Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Shinkafa

Malimi soya nim ŋɔ niŋ
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
shinkafa
Yaɣ shelikahu, staple food, caryopsis, food ingredient, shelf-stable food Mali niŋ
Di bukaatakoko, risotto, Nasi goreng Mali niŋ
Fabrication methodgrowing of rice Mali niŋ
Natural product of taxonOryza, Oryza sativa Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima🍚 Mali niŋ

C-Class


Shinkaafa nyɛla mochi din nyɛ bindirigu zaŋ ti dunia tiŋgbani vaabun kamani yim zuɣu, di bahi bahindi Asia mini Africa. Shinkaafa nyɛla binbiɛlim din yina mɔri zula Oryza sativa ni na (Asian shinkaafa)—bee, din dii bi niŋ bayana n-nyɛ, Oryza glaberrima (Africa shinkaafa). Asia shinkaafa daa tuumi kpe China yuma din gbaai kamani yuun tuhi pia ni ata ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ tussanni ni kɔbishii; Africa shinkaafa daa kpela Africa kamani yuun kɔbisita din gari la. Shinkafa nyɛla din niŋ bayana dunia yaɣa; yuuni 2021, kpalansi miliyɔŋ kɔbisiyopɔin ni pihini ni ayopɔin ka bɛ daa ko n-kpuɣi, ka di daa doni bunahi lache mini kariwana ni "wheat" nyaaŋ. Shinkafa vaabu 8% ko n-niŋdi daabiligu chani tiŋ'duya. China, India, ni Indonesia n-nyɛ ban diri shinkafa pam. Tiŋgbana din na lɛbiri ni shikaafa bahiri yoli di kpuɣibu saha ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋdi shɛm ʒirili kuni yiŋa mini bɛ ni zani li shɛm. Binnɛma mini shinkaafa dɔriti nyɛla din labisiri shinkaafa kpuɣibu nyaaŋa.

Shinkafa balibu nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli ni di kpaŋsi shinkafa nab'bu.Tabiibi baŋdiba yimina ni shinkaafa din niŋdi pam di yi niŋ ka di nyɛ kulim viɛnyɛla. Shinkaafa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli maani tima n-tiri daadama nima.

Bɛ nɛmdila shinkafa yihiri di pɔɣiri ka cheri di biɛlim. ka bɛ kɔɣiri shɛli, ka di che ka di duɣibu bi tɔ. Shinkaafa nyɛla alaafee bindirigu amaa di ka alaafee yɛlibɔra zaa. Shinkaafa balibu pam beni ka niriba diri li. Shinkafa yi duɣi di bi kabisiri a; ka bɛ mali li duɣiri bindiri nyaɣisa balibu, Italy tiŋgbani ni ka bɛ mali li niŋdi risotto; ka bɛ mali shinkafa biɛlim din bi waɣiwaɣi maani Japanese sushi pirim la di ni bɛ taɣiri nahingbaŋ di yi dɣi naai la zuɣu. Shinkafa piɛli yi duɣi di malila "carbohydrate" vaabu 29% ni alaafee yɛlibɔra vaabu 2%, ni "manganese" shɛli." Golden rice" nyɛla tabiibi nima ni maani shɛli ka di mali "vitamin A".

Vihigu wuhiya ni tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu nyɛla din yɛn dam shinkaafa ko n-kpuɣi. Ninsalisili kaya ni taɣada ni, shinkaafa mali tuuntumsa adiininima ni kaya ni taɣada ni, kamani amiliya nima ni.

Buɣisibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Shinkaafa ni tooi zooi paai kamani waɣilim 1 m (3 ft); di yi be kom pam ni, di ni tooi zooi paai kamani 5 m (16 ft). Shinkaafa bili yini ni tooi niŋ bili bɔbigu. di yi zoora di niŋdila jila jila; ka va'waɣinli yiri jili kam ni.[1] Di maŋmaŋa ni niŋdi fulaawasi shɛli ni ka di wanda, fulaawasi paɣa din yirina ni bahigu jilli ni di nyoli ni. Shinkaafa yilli ni tooi mali paai biɛli kɔbisita ni pihinu, ka di zaa mali fulaawasi paɣab ni dobba ("anthers and ovule"). Fulaawasi nyaŋ din dɔgiri yirimina caryopsis ni.[2]

Shinkaafa nyɛla binʒi din be "Poaceae" zuliya ni. Di ni nyɛ binbirili din biriti tiŋgbani ni la, di ni too ko luɣili din kuui mini din mahi shee din dee yi niŋ ka kom ni tooi saɣili.[3] Di tooi nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli yuuni yuuni, amaa kom ni be luɣ'shɛli di ni tooi niŋ saha kam.[4]

  • Anatomy of rice flowers: spikelet (left), plant with tillers (centre), caryopsis (top right), panicle (right)
    Anatomy of rice flowers: spikelet (left), plant with tillers (centre), caryopsis (top right), panicle (right)
  • Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male anthers protrude into the air where they can disperse their pollen.
    Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male anthers protrude into the air where they can disperse their pollen.

Agronomy

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kɔbu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kamani binbila zaa, shikaafa zoorila kom mini kom ni ka shɛli. Di doli tankpa shɛli ni di ni ko, tiŋgbani din do tiŋa bee din du zuɣusaa, saa ni miri shɛm bee kom ni yɔɣirili shɛm, tulim bee maasim, dabisili waɣilim, wuntaŋ din kperi li.[5]

Shikaafa bihi ni to sa luɣ'shɛli polo di ni yɛn tooi baai, bee di ni tooi biri shinkaafa ʒi ka sibili chaŋ n-ti sa luɣ'shɛli polo. Biɛlim bɔri ni di paai kamani 60 zaŋ chaŋ 80 kg yiika kam zuɣu ni, amaa ka di sabu ŋun leei bɔri biɛla, kamani 40 kg yiika kam zuɣu ni, amaa ka leei bɔri saha bee tuma pam.[6] Shikaafa din be Asia nyɛla bɛ ni sari shɛli nuuni. Maʒina zaŋ sa shikaafa nyɛla din dii bi diri saha.[7] Shinkaafa dii bi niŋdi nyɛvuli di yi niŋ ka labi sibigi zooi din ni.[8] Shinkaafa ni tooi zooi tiŋgbana yaɣa pam, ka lee doli kom din be ni. Tiŋgbana din siɣi ni, bɛ kɔrila vuɣisi taɣiri kom sɔ`ndi shikaafa puri ni; di bɔri la kom pam. ka di delibu mi je kom. [9] Shinkaafa din bɔri kom pam ni tooi dee kom ziliŋ kamani "50 centimetres" m-paai kamani goli.[10] Shnkaafa din bɔri kukɔɣu di je kom, kamani zoya ni bee kunkuna shee; di bɔrila kom kamani kariwana la.[11]

Chebu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Asia yaɣa zaa, shinkaafa din bi nɛm bee "paddy" (Indonesian mini Malay padi), n-daa nyɛ ban dii bi kori pampam shinkaafa, ka bɛ cherili nuu ni. Pu'kara nima cherimi ni kombaanima din yɛn che ka bɛ tuma baligi.[12] Shinkfaafa saɣirila chebu di yi niŋ ka di kuui paai kamani 20–25%. Shinkafa kpuɣibu chanimi ni di chebu, laɣisi sɔŋ, bubu, ni yɛlibu.[13] Shinkaafa biɛlim nyɛla bɛ ni deeni shɛli din yɛn che ka di kuui ka binnnema ku lahi tooi saɣim li. Bɛ tooi deeni la shinkaafa wuntaŋa, ka yarigi biɛlim maa pa binyɛra zuɣu.[14]

Evolution

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Phylogeny

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Further information: Oryza sativa

Shinkaafa din diri balibu bela "BOP clade" ni mɔri zuliya ni, "Poaceae". Shinkaafa maa zuliya shɛli, Oryzoideae, nyɛla "bamboos" mabia, Bambusoideae, ni bin ʒi zuliya din nyɛ Pooideae. Shinkaafa zuliya shɛli, Oryza, nyɛla Oryzeae balibu pia ni yini puuni shɛli; di mabia n-nyɛPhyllorachideae. Shinkaafa bali O. sativa din diri mini O. glaberrima nyɛla din bee balibu kɔbisita puuni shɛli ni.[15]

Poaceae

other grasses

PACMAD clade

(inc. the C4 grasses, maize, sorghum)

BOP clade
Oryzoideae

Streptogyneae

Ehrharteae

Phyllorachideae

Oryzeae

Wild rices inc. Zizania

Oryza

other rice species and subspecies

O. sativa (Asian rice)

O. glaberrima (African rice)

Bambusoideae (bamboos)

Pooideae (grasses and cereals inc. wheat, barley)

Taarihi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Main article: History of rice cultivation
Bas-relief of 9th century Borobudur in Indonesia describes rice barns and rice plants infested by mice.

Shinkaafa din nyɛ Oryza sativa nyɛla China nima ni daa tuu pili shɛli yuun tusaawɔin din gari ha polo,[16] ban daa pili li n-nyɛ Neolithic niriba ban be Upper mini Lower Yangtze, ban miri ban tɔɣisiri Hmong-Mien mini pre-Austronesians, zaŋ doli taba.[17][18][19][20][21] Shinkaafa balli din nyɛ indica mini japonica zaŋ ti Asianyɛla din yina China shinkaafa bali yini din nyɛ Oryza rufipogon puuni.[22][21] Lala shɛhira ŋɔ nyaaŋa, di wuhiya ni indica shikaafa pilila japonica ni daa kpe India kamani yuun tusaanahi ni kɔbisinu din gari la ka bɛ che ka di mini shinkaafa shɛli laɣim taba namshɛli, Di ni tooi nyɛ "proto-indica" bee "wild O. nivara" din daa ka yiŋa.[23]

Shinkaafa daa tuumi kpe Sino-Tibetan kaya ni taɣada ni northern China kamani yuun tusaayɔbu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisiyɔbu din gari,[24][25][18] ka kpe Korean peninsula minji Japan kamani yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaata ni kɔbishii din gari.[26][27] Bɛ daa lahi ʒili kpe Taiwan, Dapenkeng n-daa ʒili kpe kamani yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaanahi din gari la, ka daa naan yi niŋ bayana south polo ka di nyɛla Austronesia yaakoro niŋdiba n-daa ʒili kpe Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, ni Guam, amaa ka daa bi niŋ nyɛvuli Pacific polo.[17][28][29]Di paai la Austroasiatic mini Kra-Dai zuliyanima ban be Mainland Southeast Asia mini southern China kamani yuun tusaanu din gari la.[17][30]

Shinkaafa yɛligila dunia yaɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ ni korili shɛm ni, yaakoro ni daabiligu, ka di America paabu ni tooi nyɛ Columbia nima binyɛra taɣibu ni yuuni 1492.[31] Oryza glaberrima din dii bi lahi niŋ bayana (Gbansabila shinkaafa) daa nyɛla din be Africako yuun tusaata din gari la,[31] ka Spanish daa ʒili kpe America polo.[32]


Daabiligu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Rice production – 2021
Country Millions of tonnes
Tɛmplet:CHN 213
Tɛmplet:IND 195
Tɛmplet:BGD 57
Tɛmplet:IDN 54
Tɛmplet:VNM 44
Tɛmplet:THA 30
World 787[33]

Malibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
See also: List of countries by rice production

Yuuni 2021, dunia shinkafa daa yiɣisila 787 million tonnes, China mini India n-daa be tooni ni vaabu 52% lala kalinli maa puuni.[33] Binbila ni di daa byɛla din doni bunahi zuɣu, dakanda, kariwana, ni "wheat" nuu daa yi yi.[34] Ban daa lahi koli pam n-daa nyɛ Bangladesh, Indonesia ni Vietnam.[34] vaabu 90% yirila Asia na.[35]

  • Production of rice (2021)[34]
    Production of rice (2021)[34]
  • Tum yuuni 2000, shinkaafa kɔbu nyɛla din kpaŋsi, amaa ka di niŋbu leei siɣi tiŋa.
    Tum yuuni 2000, shinkaafa kɔbu nyɛla din kpaŋsi,
    amaa ka di niŋbu leei siɣi tiŋa.

Kpuɣibu taarihi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Dunia shikaafa ko n-kpuɣu taarihi daa nyɛla "4.7 metric tons per hectare (2.1 short tons per acre)", yuuni 2022.[36] Yuan Longping zaŋ ti China's National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center daa zalila dunia shinkaafa ho n-kpuɣi taarihi yuuni 1999 ni " 17.1 metric tons per hectare (7.6 short tons per acre)" polo shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ buɣisi puuni. din bɔŋɔ daa ʒi shinkaafa balibu zaɣ'pala na ni "System of Rice Intensification" (SRI), shinkaafa kɔbu kaŋkali shɛli.[37]

Bindirigu sɔŋsim

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di n yɛla bindiri kpani Asia, Latin America, ni Africa yaɣ'shɛŋa,[38] ka dihiri gari dunia ninsali biɛlim pubu yim.[39] Amaa, amaa di shɛŋ tooi kpalindi mɔri ni di kpuɣibu ni, zalibu ni, ni nɛmbu shee. Di pirigili gba mi pirigili nyɛla din barigiri Nigeria di kpuɣibu nyaaŋa. Di ni saɣindi shɛm n-nyɛ binnɛma saɣimbu din deei yi niŋ ka shinkaafa maa bi kuui viɛnyɛla. China tiŋgbani ni, ʒmaamani kpalansi ni bariginu daa nyɛla 0.2%,zaŋ ŋmahindi vaabu 7–13% saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na kuli zaani nadaa zalibu yinsi ni.[40]

Processing

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bɛ nɛmdi li mi n-yihiri di pɔɣir, di pɔgiri mini di biɛlim. Di ni tooi yihi yim, buyi, bee nembu so'bɔbigu, di puɣisibu, waligibu, polipoli niŋbu, ni zahimbu.[41] Shinkaafa din nahingbaŋ nyɛ zaɣ'tankpaɣu ka di pɔɣiri bi diri nyɛla bɛ ni puɣisiri shɛli.[42] Ka bɛ naan yi lahi labi mali li ka di nini neei.[42] "Parboiled rice" nyɛla bɛ ni kɔɣiri shɛli pɔi ka naan yi nɛmdi li. Di chemi kabiɛlim maa kpaŋda, ka alaafee yɛlibɔra din be pɔɣu maa ni nyɛla din kperi biɛlim maa ni.[42] [43] Shinkaafa nyɛla bindiri suŋ din mali alaafee zaŋ ti dunia nima pam, amaa di ka laafee yɛlibɔra zaa.[44]

Daabiligu niŋbu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Shinkaafa din niŋdi daabiligu pɔri gari bɛ ni kɔri kpuɣiri shɛli, din kuli duri tiŋduya ti ka di nyɛ daabiligu ku paai kamani vaabu 8%. China, ban daa mali shinkaafa duri tiŋ'duya 2000s piligu ha, n-daa nyɛ ban da shinkaafa kpe bɛ ya pam yuuni 2013.[45] Tinsi din na lɛbigiri ni ka shinkaafa mali yaa; kamani zaŋ kana yuuni 2012, India n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani din yihi shinkaafa ti tinsi pam, ka Thailand mini Vietnam mini tiŋ'shɛŋa naan yi pahi.[46]

Bindirigu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tɛmplet:Infobox nutritional value

Main article: Rice as food

Dibu taɣimalisi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Shinkaafa nyɛla bindiri shɛli bɛ ni diri dunia yaɣa pam. Shinkaafa balibu pula zaɣi jihi, zaɣ'waɣila, ni din be su sunsuuni. Oryza sativa indica balibu nyɛla din biɛlim tooi waɣa; Oryza sativa japonica balibu tooi nyɛla zaɣ'jihi- bee din be sunsuuni. Shinkaafa din belim ji, gbaai yihi Spanish Bomba, tooi zoola shinkaafa din nyɔɣiri taba di yi duɣi. Thai Jasmine rice nyɛla shinkaafa din belim waɣa, ka bala. Indian Basmati rice nyɛla din belim waɣi pam. Italian Arborio rice, bɛ ni mali shɛli m-maani risotto, nyɛla din dii bi waɣa ka mi bi ji, zaɣ'mɔɣiliŋ, ka dabisi bela. Japanese sushi nyɛla din ji ka nyɔɣiri taba.[47]

Alaafee

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Shinkaafa piɛli din duɣi malila kom vaabu 69% , 29% carbohydrates, 2% protein, ka mali "negligible fat (table)". Shɛhira din daa niŋ ni shinkaafa piɛlli din daa duɣi 100 grams (3.5 oz), daa malila "130 calories" din pahiri yaa, ka mali manganese (18% DV), ka alaafee yɛlibɔra din nyɛ zaɣ'bihibihi mi bi paai 10% di ni tooi ti dabisili puuni.[48] Yuuni 2018, World Health Organization daa paŋsimi ni bɛ pahimi shinkaafa ni "iron", ka lahi yɛli ni bɛ ni tooi lahi pahili vitamin A ni folic acid.[49]

Golden rice

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Main article: Golden rice

Di nyɛla shinaafa shɛli bɛ ni maani ni tabiibi, ka di mali vitamin A, shinkaafa maa pɔɣiri din pɔbi di puuni. Di niya nyɛla niriba diri li luɣ'shɛŋa Vitamin A dɔro ni mali yaa.[50][51] Golden rice nyɛla ye'duhiriba ni bi saɣiti shɛli, kamani Philippines.[52] Yuuni 2016 "Nobel laureates" daa gari kɔbiga kpaŋsi "genetically modified organisms"zaŋ ku bukaata, kamani golden rice, ka di nyɛl;a anfaani shƐli di ni yɛn tooi ʒina zuɣu.[53]


Ninsalinima kaya ni taɣada ni

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Ancient statue of the rice goddess Dewi Sri from Java (c. 9th century)

Shinkaafa nyɛla din mali bukaata adiini mini biɛhigu ni dihitabili ni pam. Hindu amiliya nima niŋbu ni, shinaafa, din wuhiri dɔɣim, toontibo, ni kasi, nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli labiri niŋdi tabiibi buɣim ni, taɣada din niɣim ʒaamani amiliyanima ni, ka niriba labiri shinkaafa.[54] Malay amiliyanima niŋbu ni, shinkaafa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli m-pahiri bindira pam.[55] Japan mini Philippines, shinkaafa daam nyɛla din pahiri amiliyanima mini laɣin shɛŋa ni.[56] Dewi Sri nyɛla buɣ'bili zaŋ ti Indo-Malaysian archipelago, a obi tɛhiri ni di nyɛla din leeri shinkaafa mini bindiri shɛŋa.[57] Shinkaafa kobu Asia tiŋgbana ni mini Nepal ni Cambodia nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli ni kɔbu chuɣu puhibu.[58][59][60]


Lihi pahi

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Karim pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • (August 4, 2014) "Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens". Annual Review of Phytopathology 52 (1): 213–241. DOI:10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926. PMID 24906128.
  • Deb, D. (October 2019). "Restoring Rice Biodiversity". Scientific American 321 (4): 54–61. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1019-54. “India originally possessed some 110,000 landraces of rice with diverse and valuable properties. These include enrichment in vital nutrients and the ability to withstand flood, drought, salinity or pest infestations. The Green Revolution covered fields with a few high-yielding varieties, so that roughly 90 percent of the landraces vanished from farmers' collections. High-yielding varieties require expensive inputs. They perform abysmally on marginal farms or in adverse environmental conditions, forcing poor farmers into debt.”
  • Singh, B. N. (2018). Global Rice Cultivation & Cultivars. New Delhi: Studium Press. ISBN 978-1-62699-107-1. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.

Tɛmplet:Varieties of rice Tɛmplet:Rice production Tɛmplet:Cereals Tɛmplet:Rice dishes

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Oryza sativa L.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ↑ The Rice Plant.
  3. ↑ (December 31, 2022) "Performance of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Influenced by Combine Effect of Season and Sowing Pattern in Zigau". Journal of Rice Research and Developments 5 (2). DOI:10.36959/973/440.
  4. ↑ The Rice Plant and How it Grows.
  5. ↑ Beighley, Donn H. (2010). "Growth and Production of Rice". In Verheye, Willy H. (ed.). Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II. EOLSS Publishers. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-84826-368-0.
  6. ↑ How to plant rice. International Rice Research Institute.
  7. ↑ Transplanting. International Rice Research Institute.
  8. ↑ Uphoff, Norman. More rice with less water through SRI - the System of Rice Intensification. Cornell University.
  9. ↑ Water Management. International Rice Research Institute.
  10. ↑ Catling, David (1992). "Deepwater Rice Cultures in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin". Rice in Deep Water. International Rice Research Institute. p. 2. ISBN 978-971-22-0005-2.
  11. ↑ Gupta, Phool Chand; O'Toole, J. C. O'Toole (1986). Upland Rice: A Global Perspective. International Rice Research Institute. ISBN 978-971-10-4172-4.
  12. ↑ Harvesting systems. International Rice Research Institute.
  13. ↑ Harvesting. International Rice Research Institute.
  14. ↑ Drying. International Rice Research Institute.
  15. ↑ (2017) "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 (4): 259–290. DOI:10.1111/jse.12262.
  16. ↑ (2022) "Rice domestication". Current Biology 32 (1): R20–R24. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025. PMID 35015986.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 (December 9, 2011) "The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator". Rice 4 (3–4): 93–103. DOI:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 (June 7, 2017) "Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China". The Holocene 27 (12): 1885–1898. DOI:10.1177/0959683617708455.
  19. ↑ (December 24, 2011) "Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet". Rice 4 (3–4): 178–183. DOI:10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x.
  20. ↑ (2008) "The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal". Asian Perspectives 47 (2).
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 (2008) "The evolving story of rice evolution". Plant Science 174 (4): 394–408. DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016.
  22. ↑ (2011) "Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (20): 8351–8356. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1104686108. PMID 21536870.
  23. ↑ Choi, Jae (2017). "The Rice Paradox: Multiple Origins but Single Domestication in Asian Rice". Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (4): 969–979. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msx049. PMID 28087768.
  24. ↑ (December 17, 2012) "Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China". PLOS ONE 7 (12): e52146. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146. PMID 23284907.
  25. ↑ Fuller, Dorian Q. (2011). "Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures". Rice 4 (3–4): 78–92. DOI:10.1007/s12284-011-9078-7.
  26. ↑ (1998) "The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia". Antiquity 72 (278): 858–866. DOI:10.1017/S0003598X00087494.
  27. ↑ (March 2003) "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". Antiquity 77 (295): 87–95. DOI:10.1017/s0003598x00061378.
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  32. ↑ National Research Council (1996). "African Rice". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains. 1. National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/2305. ISBN 978-0-309-04990-0. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2008.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Rice production in 2021; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (from pick lists). FAOSTAT, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (2023).
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2021. doi:10.4060/cb4477en. ISBN 978-92-5-134332-6. S2CID 240163091. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
  35. ↑ (October 11, 2019) "Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition". Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65 (Supplement): S2–S3. DOI:10.3177/jnsv.65.S2. PMID 31619630.
  36. ↑ FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2022 data. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2022).
  37. ↑ Yuan, Longping (2010). A Scientist's Perspective on Experience with SRI in China for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice. Cornell University.
  38. ↑ Food Staple. National Geographic Education.
  39. ↑ (October 11, 2019) "Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition". Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65 (Supplement): S2–S3. DOI:10.3177/jnsv.65.S2. PMID 31619630.
  40. ↑ (January 15, 2017) "Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries". Foods 6 (1). DOI:10.3390/foods6010008. PMID 28231087.
  41. ↑ Milling. International Rice Research Institute.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Types of rice. Rice Association.
  43. ↑ (November 18, 2013) "Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet". Nutrients 5 (11): 4553–4565. DOI:10.3390/nu5114553. PMID 24253052.
  44. ↑ (2002) "Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy". Field Crops Research 75 (1): 1–7. DOI:10.1016/s0378-4290(02)00006-0.
  45. ↑ Cendrowski, Scott (July 25, 2013). The Rice Rush.
  46. ↑ Chilkoti, A. (October 30, 2012). "India and the Price of Rice". Financial Times (London). http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN.
  47. ↑ Types of rice. The Rice Association.
  48. ↑ FoodData Central: Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked, unenriched. US Department of Agriculture (April 2018).
  49. ↑ L. M., De-Regil; J. P., Peña-Rosas; A., Laillou; R., Moench-Pfanner; L. A., Mejia; et al. (2018). Guideline: Fortification of Rice with Vitamins and Minerals as a Public Health Strategy. World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241550291. PMID 30307723. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  50. ↑ Golden Rice Q&A. Golden Rice Project.
  51. ↑ (January 14, 2000) "Engineering the Provitamin A (β-Carotene) Biosynthetic Pathway into (Carotenoid-Free) Rice Endosperm". Science 287 (5451): 303–305. DOI:10.1126/science.287.5451.303. PMID 10634784.
  52. ↑ Lynas, Mark (August 26, 2013). Anti-GMO Activists Lie About Attack on Rice Crop (and About So Many Other Things).
  53. ↑ Roberts, Richard J. (2018). "The Nobel Laureates' Campaign Supporting GMOs". Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 3 (2): 61–65. DOI:10.1016/j.jik.2017.12.006.
  54. ↑ (2006) "Rice in religion and tradition". 2nd International Rice Congress, October 9–13, 2006: 45–52.
  55. ↑ (2013) "The Roles and Symbolism of Foods in Malay Wedding Ceremony". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101: 268–276. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.200.
  56. ↑ (2001) "Alcoholic rice beverages". Asian Agri-History 5 (4): 309–319.
  57. ↑ Wessing, Robert (1990). "Sri and Sedana and Sita and Rama: Myths of Fertility and Generation". Asian Folklore Studies 49 (2): 235–257. DOI:10.2307/1178035.
  58. ↑ "Cambodia marks beginning of farming season with royal ploughing ceremony" (en). Xinhua. March 21, 2017. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/03/c_137153698.htm.
  59. ↑ Ceremony Predicts Good Year (May 23, 2016).
  60. ↑ Sen, S. (July 2, 2019). Ancient royal paddy planting ceremony marked.
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