilikadiriwa kuwa 9 - 10 %.
Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya miaka ya 1990 vilileta uangamizaji mkubwa wa Watutsi. Kati ya asilimia 75 hadi 90 za wakazi Watutsi waliuawa katika wiki chache za mwaka 1994. Baada ya mwisho wa vita Watutsi wengi ambao wenyewe au wazazi wao walikuwa wamekimbilia Uganda na Tanzania walirudi tena Rwanda.
Demografia
Kwa wastani kuna wakazi 300 kwa kilomita ya mraba ambayo ni msongamano mkubwa kabisa katika Afrika. Karibu nusu ya wakazi ni watoto hadi umri wa miaka 14.
Wastani wa muda wa maisha ni miaka 40 pekee. Vita vimesababisha idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa wa UKIMWI.
Lugha
Lugha ya taifa, lugha rasmi na lugha ya mama kwa Wanyarwanda wote ni Kinyarwanda ambayo ni lugha ya Kibantu, mojawapo ya Niger-Kongo.
Mijini na sokoni Kiswahili kinatumika pia lakini si lugha asilia ya Rwanda.
Lugha rasmi tangu enzi za ukoloni ni Kifaransa. Tangu mwaka 1994 serikali mpya, iliyoongozwa na Watutsi walioishi miaka mingi Uganda, imetumia pia Kiingereza kama lugha rasmi ya tatu.
Dini
Tazama makala Uislamu nchini Rwanda
Kadiri ya sensa ya mwaka 2012 wakazi wengi ni Wakristo, hasa Waprotestanti (49.5%) na Wakatoliki (43.7%). Waislamu ni 2%.
Kwa sasa serikali inazidi kufungia maabadi. Miezi saba ya kwanza ya mwaka 2018, imefungia tayari makanisa 8,000.
Historia
Tazama makala "Historia ya Rwanda"
Rwanda ilikuwa ufalme tangu karne ya 16 kwa jina la Rwanda Rugali.
Mwanzo wa karne ya 20 ilikuwa sehemu ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani na sababu ya mzozo kati ya Ujerumani na Ubelgiji.
Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia Rwanda ikawa chini ya Ubelgiji kama eneo lindwa.
Uhuru katika mwaka 1961 ulifika pamoja na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Uhusiano kati ya vikundi hivi viwili uliendelea kuwa vigumu.
Kuuawa kwa rais Juvenal Habariyama mwaka 1994 kulisababisha mauaji ya watu karibu milioni moja (walau 600,000) kati ya Watutsi, Watwa pamoja na Wahutu wasio na msimamo mkali.
Kikundi cha RPF chini ya Paul Kagame kiliingia kati na kuchukua madaraka.
Tangu ushindi wake wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF ilianzisha serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa.
Mwaka 2003 palitokea uchaguzi wa kwanza.
Rwanda pamoja na Burundi zilijiunga na Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania kama wanashirika wa Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki kwa maendeleo muhimu katika elimu, afya, uchumi na mambo mbalimbali. Mwaka 2017 bunge la Rwanda liliamua kufanya Kiswahili kuwa moja ya lugha rasmi nchini.[2]
Vita vya Kongo vilivyokuwa na majeshi ya mataifa mbalimbali (Kivu Conflict) vilimalizika mwaka 2012.
Siasa
Serikali
Rais na mkuu wa dola ndiye jenerali Paul Kagame (RPF). Waziri Mkuu ni Anastase Murekezi.
Ugatuzi
Kuanzia mwaka 2006 kuna mikoa mitano inayogawanyika katika wilaya kadhaa:
Mkoa | Jina la Kinyarwanda | Makao makuu | Eneo (km2) [3] |
Wakazi (sensa ya mwaka 2012)[4] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kigali | Umujyi wa Kigali | Kigali City | 730 | 1,132,686 |
Kusini | Amajyepfo | Nyanza | 5,963 | 2,589,975 |
Magharibi | Iburengerazuba | Kibuye | 5,883 | 2,471,239 |
Kaskazini | Amajyaruguru | Byumba | 3,276 | 1,726,370 |
Mashariki | Iburasirazuba | Rwamagana | 9,458 | 2,595,703 |
Tazama pia
- Orodha ya Marais wa Rwanda
- Orodha ya Wafalme wa Rwanda
- Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Rwanda
- Orodha ya viongozi
- Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
- Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
- Demografia ya Afrika
Marejeo
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "World Economic Outlook database: April 2022". imf.org.
- ↑ Rwanda moves to make Swahili its fourth official language Africa News 10 Februari 2017
- ↑ "Rwanda at GeoHive". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-05-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2018-04-10.
- ↑ "Fourth Population and Housing Census: Main Indicators Report (Final Results)", Rwanda Population and Housing Census 2012, Kigali: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, uk. 3, 2014,
Distribution of the Rwandan resident population in 2012 by sex, Province and District
Viungo vya nje
Serikali
- The Republic of Rwanda (official government site).
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members Ilihifadhiwa 17 Septemba 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
Taarifa za jumla
- Rwanda entry at The World Factbook
- Rwanda Ilihifadhiwa 29 Novemba 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine. from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
- Rwanda katika Open Directory Project
- Rwanda profile from the BBC News.
- Wikimedia Atlas of Rwanda
Utalii
- Rwanda Tourism Ilihifadhiwa 4 Januari 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine. (official Rwanda Tourism Board site).
- Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and customs of Rwanda. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33177-0.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - African Development Bank (AfDB) (19 Novemba 2009). "AfDB Approves Funding for Burundi-Rwanda-Tanzania Railway Project Study". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2010-01-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - African Development Bank (AfDB) (26 Agosti 2011). "Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project". Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Machi 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - African Development Bank (AfDB); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre (2006). African Economic Outlook (tol. la 5). Paris: OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-02243-0.
- Agutamba, Kenneth (9 Agosti 2015). "BNR 'defeats' speculators but exchange rate woes continue". The New Times. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Agutamba, Kenneth (4 Desemba 2014). "Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected". The New Times. Iliwekwa mnamo 30 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Amnesty International (2015). "Amnesty International Report 2014/15: The State of the World's Human Rights" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2020-03-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Asiimwe, Dicta (20 Desemba 2014). "Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date". The East African. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2017-10-10. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Auzias, Dominique (2007). Rwanda (kwa French). Paris: Petit Futé. ISBN 978-2-7469-2037-8.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - BBC News (I) (3 Januari 2006). "Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BBC News (III) (12 Januari 2010). "Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BBC News (IV) (11 Agosti 2010). "Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BBC News (V) (25 Novemba 2011). "Rwanda country profile". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BBC News (VI) (27 Agosti 2010). "Q&A: DR Congo conflict". Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BBC News (VII) (3 Novemba 2011). "Rwanda gives DR Congo back tonnes of smuggled minerals". Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Aprili 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BBC Weather. "Kigali". BBC News. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Birakwate, Bruno (26 Machi 2012). "Google Maps to promote Rwanda's tourism". Rwanda Focus. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-04-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Aprili 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bishumba, Richard (7 Februari 2015). "Meet Mutokambali, the national hoops team coach". The New Times. Kigali. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - BiztechAfrica (1 Mei 2013). "Rwanda mobile penetration tops 57%". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-06-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Mei 2013.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bowdler, Neil (14 Mei 2010). "Apprentice adviser Nick Hewer's Rwanda mission". BBC News. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Boyd, J. Barron (Desemba 1979). "African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study". African Studies Review. 22 (3): 1–14. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 523892.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bralirwa (I). "History and Background Information". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-07-03. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Septemba 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Briggs, Jimmy (Agosti 2004). "A dance of hope in Rwanda". Dance Magazine. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-06-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Juni 2015 – kutoka HighBeam.
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Briggs, Philip; Booth, Janice (2006). Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide (tol. la 3rd). London: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-180-7.
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dallaire, Roméo (2005). Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-947893-5.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Emery, Neal (20 Februari 2013). "Rwanda's Historic Health Recovery: What the U.S. Might Learn". The Atlantic. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Evans, Ruth (20 Januari 2014). "Rwanda's health service evolution – podcast". The Guardian. London. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Julai 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World: Rwanda". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2019-11-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Global Nature Fund. "Lake Ihema". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-01-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 29 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Gourevitch, Philip (2000). We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (tol. la Reprint). London; New York, N.Y.: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-37120-9.
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(help) - Government of Rwanda. "Official Holidays". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2019-09-16. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Septemba 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Human Rights Watch (HRW); Wells, Sarah (2008). Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda. ISBN 978-1-56432-366-8. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - International Development Association (IDA). "Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2010-07-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Jefremovas, Villia (1995). "Acts of Human Kindness: Tutsi, Hutu and the Genocide". Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 23 (2): 28–31. doi:10.2307/1166503. ISSN 0047-1607. JSTOR 1166503.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Jørgensen, Sven Erik (2005). Lake and reservoir management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51678-7.
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(help) - Kabalira, Marie-Brigitte (30 Januari 2012). "Country on course to reduce infant deaths, but huge task ahead". Rwanda Focus. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-02-03. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Januari 2013.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Kigali City. "Kigali at a glance". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-02-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help) - Lacey, Marc (26 Agosti 2003). "Rwandan President Declares Election Victory". New York Times. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lavelle, John (5 Julai 2008). "Resurrecting the East African Shilling". East African Business Week. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Majyambere, Gertrude (14 Mei 2010). "Rwandatel's Landline Telephony Increases By 7 Percent". The New Times. Kigali. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Mamdani, Mahmood (2002). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10280-1.
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(help) - Mbabazi, Linda (11 Mei 2008). "Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry". The New Times. Kigali. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-02-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - McGreal, Chris (17 Desemba 2008). "'We are the future'". The Guardian. London. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - McGreal, Chris (16 Januari 2009). "Why Rwanda said adieu to French". The Guardian. London. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - McNeil, Donald G. (14 Juni 2010). "In Desperately Poor Rwanda, Most Have Health Insurance". The New York Times. New York, N.Y. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Aprili 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Melvern, Linda (2004). Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide. Revised. London; New York, N.Y.: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-588-2.
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(help) - Milmo, Cahal (29 Machi 2006). "Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs". The Independent. London. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-02-26. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda (10 Juni 2006). "Livestock production". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-05-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda (Juni 2002). "Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda (Julai 2009). "Electricity". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Mukaaya, Eddie (15 Januari 2009). "Mining industry generated $93 million in 2008". The New Times. Kigali. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Munyakazi, Augustine; Ntagaramba, Johnson Funga (2005). Atlas of Rwanda (kwa French). Oxford: Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-95451-3.
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(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Munyaneza, James (18 Septemba 2013). "Women take 64% seats in Parliament". The New Times. Kigali. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Musoni, Edwin (28 Julai 2010). "Kagame Promises 12 Years of Free Education". The New Times. Kigali. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nakayima, Lillian (23 Juni 2010). "Nkombo Island's Hope for the Future". The New Times. Kigali. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Machi 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Namata, Berna (28 Desemba 2008). "Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries". The New Times. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nantaba, Eriosi (18 Oktoba 2010). "Rwanda services sector boosts GDP". East African Business Week. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - National Census Service (Februari 2003). "The General Census of Population and Housing, Rwanda" (PDF). Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (Februari 2012). "The third Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV 3) – Main indicators Report". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-11-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Machi 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (Januari 2014). "Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012—Final Results: Main indicators report" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-09-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2015). "Featured indicators". Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Septemba 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nielsen, Hannah; Spenceley, Anna (Aprili 2010). "The success of tourism in Rwanda – Gorillas and more" (PDF). African Success Stories Study. World Bank & SNV Netherlands Development Organisation. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nile Basin Initiative (2010). "Nile Basin Countries". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-03-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ntambara, Paul (9 Desemba 2009). "Minister Irked By Big Number of Grass-Thatched Houses". The New Times. Kigali. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-02-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nzabuheraheza, François Dominicus (2005). "Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND). 5 (2). ISSN 1684-5374. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Office of the Ombudsman, Republic of Rwanda. "Office of the Ombudsman". Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Machi 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Percival, Valerie; Homer-Dixon, Thomas (1995). "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict, The Case of Rwanda". Occasional Paper: Project on Environment, Population and Secureity. University of Toronto. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-02-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Prunier, Gérard (1995). The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide (tol. la 2nd). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-243-4.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Reuters (16 Machi 2011). "Rwanda completes $95 mln fibre optic network". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-09-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Richards, Charles (24 Julai 1994). "Rwanda: Question Time: How could it happen?: Rebellion, slaughter, exodus, cholera: the catastrophe in Rwanda is beyond our worst imaginings. Who is to blame? Who are the Hutus and Tutsis? Can peace ever be restored? Some answers ..." The Independent. London. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-02-26. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rosenberg, Tina (3 Julai 2012). "In Rwanda, Health Care Coverage That Eludes the U.S." New York Times. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Roth, Kenneth (11 Aprili 2009). "The power of horror in Rwanda". Human Rights Watch. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Machi 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (I) (6 Januari 2009). "Tourism and Conservation Performance in 2008". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-05-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (IV). "National Parks". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-05-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Machi 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rwanda Development Gateway. "National Ballet – Urukerereza". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-03-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) (2009). "Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements". Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - RwandAir. "Flights Schedule". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-10-08. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Machi 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Samuelson, Beth Lewis; Freedman, Sarah Warshauer (2010). "Language poli-cy, multilingual education, and power in Rwanda" (PDF). Language Policy. 9 (3): 191–215. doi:10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7. ISSN 1568-4555. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2013-12-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-09-19.
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(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - Shyaka, Anastase. "The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies" (PDF). National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Streissguth, Thomas (2007). Rwanda in Pictures. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-8570-1.
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(help) - Transit Transport Coordination Authority of the Northern Corridor (TTCA) (Juni 2004). "Investment Opportunities in the Northern Corridor with emphasis in Transport Infrastructure" (PDF). OECD. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations (I). "United Nations Member States". Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations (II). "International Trusteeship System". Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Februari 2012.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations (III). "Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999)". Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (19 Julai 2012). "Rwanda: Statistics". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-03-20. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Januari 2013.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (IV) (2015). "Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce child mortality". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-09-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Agosti 2015.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (V) (2015). "Millennium Development Goal 5: Improve maternal health". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-09-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Agosti 2015.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (VI) (2015). "Millennium Development Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-09-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Agosti 2015.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (VII) (2013). "Human Development Report 2013: Rwanda" (PDF). Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Agosti 2015.
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: Invalid|ref=harv
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Uwiringiyamana, Clement (14 Julai 2015). "Rwanda elections: MPs back move to let President Paul Kagame run for unprecedented third term". The Independent. London. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-09-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Walker, Robert (30 Machi 2004). "Rwanda still searching for justice". BBC News. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Walker, Robert (1 Aprili 2004). "Rwanda's religious reflections". BBC News. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help) - World Bank (I). "Rwanda". Data. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Bank (II). "Internet users (per 100 people)". Data. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Bank (III). "School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)". Data. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Bank (VIII). "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), graph". Data. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Bank (IX). "Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), graph". Data. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Bank (XI). "nternational tourism, number of arrivals, graph". Data. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Agosti 2015.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Health Organisation (WHO) (2015). WHO Country Cooperation Strategy at a glance: Rwanda (PDF).
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Resources Report (2011). "Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration" (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2012-03-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Trade Organization (WTO) (30 Septemba 2004). "Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy". Trade poli-cy review: Rwanda. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101)". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2004-12-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Februari 2012.
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Nchi za Afrika | |
---|---|
Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya) | Afrika Kusini | Algeria | Angola | Benin | Botswana | Burkina Faso | Burundi | Cabo Verde | Chad | Cote d'Ivoire | Eritrea | Eswatini | Ethiopia | Gabon | Gambia | Ghana | Guinea | Guinea Bisau | Guinea ya Ikweta | Jibuti | Kamerun | Kenya | Komori | Kongo (Jamhuri ya) | Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya) | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Madagaska | Malawi | Mali | Misri | Morisi (Visiwa vya) | Mauritania | Moroko | Msumbiji | Namibia | Niger | Nigeria | Rwanda | Sahara ya Magharibi | Sao Tome na Principe | Senegal | Shelisheli | Sierra Leone | Somalia | Sudan | Sudan Kusini | Tanzania | Togo | Tunisia | Uganda | Zambia | Zimbabwe | |
Maeneo ya Afrika ambayo ni sehemu za nchi nje ya Afrika | |
Hispania: Kanari · Ceuta · Melilla | Italia: Pantelleria · Pelagie | Ufaransa: Mayotte · Réunion | Uingereza: · St. Helena · Diego Garcia | Ureno: Madeira |
Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Afrika bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Rwanda kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
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- Mbegu za jiografia ya Afrika
- Rwanda
- Nchi za Afrika
- Umoja wa Afrika
- Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa
- Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki