Wikipedia

2006 Mexican general election

General elections were held in Mexico on Sunday, 2 July 2006. Voters went to the polls to elect a new President of the Republic to serve a six-year term, replacing then President Vicente Fox (ineligible for re-election under the 1917 Constitution); 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies (300 by the first-past-the-post system and 200 by proportional representation) to serve for three-year terms; and 128 members of the Senate (three per state by limited voting and 32 by proportional representation from national party lists) to serve for six-year terms.

2006 Mexican general election
2 July 2006
Presidential election
← 2000
2012 →
Turnout58.55% (Decrease 5.42pp)
 
Nominee Felipe Calderón Andrés Manuel López Obrador Roberto Madrazo
Party PAN PRD PRI
Alliance Coalition for the Good of All Alliance for Mexico
Popular vote 15,000,284 14,756,350 9,301,441
Percentage 36.69% 36.09% 22.75%
President before election

Vicente Fox
PAN

Elected President

Felipe Calderón
PAN

Senate
← 2000
2012 →
All 128 seats in the Senate of the Republic
65 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/–
PAN

34.47 52 −8
Coalition for the Good of All

30.45 36 New
Alliance for Mexico

28.69 39 New
PNA

4.15 1 New
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chamber of Deputies
← 2003
2009 →
All 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
251 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/–
PAN

34.27 206 +55
Coalition for the Good of All

29.74 158 New
Alliance for Mexico

28.90 123 New
PNA

4.66 9 New
PASC

2.11 9 New
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Results by constituency

Several local ballots were also held on the same day, including the head and legislature of the federal district, governors of Guanajuato, Jalisco and Morelos and local councillors in several states.

Due to controversial events in Mexican politics in the years preceding the election, the negative and aggressive tone of the presidential campaign, the personal interference of President Vicente Fox to favor the candidate of his party the National Action Party of Felipe Calderón,[1] as well as the controversial and extremely close results that gave Calderón a lead of 0.6% of the vote (or 243,934 votes) over his rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (who subsequently refused to recognize the results and claimed that the election had been rigged against him), Mexico went through a political crisis for the remainder of the year, as López Obrador called for protests throughout the country and proclaimed himself to be the "Legitimate President", while legislators of his party protested the inauguration of Felipe Calderón as President on 1 December. At the same time, the southern state of Oaxaca was marked by severe civil unrest during 2006 after a teachers' strike was violently repressed by Governor Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, which led to protests calling for his resignation; the 2 July elections in many regions of that state were disturbed by the ongoing conflict.

Although there were nationwide protests by López Obrador's supporters calling for a complete recount of the votes, this was rejected by the Federal Electoral Tribunal, which only authorized a recount in less than 10% of the polling stations and later concluded that the irregularities in the election hadn't been grave enough to change the outcome of the election. On 5 September, Calderón was officially declared by the Tribunal as the winner of the election.

Analysts agree that Calderón's launch of the Mexican Drug War on 11 December (only ten days after taking office as President) was an extraordinary step to gain popular support and to cement his legitimacy in the aftermath of the convoluted elections and the subsequent crisis.[2][3][4]

Presidential candidates

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There were five registered candidates for the 2006 presidential election:

Party/Alliance Photo Candidate Slogan
National Action Party   Felipe Calderón Para que vivamos mejor
"So we can live better"
Coalition for the Good of All (PRD, PT, Convergence)   Andrés Manuel López Obrador Por el bien de todos, primero los pobres
"For the Good of All, the poor are first"
Alliance for Mexico (PRI, PVEM)   Roberto Madrazo Mover a México para que las cosas se hagan
"Moving Mexico to get things done"
Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party   Patricia Mercado Palabra de mujer
"A woman's word"
New Alliance Party Roberto Campa Uno de tres
"One out of three"

A non-registered candidate, Víctor González Torres (nicknamed "Dr. Simi" after the mascot of his national drugstore franchise) made a massive marketing campaign to enter the election, in spite of not being registered as an official candidate, and ran as a write-in candidate. His popular slogan was "The same only cheaper", but his campaign slogan was "To serve God and the people of Mexico". Ironically, he frequently stressed the fact that he paid all of his own campaign expenses, thus being the "cheapest" candidate. He was not considered a formal candidate but many press sources still publish his sayings and complaints against IFE, while some sources consider him a sort of "comic relief".

Assets, liabilities and annual expenses

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As of January 2005 only three candidates had made a public declaration of assets, liabilities and annual expenses. These figures were given in pesos, the total value of assets of each candidate follows at an exchange rate of 10.62 pesos to one United States dollar.[5]

Candidate Assets Liabilities Annual expenses As of (date)
López Obrador MX$1,295,358 / US$121,973 0 MX$1,165,650 / US$109,760 3 June 2004
Calderón MX$8,803,885 / US$828,991 – – 19 January 2006
Madrazo MX$29,398,668 / US$2,768,236 MX$39,290 / US$2,758 MX$475,000 / US$44,727 19 January 2006

Debates

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A first presidential debate was held on 25 April 2006 with the presence of all candidates with the notable exception of López Obrador. López Obrador had refused to participate in all debates, and said he would only participate in one since long before the first debate was scheduled. The rest of the candidates agreed on leaving an empty chair to symbolize that the fifth candidate was indeed invited.

The silla vacía (Spanish for "empty chair") became the topic of political commentary shows and the press. Excélsior called the empty chair a "double-edged sword"[6] coinciding with other publications and TV shows that leaving the empty chair could be construed as an insult to the audience and an attack to López Obrador. However, by the date of the debates, the statistical tendency in many polls had confirmed Calderón at the second spot and López Obrador still with a single digit advantage over him.

After the first debate some political commentators, media outlets, and polls indicated that Calderón[7] was seen as the winner of the debate, Mercado as the pleasant surprise of the night.[8] and a nervous Madrazo as the worst performer of the night.[9] However, political analysts also said that the debate was unnecessarily full of promises and personal attacks. Analysts considered that López Obrador was negatively affected by his absence and polls later confirmed Calderón having replaced López Obrador as the leading candidate.

A second debate took place on 6 June of the same year, from 20:30 to 22:30,[10] Central Time, with the confirmed presence of all candidates, including López Obrador. Media outlets have given results to telephone polls applied post-debate showing a mixed tendency. Most, like Reforma and Presente, gave Felipe Calderón the lead, but a few, like Diario Monitor, gave it to Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

However, the rise of López Obrador in voter preference polls since the debate seems to indicate that it was the PRD candidate who won it. One of the main causes for this victory may have been the Hildebrando accusation that López Obrador made during the debate.

Before the debate, Carlos Ahumada's wife threatened to release tapes involving allies of López Obrador in suspected acts of corruption, but the release was cancelled due to an attempted murder which is still under investigation. (See: Videoscandals).[11]

Victor González Torres, a national pharmacy entrepreneur nicknamed "Dr. Simi", declared himself a non-registered write-in candidate and tried to enter the building where the debate was to take place. González Torres demanded to be allowed participation in the debate, but he was not allowed to enter the building where he made the demand. He even brought his own chair. Candidates with no political parties are not permitted to compete in elections under Mexican law, and votes for all write-in candidates are counted together, regardless of which write-in candidate the vote was cast.

On 13 June 2006 all political parties, except Nueva Alianza, signed before members of the IFE the Democratic Agreement for the Equality, Legality and Gobernability, in which the main purpose was that everyone agree on a compromise to respect the results of the election.[12]

Opinion polls

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Opinion polls in the run-up to the election showed López Obrador and Calderón neck and neck. The last polls conducted before the polling blackout that begins eight days before the election all showed López Obrador and Calderón tied with the results within the margins of error. Both Reforma and El Universal newspapers, considered by many to be Mexico City's most influential, gave López Obrador a two-point edge over Calderón.

The candidates of the smaller parties also gained ground at the expense of Roberto Madrazo and López Obrador. The last poll from El Universal showed Patricia Mercado of Social Democratic and Farmer Alternative had gained enough support for her party to retain its registry. In the latest Zogby poll, Madrazo, however, trailed the leader Calderón by only 8 points and was only 4 points behind López Obrador.

Averaging the last ten polls conducted before the polling blackout (between 20 June and 23 June), López Obrador edged out Calderón by a razor-thin half percentage point with 35.1%. Calderón had 34.6% and Madrazo came in third with 26%.

Date Publisher López Obrador Calderón Madrazo
23 June 2006 Reforma 36% 34% 25%
23 June 2006 El Universal 36% 34% 26%
23 June 2006 Ulises Beltran y Asociados 34% 34% 26%
22 June 2006 Milenio Diario 35.4% 30.5% 29.6%
22 June 2006 GEA-ISA 36% 38% 23%
22 June 2006 Alducin y Asociados 34% 38% 24%
22 June 2006 Consulta Mitofsky 36% 33% 27%
21 June 2006 Indermerc 33% 32% 28%
21 June 2006 Marketing Político 34% 37% 26%
20 June 2006 Parametría[permanent dead link‍] 36.5% 32.5% 27%
19 June 2006 Zogby 31% 35% 27%
14 June 2006 Reforma 37% 35% 23%
13 June 2006 Milenio Diario 34.2% 31% 29.6%
13 June 2006 Consulta Mitofsky 35% 32% 28%
12 June 2006 El Universal 34% 37% 22%
11 June 2006 GEA-ISA 35% 39% 23%
6 June 2006 El Universal 36% 36% 24%
6 June 2006 Parametría 35.5% 34.4% 27%
5 June 2006 BGC, Beltrán y Asociados 35% 35% 26%
29 May 2006 Milenio Diario 33% 33% 3%
29 May 2006 Consulta Mitofsky[permanent dead link‍] 34% 34% 28%
28 May 2006 GEA-ISA 31% 40% 27%
24 May 2006 Reforma% 35% 39% 22%
19 May 2006 Zogby 29% 34% 22%
15 May 2006 El Universal 35% 39% 21%
8 May 2006 Parametría 34% 36% 26%
4 May 2006 GEA-ISA 31% 41% 25%
3 May 2006 Consulta Mitofsky 34% 35% 27%
3 May 2006 Reforma 33% 40% 22%
2 May 2006 Milenio Diario 33% 36% 28%
23 April 2006 Parametría 35% 33% 28%
17 April 2006 El Universal 38% 34% 25%
6 April 2006 Milenio Diario 34% 31% 31%
6 April 2006 Arcop* 33% 36% 29%
27 March 2006 Consulta Mitofsky 37.5% 30.6% 28.8%
27 March 2006 BIMSA 31.2% 25.5% 21.4%
21 March 2006 GEA-ISA 34% 36% 28%
16 March 2006 Reforma 41% 31% 25%
13 March 2006 El Universal 42% 32% 24%
22 February 2006 Consulta Mitofsky 39.4% 29.8% 27.5%
21 February 2006 GEA-ISA 34% 27% 22%
21 February 2006 Reforma 38% 31% 29
20 February 2006 El Universal 30% 27% 22%
23 January 2006 GEA-ISA 35% 35% 29%
26 January 2006 El Universal 33% 27% 2%
20 January 2006 Parametria 35.7% 27.4% 26.2%
20 January 2006 TV Azteca 38% 31% 28
19 January 2006 Reforma 34% 26% 22%
19 January 2006 La Jornada* 39% 27% 22%
18 January 2006 Consulta Mitofsky 38.7% 31.0% 29.2%
8 January 2006 Milenio Diario* 28% 30% 25%
5 December 2005 Univision[permanent dead link‍] 34.8% 28.8% 30.4%
21 November 2005 Reforma 29% 28% 21%
5 November 2005 El Universal 34% 22% 18%
Date Publisher López Obrador Calderón Madrazo
* Polls conducted by Arcop (published in Milenio and showed the first lead of Calderón over López Obrador) and Covarrubias (published in La Jornada, and the one that showed the highest lead of López Obrador) are internal polls, and generally not as reliable as the others.

Conduct

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Main article: Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election

Results

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President

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On 6 July 2006 the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced the final vote count in the 2006 presidential election, resulting in a narrow margin of 0.58 percentage points of victory for Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (PAN). Calderon's victory was confirmed by the Federal courts on 5 September 2006, and he was declared President-elect of Mexico.[13] However, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (PRD), and his party, alleged irregularities in over 30% of the country's polling stations, and still after an unsuccessful judicial appeal of election results the PRD continued to call for street protests.details

Quick count

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The IFE declared at 11:00 pm on 2 July 2006 that the statistics yielded by the official quick count indicated that the presidential election was too close to call, meaning that the difference between the two front-runners was smaller than their margin of error, or 0.3% of the vote.[14] The IFE further declared that the official count, which began on Wednesday, 5 July 2006, was to determine which candidate would be recognized as president elect.

Nevertheless, front-running presidential candidates Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (PAN) and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (PRD) declared themselves the winners, basing their speeches on a number of private exit-polls, some quoted and some not quoted, that gave a lead within the margin of error. PAN chairman Manuel Espino Barrientos requested that IFE declare a winner by the night of 3 July 2006.[15]

Preliminary results clearly showed that PRI-PVEM candidate Roberto Madrazo did not have a realistic chance of winning the presidency. Those results also showed that the smaller parties (Nueva Alianza and Alternativa Socialdemócrata y Campesina) would retain their registration.

The so-called "foreign vote", whereby for the first time Mexican citizens living abroad were allowed to vote, albeit solely in the presidential contest, totalled only slightly more than 32,000 voters. The overall turn-out for this election was approximately 59% of the eligible voters.

Preliminary Electoral Results Program

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The Preliminary Electoral Results Program (Programa de Resultados Electorales Preliminares, or PREP) is mandated by law to provide a quick estimate of the electoral results, but it has no authority to determine the outcome of the election.

This point was made repeatedly by IFE President Ugalde in his official statements as the 2006 electoral process unfolded.[16] The use of the PREP has been criticized because its data has been used by one candidate to proclaim his victory and by the other as supposed evidence of fraud. However, the PREP tends to predict the winner accurately when the difference between candidates is more than 1% (a condition that was not met in this election).

IFE information coordinator René Miranda dismissed PRD allegations that the changes in PREP's numbers were statistically improbable, saying the PREP was used objectively and impartially to "reflect the reality of the country".[17]

Official count

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After the PREP was concluded on 4 July, the official district-based counts were begun on Wednesday 5 July 2006. In accordance with the Federal Code of Electoral Procedures and Institutions (COFIPE), each of Mexico's 300 congressional districts tabulated the votes recorded on the tally sheets (the "actas") for each voting precinct in their district. "In some cases, such as when a tally sheet was illegible, the sealed ballot packets were opened and recounted."[18] All under the eyes of any election observers that any political party cared to provide.

The district committee results, along with the ballots, were then transferred to the IFE in Mexico City, which resulted in the running total shown below.[19] Early returns favored López Obrador, but by 04:07 Mexico City time, Calderón overtook him. By 07:45, Calderón was leading by approximately 0.33% of the vote.

Write-in candidatesRoberto CampaPatricia MercadoRoberto MadrazoAndrés Manuel López ObradorFelipe Calderón
 
Calderón vs. López Obrador in IFE reports. Note that this shows only the percentages between 34% and 37.5%.

The volatility in the vote count was not unexpected. From the beginning, the IFE stated that running totals should not be construed as a trend, and that the official result would be released only when all polling stations had been counted. Several northern states, which strongly favored the PAN party in the PREP results, were slow in counting their ballots.[20][21] This delay was at least partially attributable to the double-checking of district station totals with the actual ballot counts, that any political party may ask for under Mexican law.[22]

On 6 July, having narrowly lost the preliminary official count, López Obrador declared his intent to challenge the results before the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF), and demand a full recount of all ballots in Mexico City.[23] On 8 July, his supporters met at Mexico City's Zócalo square to start what Obrador called "the defense of the popular vote".[24] The PRD also made a presentation on alleged election irregularities, including (as reported in La Jornada), allegations that around 7:00 PM, the IFE's running scoreboard vote tally blinked zero for all candidates for a period of 4 minutes.[citation needed]

The election-inspired protests were largely peaceful, and according to former IFE president José Woldenberg, well within the law. However some unions and PRD supporters called for "civil resistance" if the courts decided to ratify Calderón's victory.[25] Some, like editorialist Armando Fuentes Aguirre, expressed concern that this could lead to armed conflict.

On 5 September 2006 the Federal Electoral Court declared Calderón the definitive winner.

The final vote tally of the top two candidates was Calderón 15,000,284, López Obrador 14,756,350,[26][27][28] a difference of 243,934.

Election monitors from the European Union stated on 8 July that they found no irregularities that could have affected the transparency of the results and that could have impacted the results.[29] Other election monitors found many examples of fraud and irregularities and demanded a full recount [citation needed]. See also: Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election

Earlier media reports had indicated that in two separate incidents, one in Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl and one in Xalapa, used ballots and other electoral materials were found in rubbish dumps.[30][31][32] Reforma later reported that this supposed electoral material was found to be photocopies and did not influence the election. Al Giordano, though, in a 8 July Narco News article, has a La Jornada photo of three completed color ballots found in a Mexico City trash can.[33]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Felipe CalderónNational Action Party15,000,28436.69
Andrés Manuel López ObradorParty of the Democratic Revolution14,756,35036.09
Roberto MadrazoInstitutional Revolutionary Party9,301,44122.75
Patricia MercadoSocial Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party1,128,8502.76
Roberto Campa CifriánNew Alliance Party401,8040.98
Non-registered candidates297,9890.73
Total40,886,718100.00
Valid votes40,886,71897.84
Invalid/blank votes904,6042.16
Total votes41,791,322100.00
Registered voters/turnout71,374,37358.55
Source: IFES

By state

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State[34] Calderón López Obrador Madrazo Mercado Campa Write-in None
Aguascalientes 193,588 89,920 97,935 16,275 5,597 3,335 7,669
Baja California 450,186 224,275 203,233 35,917 13,522 6,488 17,099
Baja California Sur 62,127 77,875 29,874 5,470 1,475 1,225 2,801
Campeche 99,526 101,192 87,412 4,756 8,470 1,652 9,514
Chiapas 215,358 551,749 427,351 15,065 7,378 8,395 47,327
Chihuahua 523,914 212,069 341,916 31,414 20,375 6,540 25,405
Coahuila 400,894 225,117 245,960 26,450 8,412 8,192 14,919
Colima 107,880 61,434 76,586 5,284 1,567 784 4,591
Distrito Federal 1,325,474 2,813,112 413,644 175,517 27,152 14,833 69,553
Durango 255,229 128,881 153,990 11,188 5,769 6,113 10,873
Guanajuato 1,155,403 301,463 368,789 49,753 18,611 17,136 49,896
Guerrero 160,253 510,217 263,035 16,809 10,493 7,132 24,172
Hidalgo 251,772 385,750 235,926 25,702 15,360 6,444 24,636
Jalisco 1,435,334 559,266 705,925 93,836 37,739 16,537 61,729
México 1,771,515 2,469,093 1,033,110 215,857 61,494 48,075 101,188
Michoacán 515,600 615,535 283,157 29,951 8,229 10,780 31,845
Morelos 226,340 312,815 111,118 24,736 12,129 6,901 15,062
Nayarit 69,097 152,999 123,284 7,730 3,840 1,919 6,978
Nuevo León 865,006 282,384 488,402 51,760 31,112 11,343 39,211
Oaxaca 226,304 620,062 428,026 19,482 5,620 7,672 42,017
Puebla 743,831 639,659 460,183 50,234 20,418 16,227 53,614
Querétaro 322,975 160,383 133,188 16,536 6,028 5,823 15,451
Quintana Roo 111,485 147,839 105,086 8,801 2,768 2,729 7,014
San Luis Potosí 462,329 204,983 207,602 23,648 8,360 7,470 37,332
Sinaloa 363,461 301,709 263,553 20,620 6,717 5,397 19,227
Sonora 468,288 240,114 175,365 23,187 6,914 3,724 16,345
Tabasco 31,975 512,743 344,526 4,261 1,906 1,582 14,120
Tamaulipas 506,177 324,491 317,849 25,025 12,424 15,853 24,103
Tlaxcala 140,128 180,487 59,672 11,130 3,426 6,504 8,883
Veracruz 1,006,676 1,036,474 727,638 55,971 17,777 25,396 72,412
Yucatán 364,353 125,152 260,116 12,962 4,504 6,784 15,284
Zacatecas 167,806 187,088 128,392 13,523 6,218 9,004 13,224
Total 15,000,284 14,756,350 9,301,441 1,128,850 401,804 297,989 904,604

Senate

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Party or allianceParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
National Action Party14,035,50334.471113,889,15934.394152
Coalition
for the
Good of All		Party of the Democratic Revolution12,397,00830.45612,292,51230.442026
Labour Party224
Convergence246
Total102636
Alliance
for Mexico		Institutional Revolutionary Party11,681,39528.69611,622,01228.782733
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico426
Total102939
New Alliance Party1,688,1984.1511,677,0334.1501
Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party795,7301.950787,4251.9500
Non-registered candidates119,4220.290118,8350.2900
Total40,717,256100.003240,386,976100.0096128
Valid votes40,717,25697.5540,386,97697.54
Invalid/blank votes1,021,9322.451,016,9972.46
Total votes41,739,188100.0041,403,973100.00
Registered voters/turnout71,374,37358.4871,374,37358.01
Source: INE

Chamber of Deputies

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Party or allianceParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
National Action Party13,845,12134.276913,753,63334.25137206
Coalition
for the
Good of All		Party of the Democratic Revolution12,013,36429.743611,619,67928.9390126
Labour Party13316
Convergence11516
Total6098158
Alliance
for Mexico		Institutional Revolutionary Party11,676,58528.904111,941,84229.7363104
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico17219
Total5865123
New Alliance Party1,883,4764.6691,872,2834.6609
Social Democratic and Peasant Alternative Party850,9892.114845,7492.1104
Non-registered candidates128,8250.320128,3470.3200
Total40,398,360100.0020040,161,533100.00300500
Valid votes40,398,36097.5040,161,53397.49
Invalid/blank votes1,037,5742.501,033,6652.51
Total votes41,435,934100.0041,195,198100.00
Registered voters/turnout71,374,37358.0571,374,37357.72
Source: INE

Aftermath

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Demands for a recount

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Wikinews has related news:

Soon after it was clear that the official count would result with Felipe Calderón ahead, Andrés Manuel López Obrador stated that he and his party, the PRD, would fight for a "vote-by-vote" general recount.

He presented nine boxes and 900 pages of supposed evidence alleging mathematical electoral irregularities in 50,000 polling places to the Federal Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF). In addition, he claimed that in areas with large numbers of López Obrador supporters, election officials nullified 900,000 votes.[35]

 
Supporters of López Obrador marching in Guanajuato

López Obrador and his supporters began organizing mass protests, marches, and civil disobedience, culminating in a massive rally in Mexico City's historic Zócalo on 30 July 2006. Estimates of the crowd at the rally range from 500,000 to 3,000,000 supporters.[36] Additionally, López Obrador's campaign set up plantones, or encampments, inside the Zócalo and along Paseo de la Reforma, one of Mexico City's main arteries, for 47 days and slowing traffic for hours. The encampments were widely unpopular, as 65% of inhabitants in Mexico City opposed them.[37]

On Saturday, 5 August, the TEPJF met in public session to decide the outcome of López Obrador's request for a recount. The seven magistrates voted unanimously that there was only sufficient legal justification to order the recount of 11,839 ballot boxes in 155 districts (9.2% of the total), thus rejecting López Obrador's public demand that all votes and ballot boxes be recounted. [1] The Tribunal based its decision of a partial recount on its finding that, despite publicly demanding a vote by vote general recount, López Obrador's party only presented legal claims to less than 44,000 polling stations, or less than 34%. Therefore, legally, only those 44,000 polling stations were deemed controversial by the TEPJF. The Tribunal ruled that the non-controversial votes should not be recounted, because "the certainty asked by the Coalition (of López Obrador's party) is tied to the respect of the citizen counts in non-controversial polling stations". However, the Tribunal did certify that principles of certainty in the elections called for a justified recount in some of the controversial stations, as irregularities were found.[38]

In the western state of Jalisco alone, 2,705 ballot boxes (33% of the state's total) will be recounted due to "evident mathematical errors". The state with the highest percentage of ballot boxes to be reopened is Aguascalientes with 436 or 35% of its 1,226 total ballot boxes. Other states with a high percentage of ballot boxes authorized to be opened include: Tamaulipas, 942 ballot boxes (or 23.7% of total ballot boxes); Campeche, 170 (18.3%); Chihuahua, 727 (15%); Durango, 344 (15.4%); Nuevo León, 508 (10%); San Luis Potosí, 495 (16%); Sinaloa, 334 (7.7%); Yucatán, 228 (10.5%); Zacatecas, 221 (9.23%); Querétaro, 9.4%.

States with small percentages include: Chiapas, 81 ballot boxes (1.6%); Distrito Federal, 227 (1.85%); Estado de México, 362 (2.33%); Michoacán, 300 (5.5%); Morelos, 124 (6%); Puebla, 194 (3.22%); Veracruz, 396 (6.56%); and Quintana Roo, 10 (0.8%).[39]

The recount commenced on Wednesday, 9 August, (CBC) (VOA) and concluded on Sunday, 13 August. Only after calculating the recounted votes will the TEPJF declare the candidate with the most votes as president-elect.[40]

On Friday, 11 August both disputing parties held press conferences, in which, despite the TEPJF's insistence that no recount results would be released until Sunday, each provided their own internal figures based on their observers in the recount. These figures clashed dramatically; according to the PAN, 75% of the votes had been recounted and the results confirmed that the initial count was "perfect", with fewer than three errors per ballot box and no systemic bias. (This is the message that most of the press reported, although others reported that the "75% without errors" figure was out of the completed, not the total, recount; still, the figures were hard to square with Coalition claims.) The Coalition claimed that only 60% of the recount was complete, and that in this recount their party had gained an average of 29 votes per ballot box. (Again, this was the message in most of the press, though other press outlets seemed to imply that the Coalition claims included lost or excess ballots as well as miscounted ones.). [2] Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

On 28 August the TEPJF announced the results of the partial recount, subtracting 81,080 votes for Calderón, 76,897 votes for López Obrador, 63,114 for Roberto Madrazo, 5,962 for Patricia Mercado, 2,743 for Roberto Campa, and 7,940 for the remaining candidates. A total of 237,736 votes were annulled out of the approximately 4 million votes recounted. That means around 6% of the recounted votes were annulled.[41][42]

Despite the Tribunal's ruling, and despite the ruling being based on his party's decision of not contesting all polls judicially, López Obrador continues to demand the "vote-by-vote" general recount, promising to continue civil disobedience and sit-ins. He was quoted as saying, "We don't want a portion of democracy. We want 100% democracy." [3]

A day before the end of the recount, López Obrador's coalition threatened with national mobilizations to prevent the "imposition" of Calderón, if the PAN candidate was confirmed the winner of the election. [4] Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine

Calls for electoral reform

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On Thursday November 23, 2006 the European Union (EU) election observer mission presented its final report.[43][44] The report was generally positive and defended the official result of the July 2 presidential election saying they "reflect[ed] the legitimate will of the Mexican people." However, the report also expressed concerns and raised several criticisms, both general and specific, of the electoral process and the election. The report includes 48 specific recommendations for future reform to "strengthen the electoral process", such as introducing random automatic recounts in the case of a close election, shortening the campaign period, considering the introduction of a two round run-off system for presidential elections, and general clarifications in the electoral law (e.g., clarifying the grounds for requesting a recount and for the annulling of the election).

A 24 November 2006 article by The Herald Mexico reports:[45] "All of Mexico's major parties have called for reforms to electoral laws, including clearer limits on funding, greater transparency on campaign spending and a shorter campaign period."

The article also stated "The EU mission, headed by Spanish Deputy José Ignacio Salafranca, said on Thursday that a runoff election would help the nation's electoral system, especially following results as close as this year's, when Felipe Calderón beat Andrés Manuel López Obrador by less than a percentage point. In a news conference, Salafranca said that while a second round would be expensive, it would give 'greater democratic legitimacy' to the result."

Subsequent political crisis

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The high degree of controversy and polarization that resulted from this election gave way to a grave political crisis in Mexico throughout 2006. The elections were more controversial than those of 1988, and in a symbolic act, on 20 November López Obrador organized a ceremony to take office as the "Legitimate President of Mexico", followed by his sympathizers.

Calderón's inauguration ceremony on 1 December at the Congress of the Union was tense and lasted less than five minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath of office while the PRD legislators shouted in protest against the alleged electoral fraud and attempted to impede his inauguration, and afterward he quickly left the building for security reasons as some of the legislators engaged in violent brawls.[46] Besides the claims of fraud, Calderón took office with the smallest percentage of votes for a winning presidential candidate in Mexican history (35.8%), which meant that his administration would face severe legitimacy problems. Only a month after taking office, Calderón declared war on the drug cartels and organized crime, thus beginning the Mexican Drug War. This was considered by many as an immediate strategy to gain popular legitimacy and acceptance for the new President after the convoluted elections.[2][3][4]

The 2006 elections remain a point of controversy and discussion. López Obrador, who ran for the presidency again in 2012 before finally winning the presidency on his third try in 2018, has always considered himself as the legitimate winner of this election even after all political parties, except Nueva Alianza, signed before members of the IFE on June 13, 2006 the Democratic Agreement for the Equality, Legality and Gobernability in which the main purpose was that everyone agree on a compromise to respect the election results.[47]

Filmmaker Luis Mandoki produced a documentary titled "Fraude: México 2006", in which he chronicles many events of the second half of Vicente Fox's administration that led up to the heated 2006 election, and highlights the irregularities that took place during the process. The film has a duration of 110 minutes and topped the Mexican box office upon its 2007 debut.[48]

In a 2011 opinion poll published by El País about whether the 2006 elections had been fraudulent, 49% of the respondents believed that the election was rigged, against 43% who believed it wasn't rigged and 8% who were unsure.[49]

In 2017 PRI member and former governor of Coahuila, Humberto Moreira accused Calderón of "stealing the Presidency" in 2006.[50] In October 2018, Roberto Madrazo, who was the 2006 PRI presidential candidate, stated in an interview that according to the data he received after the election, López Obrador had been the winner.[51]

Mexican sociologist Jacqueline Peschard has identified the "breakdown in consensus that nearly resulted" because of this election as a major turning point in the history of Mexico as a functioning and legitimate liberal democracy.[52]

References

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  1. ^ "La intervención de Vicente Fox en 2006, traición a la democracia: Poniatowska". La Jornada. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Ganar legitimidad, de las prioridades de Calderón en un año de gobierno". Jornada. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  3. ^ a b Flores, Linaloe (6 December 2016). "Calderón lanzó la guerra para legitimarse, y su personalidad lo llevó al punto de no retorno". SinEmbargo. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  4. ^ a b Villarreal, Hector (10 September 2011). "El gran fracaso por la legitimidad". Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  5. ^ Banamex
  6. ^ La silla vacía puede ser arma de dos filos[permanent dead link‍] ("Empty chair can be a double-edged sword") 4 April 2006 Excélsior. Retrieved on 6 May 2006.
  7. ^ Dan como ganador del debate a Calderón Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ("Calderón seen as the winner of debate") 27 April 2006 Prensa Latina. Retrieved on 6 May 2006.
  8. ^ Gana Calderón; Mercado sorprende; pierde López Archived 2006-05-01 at the Wayback Machine ("Calderón wins, Mercado surprises, López loses") April 26, 2006 La Crónica. Retrieved on 6 May 2006.
  9. ^ La opinión de Excélsior en torno al debate[permanent dead link‍] ("What Excélsior thinks in regards to the debate") 26 April 2006 Excélsior. Retrieved on 6 May 2006.
  10. ^ Confirma Madrazo participación en segundo debate Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine ("Madrazo Confirms Participation in Second Debate") 23 May 2006 El Universal. Retrieved on 2 June 2006
  11. ^ "Shooting adds twist to Mexican elections" Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 June 2006.
  12. ^ Ugalde, Luis Carlos ″Así lo viví. Testimonio de la elección presidencial de 2006, la más competida en la historia moderna de México.″ Debolsillo 2010
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  14. ^ "Aplaza IFE hasta el miércoles definición de elección presidencial - El Universal - Elecciones". Archived from the original on 5 July 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
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  16. ^ "Proceso Electoral Federal 2005-2006". Archived from the original on 6 July 2006.
  17. ^ "AMLO Unveils His Ammo". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
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  19. ^ "Mantiene IFE empate, el miércoles resultado final :: México :: esmas". Archived from the original on 6 July 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
  20. ^ "Registran siete estados un avance mayor a 90% en cómputo - El Universal - Elecciones". Archived from the original on 17 July 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
  21. ^ "Prevé Vázquez Mota que se revierta ventaja de AMLO en horas - El Universal - Elecciones". Archived from the original on 7 July 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
  22. ^ "Justifica Ugalde atraso de conteos distritales - El Universal - Elecciones". Archived from the original on 17 July 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
  23. ^ "Mexico vote result on knife-edge". BBC News. 6 July 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  24. ^ "Impugnará AMLO elección; convoca a mitin en el Zócalo - El Universal - Elecciones". Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
  25. ^ http://www.elnorte.com/nacional/articulo/653878/ Amagan sindicatos con resistencia civil (requires subscription)
  26. ^ "El Universal, el periódico de México líder en noticias y clasificados". Archived from the original on 6 July 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006.
  27. ^ El Economista.com.mx
  28. ^ "Ugalde se adelanta al TEPJF y declara ganador a Felipe Calderón". Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2006.
  29. ^ EU says disputed Mexico vote fair BBC News
  30. ^ Encuentran actas electorales en basurero de Veracruz Archived 9 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine El Universal
  31. ^ Hallan papelería electoral en basurero de bordo de Xochiaca Archived 7 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine El Universal
  32. ^ Encuentran papelería electoral en basurero de Neza Archived 2006-07-06 at the Wayback Machine El Economista
  33. ^ Al Giordano's Mexico election fraud series. Part 2, 8 July 2006. Writing for Narco News.
    See also part 1 (5 July), part 3 (11 July), part 4 (5 August) Archived 2006-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, part 5 (14 August).
  34. ^ "Elección de Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Cómputos distritales de las elecciones federales de 2006". IFE. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  35. ^ "Lopez Obrador Plans Protest Camps to Press Recount (Update1)". Bloomberg. 30 July 2006.
  36. ^ "Mexicans Rally in Support of Recount". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  37. ^ Se opone al plantón 65% en DF Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine August 14, 2006 El Universal.
  38. ^ Defienden Certeza de Proceso Electoral, El Norte, August 8, 2006 (requires subscription)
  39. ^ En algunos estados panistas se recontará en 35% de casillas
  40. ^ "Rechaza el TEPJF recuento voto por voto / 6 de Febrero de 2008". Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
  41. ^ "Mexican Court Rejects Election Fraud Challenges". James C. McKinley Jr., The New York Times, 28 August 2006.
  42. ^ "Mexican Court Rejects Election Fraud" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. ePluribus Media article, 30 August 2006.
  43. ^ "The EU's Human rights and Democratisation Policy - European Union deploys Election Observation Mission to Mexico".
  44. ^ "European Union Election Observation Mission Mexico 2006 Final Report". 23 November 2006.
  45. ^ "EU team slams high costs" Archived 2007-01-31 at the Wayback Machine. The Herald Mexico, 24 November 2006.
  46. ^ Aleman, Vanessa (December 2016). "10 años de la investidura relámpago; Calderón juró entre reclamos". Excelsior. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  47. ^ Ugalde, Luis Carlos. "Así lo viví. Testimonio de la elección presidencial de 2006, la más competida en la historia moderna de México". Debolsillo 2010.
  48. ^ Caballero, Jorge. "Pese a las hostilidades, Fraude: México 2006, la más taquillera - la Jornada". jornada.com.mx. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  49. ^ "Encuesta sobre Felipe Calderón y Elba Esther Gordillo". El País. El Pais. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  50. ^ "Calderón, "borracho" y "asesino"; le robó la presidencia a AMLO: Moreira". proceso.com.mx. Proceso. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  51. ^ Perez Marin, Leobardo (4 October 2018). "AMLO ganó en 2006: Roberto Madrazo". Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  52. ^ Meyer, Michael C. (2014). The course of Mexican history. Sherman, William L.,, Deeds, Susan M. (Tenth ed.). New York. ISBN 9780199913817. OCLC 865717332.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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