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In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), k-space is the 2D or 3D Fourier transform of the image measured.It was introduced in 1979 by Likes and in 1983 by Ljunggren and Twieg. In MRI physics, complex values are sampled in k-space during an MR measurement in a premeditated scheme controlled by a pulse sequence, i.e. an accurately timed sequence of radiofrequency and gradient pulses. In practice, k-space often refers to the temporary image space, usually a matrix, in which data from digitized MR signals are stored during data acquisition. When k-space is full (at the end of the scan) the data are mathematically processed to produce a final image. Thus k-space holds raw data before reconstruction.

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  • In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), k-space is the 2D or 3D Fourier transform of the image measured.It was introduced in 1979 by Likes and in 1983 by Ljunggren and Twieg. In MRI physics, complex values are sampled in k-space during an MR measurement in a premeditated scheme controlled by a pulse sequence, i.e. an accurately timed sequence of radiofrequency and gradient pulses. In practice, k-space often refers to the temporary image space, usually a matrix, in which data from digitized MR signals are stored during data acquisition. When k-space is full (at the end of the scan) the data are mathematically processed to produce a final image. Thus k-space holds raw data before reconstruction. The concept of k-space is situated in the spatial frequency domain. Thus if we define and such that and where FE refers to frequency encoding, PE to phase encoding, is the sampling time (the reciprocal of sampling frequency), is the duration of GPE, (gamma bar) is the gyromagnetic ratio, m is the sample number in the FE direction and n is the sample number in the PE direction (also known as partition number), then the 2D-Fourier Transform of this encoded signal results in a representation of the spin density distribution in two dimensions. Thus position (x,y) and spatial frequency constitute a Fourier transform pair. Typically, k-space has the same number of rows and columns as the final image and is filled with raw data during the scan, usually one line per TR (Repetition Time). An MR image is a complex-valued map of the spatial distribution of the transverse magnetization Mxy in the sample at a specific time point after an excitation. Conventional qualitative interpretation of Fourier Analysis asserts that low spatial frequencies (near the center of k-space) contain the signal to noise and contrast information of the image, whereas high spatial frequencies (outer peripheral regions of k-space) contain the information determining the image resolution. This is the basis for advanced scanning techniques, such as the keyhole acquisition, in which a first complete k-space is acquired, and subsequent scans are performed for acquiring just the central part of the k-space; in this way, different contrast images can be acquired without the need of running full scans. A nice symmetry property exists in k-space if the image magnetization Mxy is prepared to be proportional simply to a contrast-weighted proton density and thus is a real quantity. In such a case, the signal at two opposite locations in k-space is: where the star denotes complex conjugation.Thus k-space information is somewhat redundant then, and an image can be reconstructed using only one half of the k-space, either in the PE (Phase Encode) direction saving scan time (such a technique is known as half Fourier or half scan) or in the FE (Frequency Encode) direction, allowing for lower sampling frequencies and/or shorter echo times (such a technique is known as half echo). However, these techniques are approximate due to phase errors in the MRI data which can rarely be completely controlled (due to imperfect static field shim, effects of spatially selective excitation, signal detection coil properties, motion etc.) or nonzero phase due to just physical reasons (such as the different chemical shift of fat and water in gradient echo techniques). MRI k-space is related to NMR time-domain in all aspects, both being used for raw data storage. The only difference between the MRI k-space and the NMR time domain is that a gradient G is present in MRI data acquisition, but is absent in NMR data acquisition. As a result of this difference, the NMR FID signal and the MRI spin-echo signal take different mathematical forms: FID=cosexp And Spin-Echo=sin Where Due to the presence of the gradient G, the spatial information r (not the spatial frequency information k) is encoded onto the frequency , and at the same time the time-domain is renamed as k-space. (en)
  • En physique, on utilise souvent des espaces abstraits pour caractériser les phénomènes, ce sont des espaces des phases. Dans le cas des ondes, l'espace des phases est l'espace des vecteurs d'onde. Une onde plane et monochromatique est entièrement caractérisée par son vecteur d'onde.Or, la diffusion Rayleigh transforme une onde plane monochromatique en une somme d'ondes planes monochromatiques ; l'amplitude diffusée selon un vecteur d'onde donné est le produit de l'amplitude incidente par une fonction du vecteur d'onde : où correspond à la transformée de Fourier 3D de l'objet diffractant l'onde (voir théorie de la diffraction sur un cristal). Du point de vue mathématique, les vecteurs d'ondes ont la spécificité d'être les vecteurs propres des transformations linéaires, homogènes et continues (pouvant se formuler à l'aide d'un produit de convolution).La solution de nombreux problèmes physiques peut donc s'écrire comme une somme d'ondes planes monochromatiques. Si les opérations sur les vecteurs d'onde n'ont pas de traduction immédiate dans l'espace habituel (c'est une représentation dans l'espace des fréquences spatiales), son rôle en physique est essentiel. L'espace des phases a alors une correspondance avec l'espace direct, on parle d'espace réciproque. De par les relations de Planck, l'espace des vecteurs d'ondes est l'espace des vecteurs impulsion et la représentation dans l'espace réciproque est duale de celle dans l'espace conventionnel .L'espace réciproque correspond à une représentation ondulatoire des objets (fréquentielle), duale de leur représentation corpusculaire (spatiale). Le célèbre principe d'incertitude de Heisenberg est l'expression physique du lien de dualité entre les deux représentations. Un point remarquable est qu'un objet de type réseau cristallin est également un réseau du point de vue ondulatoire. On parle alors de réseau réciproque.L'espace réciproque est ainsi fréquemment utilisé en cristallographie et en physique du solide, ainsi qu'en diffraction dans le domaine optique. (fr)
  • Espacio K es una imagen en el dominio de la frecuencia obtenida tras aplicar a la matriz de datos de salida de un equipo de resonancia magnética una función transformada de Fourier.[cita requerida] Su principal problema radica en que el espacio k es un concepto abstracto ya que, aunque se puede visualizar, sus datos tienen poco sentido y no tienen relación directa con la imagen final de la resonancia magnética. (es)
  • Il k-spazio è un introdotto nel 1983 per spiegare in maniera semplice e univoca la formazione dell'immagine nell'imaging a risonanza magnetica. (it)
  • 核磁気共鳴画像法 (MRI) において、k空間(kくうかん、k-space)は実空間の画像データのフーリエ変換である空間をさす。すなわちk空間と実空間は互いにフーリエ変換の関係にある。実空間の座標軸は位置座標 (x , y ) であり、k空間 (kx , ky ) での軸は空間周波数である。 MRIでは、信号読みとりの間に傾斜磁場を印加し位置のエンコードを行い、時間軸をk軸に対応させており、ローデータ(raw data, 画像生データ)の集合がk空間を構成する。 k空間の低周波部分(中央部)は信号強度あるいは画像コントラストを決定し、外側の高周波成分は画像の分解能を決めている。 (ja)
  • k空間是尋常空間在傅立葉變換下的對偶空間,主要應用在磁振造影的成像分析,其他如磁振造影中的射頻波形設計,以及量子計算中的初始態準備亦用到k空間的概念。k和出現在波動數學中的波數相應,可說都是「空間頻率」的概念。 (zh)
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  • Espacio K es una imagen en el dominio de la frecuencia obtenida tras aplicar a la matriz de datos de salida de un equipo de resonancia magnética una función transformada de Fourier.[cita requerida] Su principal problema radica en que el espacio k es un concepto abstracto ya que, aunque se puede visualizar, sus datos tienen poco sentido y no tienen relación directa con la imagen final de la resonancia magnética. (es)
  • Il k-spazio è un introdotto nel 1983 per spiegare in maniera semplice e univoca la formazione dell'immagine nell'imaging a risonanza magnetica. (it)
  • 核磁気共鳴画像法 (MRI) において、k空間(kくうかん、k-space)は実空間の画像データのフーリエ変換である空間をさす。すなわちk空間と実空間は互いにフーリエ変換の関係にある。実空間の座標軸は位置座標 (x , y ) であり、k空間 (kx , ky ) での軸は空間周波数である。 MRIでは、信号読みとりの間に傾斜磁場を印加し位置のエンコードを行い、時間軸をk軸に対応させており、ローデータ(raw data, 画像生データ)の集合がk空間を構成する。 k空間の低周波部分(中央部)は信号強度あるいは画像コントラストを決定し、外側の高周波成分は画像の分解能を決めている。 (ja)
  • k空間是尋常空間在傅立葉變換下的對偶空間,主要應用在磁振造影的成像分析,其他如磁振造影中的射頻波形設計,以及量子計算中的初始態準備亦用到k空間的概念。k和出現在波動數學中的波數相應,可說都是「空間頻率」的概念。 (zh)
  • In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), k-space is the 2D or 3D Fourier transform of the image measured.It was introduced in 1979 by Likes and in 1983 by Ljunggren and Twieg. In MRI physics, complex values are sampled in k-space during an MR measurement in a premeditated scheme controlled by a pulse sequence, i.e. an accurately timed sequence of radiofrequency and gradient pulses. In practice, k-space often refers to the temporary image space, usually a matrix, in which data from digitized MR signals are stored during data acquisition. When k-space is full (at the end of the scan) the data are mathematically processed to produce a final image. Thus k-space holds raw data before reconstruction. (en)
  • En physique, on utilise souvent des espaces abstraits pour caractériser les phénomènes, ce sont des espaces des phases. Dans le cas des ondes, l'espace des phases est l'espace des vecteurs d'onde. Une onde plane et monochromatique est entièrement caractérisée par son vecteur d'onde.Or, la diffusion Rayleigh transforme une onde plane monochromatique en une somme d'ondes planes monochromatiques ; l'amplitude diffusée selon un vecteur d'onde donné est le produit de l'amplitude incidente par une fonction du vecteur d'onde : (fr)
rdfs:label
  • Espacio k (es)
  • K-spazio (it)
  • Espace réciproque (fr)
  • K-space (magnetic resonance imaging) (en)
  • K空間 (ja)
  • K空間 (zh)
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