The 1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi was held on November 6, 1956. Mississippi voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
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Ever since the end of Reconstruction, Mississippi had been a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. The Republican Party was virtually nonexistent as a result of disenfranchisement among African Americans and poor whites, including voter intimidation against those who refused to vote Democratic.
From the time of Henry A. Wallace's appointment as vice president and the 1943 Detroit race riots,[2] however, the northern left wing of the Democratic Party became committed to restoring black political rights,[3] a policy vehemently opposed by all Southern Democrats as an infringement upon "states' rights". Consequently, the four states with the highest proportions of (disenfranchised) African-Americans in the populations listed South Carolina Governor James Strom Thurmond instead of national Democratic nominee Harry S. Truman as the "Democratic" nominee in the 1948 presidential election. Although Thurmond easily carried South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana, Truman won the election.
Nevertheless, demands for civil rights legislation continued to intensify during the following eight years, although the pressing issue of the Korean War meant that Southern Democrats did not run a third-party ticket in 1952;[4] however dissatisfaction with Democrat Adlai Stevenson on civil rights meant Dwight Eisenhower (listed as an "Independent" on the 1952 Mississippi ballot)[5] gained considerable support from the exclusively white electorate of black belt counties,[6] despite having a virtually identical position on civil rights.[4]
After the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954, however, Mississippi's rulers realized they could not rely on either major party to enforce segregation and white supremacy. The Citizens' Councils sought to map a regional caucus to deal with this issue, but it feared a split as had occurred in 1948.[7] Nevertheless, the Citizens' Councils did place a slate of unpledged electors on the ballot alongside Eisenhower and Stevenson electors, although state officials, especially incumbent Governor James P. Coleman, strongly opposed them.[8]
Polls
edit| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Fort Worth Star-Telegram[9] | Safe D | November 2, 1956 |
| The Clarion-Ledger[10] | Safe D | November 4, 1956 |
| The Daily Herald[11] | Safe D | November 5, 1956 |
Results
edit| 1956 United States presidential election in Mississippi[12] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democrat | Adlai Stevenson II | 144,498 | 58.23% | 8 | |
| Mississippi Republican/Black and Tan GOP | Dwight D. Eisenhower (incumbent) | 60,685[b] | 24.46% | 0 | |
| Dixiecrat | Unpledged electors | 42,966 | 17.31% | 0 | |
| Totals | 248,149 | 100.00% | 8 | ||
Results by county
edit| County | Adlai Stevenson Democratic |
Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican |
Unpledged Electors States’ Rights |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 1,279 | 31.24% | 1,664 | 40.64% | 1,151 | 28.11% | -385 | -9.40% | 4,094 |
| Alcorn | 3,143 | 77.19% | 827 | 20.31% | 102 | 2.50% | 2,316 | 56.88% | 4,072 |
| Amite | 802 | 46.74% | 255 | 14.86% | 659 | 38.40% | 143[c] | 8.34% | 1,716 |
| Attala | 1,793 | 67.46% | 445 | 16.74% | 420 | 15.80% | 1,348 | 50.72% | 2,658 |
| Benton | 786 | 83.26% | 108 | 11.44% | 50 | 5.30% | 678 | 71.82% | 944 |
| Bolivar | 1,176 | 33.49% | 754 | 21.48% | 1,581 | 45.03% | -405[c] | -11.54% | 3,511 |
| Calhoun | 1,763 | 79.52% | 301 | 13.58% | 153 | 6.90% | 1,462 | 65.94% | 2,217 |
| Carroll | 1,080 | 69.63% | 234 | 15.09% | 237 | 15.28% | 843[c] | 54.35% | 1,551 |
| Chickasaw | 1,650 | 80.25% | 231 | 11.24% | 175 | 8.51% | 1,419 | 69.01% | 2,056 |
| Choctaw | 1,117 | 79.56% | 221 | 15.74% | 66 | 4.70% | 896 | 63.82% | 1,404 |
| Claiborne | 339 | 41.24% | 191 | 23.24% | 292 | 35.52% | 47[c] | 5.72% | 822 |
| Clarke | 1,763 | 73.24% | 500 | 20.77% | 144 | 5.98% | 1,263 | 52.47% | 2,407 |
| Clay | 1,225 | 54.52% | 410 | 18.25% | 612 | 27.24% | 613[c] | 27.28% | 2,247 |
| Coahoma | 1,677 | 50.83% | 1,082 | 32.80% | 540 | 16.37% | 595 | 18.03% | 3,299 |
| Copiah | 1,270 | 55.12% | 387 | 16.80% | 647 | 28.08% | 623[c] | 27.04% | 2,304 |
| Covington | 1,382 | 67.38% | 386 | 18.82% | 283 | 13.80% | 996 | 48.56% | 2,051 |
| DeSoto | 1,236 | 66.96% | 398 | 21.56% | 212 | 11.48% | 838 | 45.40% | 1,846 |
| Forrest | 1,928 | 32.06% | 2,256 | 37.52% | 1,829 | 30.42% | -328 | -5.46% | 6,013 |
| Franklin | 862 | 55.83% | 177 | 11.46% | 505 | 32.71% | 357[c] | 23.12% | 1,544 |
| George | 1,150 | 69.24% | 403 | 24.26% | 108 | 6.50% | 747 | 44.98% | 1,661 |
| Greene | 734 | 59.72% | 351 | 28.56% | 144 | 11.72% | 383 | 31.16% | 1,229 |
| Grenada | 949 | 43.37% | 407 | 18.60% | 832 | 38.03% | 117[c] | 5.34% | 2,188 |
| Hancock | 1,179 | 44.09% | 1,421 | 53.14% | 74 | 2.77% | -242 | -9.05% | 2,674 |
| Harrison | 6,549 | 50.37% | 5,742 | 44.17% | 710 | 5.46% | 807 | 6.20% | 13,001 |
| Hinds | 7,104 | 35.03% | 7,015 | 34.59% | 6,159 | 30.37% | 89 | 0.44% | 20,278 |
| Holmes | 872 | 40.77% | 215 | 10.05% | 1,052 | 49.18% | -180[c] | -8.41% | 2,139 |
| Humphreys | 576 | 44.51% | 127 | 9.81% | 591 | 45.67% | -15[c] | -1.16% | 1,294 |
| Issaquena | 172 | 59.52% | 42 | 14.53% | 75 | 25.95% | 97[c] | 33.57% | 289 |
| Itawamba | 2,310 | 86.68% | 298 | 11.18% | 57 | 2.14% | 2,012 | 75.50% | 2,665 |
| Jackson | 3,882 | 56.21% | 2,692 | 38.98% | 332 | 4.81% | 1,190 | 17.23% | 6,906 |
| Jasper | 1,958 | 80.08% | 287 | 11.74% | 200 | 8.18% | 1,671 | 68.34% | 2,445 |
| Jefferson | 440 | 45.74% | 189 | 19.65% | 333 | 34.62% | 107[c] | 11.12% | 962 |
| Jefferson Davis | 1,049 | 73.41% | 156 | 10.92% | 224 | 15.68% | 825[c] | 57.73% | 1,429 |
| Jones | 5,137 | 62.17% | 2,463 | 29.81% | 663 | 8.02% | 2,674 | 32.36% | 8,263 |
| Kemper | 1,586 | 87.00% | 173 | 9.49% | 64 | 3.51% | 1,413 | 77.51% | 1,823 |
| Lafayette | 1,968 | 72.86% | 575 | 21.29% | 158 | 5.85% | 1,393 | 51.57% | 2,701 |
| Lamar | 805 | 46.86% | 429 | 24.97% | 484 | 28.17% | 321[c] | 18.69% | 1,718 |
| Lauderdale | 5,414 | 59.32% | 2,817 | 30.86% | 896 | 9.82% | 2,597 | 28.46% | 9,127 |
| Lawrence | 1,025 | 67.48% | 276 | 18.17% | 218 | 14.35% | 749 | 49.31% | 1,519 |
| Leake | 2,475 | 82.53% | 220 | 7.34% | 304 | 10.14% | 2,171[c] | 72.39% | 2,999 |
| Lee | 3,883 | 75.30% | 929 | 18.01% | 345 | 6.69% | 2,954 | 57.29% | 5,157 |
| Leflore | 1,769 | 49.30% | 887 | 24.72% | 932 | 25.98% | 837[c] | 23.32% | 3,588 |
| Lincoln | 1,942 | 51.47% | 848 | 22.48% | 983 | 26.05% | 959[c] | 25.42% | 3,773 |
| Lowndes | 2,308 | 55.94% | 1,205 | 29.21% | 613 | 14.86% | 1,103 | 26.73% | 4,126 |
| Madison | 996 | 41.59% | 377 | 15.74% | 1,022 | 42.67% | -26[c] | -1.08% | 2,395 |
| Marion | 1,751 | 57.75% | 611 | 20.15% | 670 | 22.10% | 1,081[c] | 35.65% | 3,032 |
| Marshall | 1,192 | 70.37% | 287 | 16.94% | 215 | 12.69% | 905 | 53.43% | 1,694 |
| Monroe | 3,630 | 78.50% | 705 | 15.25% | 289 | 6.25% | 2,925 | 63.25% | 4,624 |
| Montgomery | 1,134 | 63.74% | 278 | 15.63% | 367 | 20.63% | 767[c] | 43.11% | 1,779 |
| Neshoba | 2,827 | 77.90% | 502 | 13.83% | 300 | 8.27% | 2,325 | 64.07% | 3,629 |
| Newton | 2,359 | 75.46% | 360 | 11.52% | 407 | 13.02% | 1,952[c] | 62.44% | 3,126 |
| Noxubee | 690 | 52.27% | 257 | 19.47% | 373 | 28.26% | 317[c] | 24.01% | 1,320 |
| Oktibbeha | 1,552 | 58.79% | 702 | 26.59% | 386 | 14.62% | 850 | 32.20% | 2,640 |
| Panola | 1,741 | 66.17% | 519 | 19.73% | 371 | 14.10% | 1,222 | 46.44% | 2,631 |
| Pearl River | 1,274 | 44.73% | 1,129 | 39.64% | 445 | 15.63% | 145 | 5.09% | 2,848 |
| Perry | 581 | 52.82% | 347 | 31.55% | 172 | 15.64% | 234 | 21.27% | 1,100 |
| Pike | 1,714 | 41.74% | 1,210 | 29.47% | 1,182 | 28.79% | 504 | 12.27% | 4,106 |
| Pontotoc | 2,320 | 82.50% | 335 | 11.91% | 157 | 5.58% | 1,985 | 70.59% | 2,812 |
| Prentiss | 1,942 | 80.95% | 383 | 15.96% | 74 | 3.08% | 1,559 | 64.99% | 2,399 |
| Quitman | 954 | 63.64% | 276 | 18.41% | 269 | 17.95% | 678 | 45.23% | 1,499 |
| Rankin | 1,537 | 49.76% | 556 | 18.00% | 996 | 32.24% | 541[c] | 17.52% | 3,089 |
| Scott | 2,077 | 65.50% | 503 | 15.86% | 591 | 18.64% | 1,486[c] | 46.86% | 3,171 |
| Sharkey | 308 | 37.02% | 211 | 25.36% | 313 | 37.62% | -5[c] | -0.60% | 832 |
| Simpson | 2,140 | 67.11% | 467 | 14.64% | 582 | 18.25% | 1,558[c] | 48.86% | 3,189 |
| Smith | 2,055 | 80.81% | 277 | 10.89% | 211 | 8.30% | 1,778 | 69.92% | 2,543 |
| Stone | 761 | 65.15% | 293 | 25.09% | 114 | 9.76% | 468 | 40.06% | 1,168 |
| Sunflower | 1,585 | 50.80% | 520 | 16.67% | 1,015 | 32.53% | 570[c] | 18.27% | 3,120 |
| Tallahatchie | 1,969 | 73.28% | 341 | 12.69% | 377 | 14.03% | 1,592[c] | 59.25% | 2,687 |
| Tate | 1,414 | 80.85% | 171 | 9.78% | 164 | 9.38% | 1,243 | 71.07% | 1,749 |
| Tippah | 2,569 | 86.94% | 287 | 9.71% | 99 | 3.35% | 2,282 | 77.23% | 2,955 |
| Tishomingo | 1,577 | 72.67% | 516 | 23.78% | 77 | 3.55% | 1,061 | 48.89% | 2,170 |
| Tunica | 470 | 56.22% | 200 | 23.92% | 166 | 19.86% | 270 | 32.30% | 836 |
| Union | 2,882 | 82.48% | 427 | 12.22% | 185 | 5.29% | 2,455 | 70.26% | 3,494 |
| Walthall | 1,143 | 66.26% | 306 | 17.74% | 276 | 16.00% | 837 | 48.52% | 1,725 |
| Warren | 1,857 | 34.85% | 2,419 | 45.40% | 1,052 | 19.74% | -562 | -10.55% | 5,328 |
| Washington | 2,722 | 49.58% | 1,973 | 35.94% | 795 | 14.48% | 749 | 13.64% | 5,490 |
| Wayne | 1,493 | 70.13% | 373 | 17.52% | 263 | 12.35% | 1,120 | 52.61% | 2,129 |
| Webster | 1,412 | 80.92% | 188 | 10.77% | 145 | 8.31% | 1,224 | 70.15% | 1,745 |
| Wilkinson | 260 | 30.55% | 240 | 28.20% | 351 | 41.25% | -91[c] | -10.70% | 851 |
| Winston | 2,132 | 78.82% | 361 | 13.35% | 212 | 7.84% | 1,771 | 65.47% | 2,705 |
| Yalobusha | 1,015 | 59.85% | 414 | 24.41% | 267 | 15.74% | 601 | 35.44% | 1,696 |
| Yazoo | 911 | 29.50% | 370 | 11.98% | 1,807 | 58.52% | -896[c] | -29.02% | 3,088 |
| Totals | 144,498 | 58.23% | 60,685 | 24.46% | 42,966 | 17.31% | 83,813 | 33.77% | 248,149 |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Unpledged
editCounties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
editCounties that flipped from Democratic to Unpledged
editCounties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
editAnalysis
editUltimately Mississippi was to vote for Stevenson by a convincing margin of 33.76 points, as the 1952 Eisenhower vote in the black belt was substantially turned over to the unpledged slate, whilst Stevenson held almost all of the vote he received in 1952. Mississippi was Stevenson's second-strongest state behind Georgia and in terms of popular vote Eisenhower's weakest.
As of 2020 election, 1956 would nonetheless remain the last election where a Democrat has gained a majority of the vote in Mississippi. The party's increasing embrace of civil rights for blacks would turn the state over to another unpledged slate in 1960, then overwhelmingly to the Republican nominee Barry Goldwater in 1964, who had been one of only six Republicans to vote against the Civil Rights Act.[14] With the enfranchisement of the state's blacks via the Voting Rights Act, the majority white population would overwhelmingly move toward the Republican Party.[15] Since 1964 only Jimmy Carter in 1976 has carried Mississippi for the Democratic Party—and even Southern evangelical Carter's performance was his third-weakest in the extended South[d] behind his narrow losses in Virginia and Oklahoma.
No Democratic presidential nominee has carried the following counties since Stevenson did so in this election: Lamar, Lauderdale, Lincoln, Lowndes, Newton, Rankin, Scott and Simpson.[16] Stevenson is also the last Democrat to carry Clarke County outright, but Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan tied there with 3,303 votes apiece in 1980.[17] Oktibbeha County would not vote Democratic again until Barack Obama carried it in 2008. This is also the last election in which the Democratic nominee carried Mississippi without winning the presidency or that a Republican won two terms without ever winning the state.
Notes
edit- ^ Although he was born in Texas and grew up in Kansas before his military career, at the time of his election Eisenhower was president of Columbia University and was, officially, a resident of New York. During his first term as president, he moved his private residence to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and officially changed his residency to Pennsylvania.
- ^ Eisenhower vote is a fusion of 56,372 Mississippi Republican Party votes and 4,313 Mississippi Black and Tan Grand Old Party votes. The two slates had different electors so their votes did not constitute a true fusion.[13]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad In this county where Eisenhower ran third behind both Stevenson and the unpledged slate, margin given is Stevenson vote minus unpledged vote and percentage margin Stevenson percentage minus unpledged percentage.
- ^ "Extended South" includes all the former Confederate States, the five border slave states, and Oklahoma, which gained statehood only in 1907 but which had practiced slavery before the Civil War.
References
edit- ^ "The Presidents". David Leip. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Eisenhower's home state for the 1956 Election was Pennsylvania
- ^ Scher, Richard K. (December 31, 1996). Politics in the New South: Republicanism, Race and Leadership in the Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe. p. 95. ISBN 1563248484.
- ^ Frederickson, Karl A. (2001). The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 39. ISBN 0807849103.
- ^ a b McAdam, Doug; Karina, Kloos (August 18, 2014). Deeply Divided: Racial Politics and Social Movements in Post-War America. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-0199937868.
- ^ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1952 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi
- ^ Ward, Jason Morgan (November 21, 2011). Defending White Democracy: The Making of a Segregationist Movement and the Remaking of Racial Politics, 1936-1965. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0807869222.
- ^ McMillen, Neil R. (1994). The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64. University of Illinois Press. p. 317. ISBN 0252064410.
- ^ "Coleman Opposes SR Electors on Mississippi Ballot". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. September 21, 1956. pp. 1, 12.
- ^ "Final Babson Poll Shows Eisenhower Winning Easily". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. CTS. November 2, 1956. p. 22.
- ^ Worth, Gene (November 4, 1956). "State Will Give Nod to Demos, but Reluctantly; Four Slates of Electors Offered for Unenthusiastic Balloters". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. p. 1.
- ^ "Stevenson Given Strong Chance to Sweep Mississippi: Little Hope for Ike Supporters, States Righters". The Daily Herald. Biloxi, Mississippi. November 5, 1956. p. 1.
- ^ Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections; 1956 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi
- ^ "MS US President Race, November 06, 1956". Our Campaigns.
- ^ Thernstrom, Stephan; Thernstrom, Abigail (July 14, 2009). America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. Simon and Schuster. p. 151. ISBN 978-1439129098.
- ^ See Black, Earl (2021). "Competing Responses to the New Southern Politics: Republican and Democratic Southern Strategies, 1964-76". In Reed, John Shelton; Black, Merle (eds.). Perspectives on the American South: An Annual Review of Society, Politics, and Culture. Routledge. ISBN 9781136764882.
- ^ Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. McFarland. pp. 236–238. ISBN 0786422173.
- ^ "1980 Presidential General Election Data Graphs — Mississippi". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.