Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel (8 December 1815 – 9 February 1905) was a German Realist artist noted for drawings, etchings, and paintings. Along with Caspar David Friedrich, he is considered one of the two most prominent German painters of the 19th century,[1] and was the most successful artist of his era in Germany.[2] First known as Adolph Menzel, he was knighted in 1898 and changed his name to Adolph von Menzel.
Adolph Menzel | |
|---|---|
 Adolph von Menzel in 1900 | |
| Born | 8 December 1815 |
| Died | 9 February 1905 (aged 89) |
| Nationality | German |
| Known for | Painting and etching |
| Style | Realism |
| Signature | |
 | |
His popularity in his native country, owing especially to his history paintings, was such that few of his major paintings left Germany, as many were quickly acquired by museums in Berlin.[3] Menzel's graphic work (and especially his drawings) were more widely disseminated; these, along with informal paintings not initially intended for display, have largely accounted for his posthumous reputation.[2]
Although he traveled in order to find subjects for his art, to visit exhibitions, and to meet with other artists, Menzel spent most of his life in Berlin, and was, despite numerous friendships, by his own admission detached from others.[4] It is likely that he felt socially estranged for physical reasons alone—he had a large head, and stood about four foot six inches (137 cm).[4][5]
Biography
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Career
editMenzel was born to German parents in Breslau, Prussian Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland), on 8 December 1815.[6] His father was a lithographer and intended to educate his son as a professor, but did not thwart his taste for art.[7] After resigning his teaching post, Menzel senior set up a lithographic workshop in 1818. In 1830 the family moved to Berlin, and in 1832 Adolph was forced to take over the lithographic business on the death of his father. In 1833, he studied briefly at the Berlin Academy of Art, where he drew from plaster casts and ancient sculptures; thereafter Menzel was self-taught.[4] Louis Friedrich Sachse of Berlin published his first work in 1833, an album of pen-and-ink drawings reproduced on stone, to illustrate Goethe's little poem, Kunstlers Erdenwallen. He executed lithographs in the same manner to illustrate Denkwürdigkeiten aus der brandenburgisch-preussischen Geschichte; The Five Senses and The Prayer, as well as diplomas for various corporations and societies.[7]
From 1839 to 1842, he produced 400 drawings, largely introducing to Germany the technique of wood-engraving, to illustrate the Geschichte Friedrichs des Grossen (History of Frederick the Great) by Franz Kugler. He subsequently brought out Friedrichs der Grossen Armee in ihrer Uniformirung (The Uniforms of the Army under Frederick the Great), Soldaten Friedrichs der Grossen (The Soldiers of Frederick the Great); and finally, by order of King Frederick William IV, he illustrated the works of Frederick the Great, Illustrationen zu den Werken Friedrichs des Grossen (1843–1849). The artist had a deep sympathy for the Prussian king. In one of his letters to Johann Jakob Weber, he said that it was his intention to represent the monarch as a man who was both hated and admired—simply as he was, in other words, as a man of the people.[8] Through these works, Menzel established his claim to be considered one of the first, if not actually the first, of the illustrators of his day in his own line.[9]
Menzel's fame came from his illustrations of the 18th-century Prussian monarch, Frederick the Great. As well as dedication to adding historical accuracy and attention to detail. Menzel also made sure to do research on the items he was painting.[10] From 1840 and onward Menzel became admirable for his small paintings and drawings. In which he depicted his unconventional ideas.[11]
In the meantime, Menzel had also begun to study, unaided, the art of painting, and he soon produced a great number and variety of pictures. His paintings consistently demonstrated keen observation and honest workmanship in subjects dealing with the life and achievements of Frederick the Great, and scenes of everyday life, such as In the Tuileries, The Ball Supper, and At Confession. Among those considered most important of these works are Iron Rolling Mill (1872–1875) [12] and The Market-place at Verona. When invited to paint The Coronation of William I at Koenigsberg, he produced an exact representation of the ceremony without regard to the traditions of official painting.[13]
During Menzel's life, his paintings were appreciated by Otto von Bismarck and William I, and after his death they were appropriated for use as electoral posters by Adolf Hitler.[2]
If these historical illustrations anticipated the qualities of early Impressionism,[14] it is paintings such as The French Window and The Palace Garden of Prince Albert, both painted in the mid- 1840s, that now appeal as "among the most freely observed of mid-nineteenth century images."[15] Such genre paintings evidence associations with French and English art. Though he was primarily an excellent draughtsman, art historian Julius Meier-Graefe considered him to be a "proto-impressionist" painter, whose graphic work hindered his painterly potentials.[16] Private drawings and watercolors made of dead and dying soldiers in 1866 on the battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War are unsparing in their realism, and have been described by art historian Marie Ursula Riemann-Reyher as "unique in German art of the time."[17]
Later years
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The paintings which were available to the public garnered recognition not only within Germany, but from the French avant-garde as well: Edgar Degas admired and copied his work, calling him "the greatest living master",[18] and Louis Edmond Duranty wrote of his art:
In a word, the man is everywhere independent, sincere, with sure vision, a decisive note that can sometimes be a little brutal....While being perfectly healthy he has the neurosis of truthfulness....The man who has measured with a compass the buttons on a uniform from the time of Frederick, when it is a matter of depicting a modern shoe, waistcoat, or coiffure, does not make them by approximations but totally, in their absolute form and without smallness of means. He puts there everything that is called for by the character (of the object). Free, large, and rapid in his drawing, no draftsman is as definitive as he.[19]
Notwithstanding Menzel's professed estrangement from others, his renown entailed social obligations, and in the 1880s the poet Jules Laforgue described him as "no taller than a cuirassier-guard's boot, bedecked with pendants and orders, not missing a single one of these parties, moving among all these personages like a gnome and like the greatest enfant terrible for the chronicler."[20] In Germany he received many honors, and in 1898 became the first painter to be admitted to the Order of the Black Eagle;[13] by virtue of receiving the Order, Menzel was raised to the nobility, becoming "Adolph von Menzel". He was also made a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the Royal Academy in London. After his death in 1905 in Berlin, his funeral arrangements were directed by the Kaiser, who walked behind his coffin.[21]
Exhibitions (selection)
edit"Adolph Menzel 1815–1905. Das Labyrinth der Wirklichkeit", Nationalgalerie (National Gallery) and Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 7 Feb – 11 May 1997[22] "Menzel. Maler auf Papier", Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 20 September 2019 – 19 January 2020.[23]
World War II
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Several important works by Menzel were seized, sold by force or under duress during the Nazi period. Some of these have been restituted in the 21st century. [24]
- In 2014, the Menzel's Stehende Rüstungen (1886) ("Standing Suits of Armour" or "Armoury Fantasy"[25]) was restituted by the Albertina Museum in Vienna to the heirs of Adele Pächter, who was murdered at the Theresienstadt concentration camp.[26]
- In 2015, the Menzel pastel "Lady with a Red Blouse" was restituted to the heirs of Erna Felicia and Hans Lachmann-Mosse.[27] [28] Oskar Reinhart had purchased the pastel from the art dealer Fritz Nathan in Munich in 1934 and donated it to the Foundation in 1940.[29]
- Others have been claimed but not restituted.[30] Also in 2015 the Dutch Limbach Commission refused a restitution request for the Menzel painting "A Weekday in Paris" which had belonged to the Jewish banker Georges Behrens.[31] [32]
- In 2017 Germany's Culture Minister Monika Gruetter returned Menzel's Interior of a Gothic Church to the heirs of Elsa Cohen who, persecuted by the Nazis because Jewish, sold it to Hitler's art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt in 1938. It was rediscovered in the art stash of his son, Cornelius Gurlitt.[33]
The German Lost Art Foundation lists numerous Menzel artworks on its website.[34]
Cultural references
editMenzel and an exhibition of his art plays a pivotal role in the HBO series The Gilded Age (2023), Season 2 Episode 3.[35]
Gallery
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Building Site with Willows, 1846 -
Living Room with the Artist's Sister, 1847 -
The Bedroom of the Artist in the Ritterstraße, 1847 -
Study of a Man with a Ruff Collar, ca 1850 -
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Frederick II at Hochkirch, 1856 -
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Students illuminated procession, 1859 -
Coronation of Wilhelm I, 1865 -
Weekday in Paris, 1869 -
Studio Wall, 1872 -
Supper at the Ball, 1878 -
Fronleichnamsprozession in Hofgastein, 1880 -
At the Beer Garden, 1883 -
Japanese Artist at Work, 1886, graphite on paperboard, National Gallery of Art
Notes
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- ^ Fried, 11
- ^ a b c Eisler, 559–565
- ^ Eisler, 559
- ^ a b c Menzel wrote in his last will and testament: "Not only have I remained unmarried, throughout my life I have also renounced all relations with the other sex... In short, there is a lack of any kind of self-made bond between me and the outside world." Fried, 5
- ^ See Karl Scheffler, Adolf Menzel: Der Mensch, das Werk (Berlin: Cassirer, 1915), who is of the opinion that his short stature affected his self-esteem and whole personal life.
- ^ "Adolf von Menzel". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 146.
- ^ Cited in Hubertus Kohle, Adolph Menzels Friedrich-Bilder: Theorie und Praxis der Geschichtsmalerei im Berlin der 1850er Jahre (Munich and Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2001), p. 49.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 146–7.
- ^ "Adolph Menzel (1815–1905) | National Gallery, London". www.nationalgallery.org.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ "Adolf von Menzel | German painter". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
- ^ See Manuela Lintl "Die Rezeption von Menzels Eisenwalzwerk",unpublished master's thesis, Department History of Art, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany 1996.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 147.
- ^ Eisler, 561
- ^ Eisler, 564
- ^ Werner Busch, Adolph Menzel: Leben und Werk (Munich: Beck, 2004), p. 6-8.
- ^ Asked later why he had not painted any works referring to the war, Menzel replied, in part, "The requirements of patriotism have been covered by others and, after all, is it necessary to paint the horror?! Anno 66 (post festum) I went to Bohemia!..." Keisch, 331
- ^ Keisch, et al, front cover flap
- ^ Fried, 130
- ^ Fried, 9
- ^ Fried, 10
- ^ "Ja, wer ist Menzel? Das Labyrinth der Wirklichkeit – Adolph Menzel im Alten Museum in Berlin". Neues Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "Menzel. Maler auf Papier".
- ^ "Kunstrückgabebeirat beschließt fünf neue Empfehlungen". OTS.at (in German). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Armoury fantasy - Art Database". www.kunstdatenbank.at. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Heirs to Auction Nazi-Looted Art from Albertina". Artnet News. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
Adele Pächter, who was Jewish, was persecuted by the Nazis and was forced to dispose of her deceased husband's collection. Hermann Pächter had died in 1902. She was able to bring the collection to auction in 1940 via her son in law, under extreme pressure. In 1943, she was murdered at the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
- ^ "23 June 2015: Restitution of Adolph Menzel pastel to the heirs of Berlin publisher Rudolf Mosse (1843–1920)". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ Miller, Bartko Zankel Bunzel &. "Portrait by Adolph Menzel Among Latest Artifacts Recovered by the Mosse Art Restitution Project and Sold at Auction". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "23 June 2015: Restitution of Adolph Menzel pastel to the heirs of Berlin publisher Rudolf Mosse (1843-1920)". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ Hickley, Catherine (17 March 2020). "She Tracked Nazi-Looted Art. She Quit When No One Returned It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
Two other works in the museum are being sought by the heirs of Therese Clara Kirstein, a German Jew who committed suicide in 1939 after her escape to the United States was blocked. The heirs believe the works, a drawing by Adolph Menzel and a Liebermann study, were sold under duress shortly before her death or, more likely, confiscated and sold shortly after.
- ^ Chana, Jas. "Why US lawmakers want Germany to revisit its museums' walls". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ Bert, Peter (6 March 2015). "Art Law: Limbach Commission Advises against Restitution of Adolf von Menzel's "Pariser Wochentag" | Dispute Resolution Germany". Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Germany returns Adolph von Menzel drawing sold under Nazi persecution". www.lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Lost Art Internet Database – Einfache Suche". www.lostart.de. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ The Gilded Age
Selected bibliography
edit- Karl Scheffler, Adolf Menzel: Der Mensch, das Werk. Berlin: Cassirer, 1915.
- Elfried Bock, Adolph Menzel: Verzeichnis seines graphischen Werkes. Berlin: Amsler & Ruthardt, 1923.
- Werner Schmidt, Adolf Menzel: Zeichnungen Verzeichnis und Erläuterungen. National-Galerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, 1955.
- Ulrich Bischoff, Jens Christian Jensen, Richard Hoppe-Sailer, Wulf Schadendorf, Johann Schlick, Jürgen Schultze, Adolph Menzel: Realist – Historist – Maler des Hofes. Exhibition catalog. Schweinfurt: Weppert, 1981.
- Gisela Hopp, Eckhard Schaar, Werner Hofmann, eds., Menzel – der Beobachter. Exhibition catalog. Munich: Prestel, 1982.
- Jost Hermand, Adolph Menzel mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (Rowohlts Monographien, vol. 361). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1986.
- Gisold Lammel, Adolph Menzel. Frideriziana und Wilhelmiana. Dresden: Verlag der Kunst, 1987.
- Claude Keisch and Marie Ursula Riemann-Reyher, eds.: Adolph Menzel 1815–1905: Between Romanticism and Impressionism. London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
- Michaela Diener, „Ein Fürst der Kunst ist uns gestorben“: Adolph von Menzels Nachruhm im Kaiserlichen Deutschland (1905–1910). Regensburg: Roderer, 1998.
- Hubertus Kohle, Adolph Menzels Friedrichbilder: Theorie und Praxis der Geschichtsmalerei im Berlin der 1850er Jahre. Munich and Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2001.
- Christina Grummt, Adolph Menzel – zwischen Kunst und Konvention, die Allegorie in der Adressenkunst des 19. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Reimer, 2001.
- Michael Fried, Menzel's Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth-Century Berlin. London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
- Jens Christian Jensen, Adolph Menzel. Cologne: DuMont, 2003.
- Werner Busch, Adolph Menzel: Leben und Werk. Munich: Beck, 2004.
- Bernhard Maaz, ed., Adolph Menzel radikal real. Munich: Hirmer, 2008.
- Werner Busch, Adolph Menzel: Auf der Suche nach der Wirklichkeit. Munich: Beck, 2015.
- Anja Grebe, Menzel, Maler der Moderne. Berlin: Verlag Eisengold, 2015.
- Claudia Czok, "Menzel, Adolph (Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von)", in De Gruyter: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon: Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, vol. 89. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2016, pp. 117–121.
References
edit- Busch-Salmen, Gabriele (2003). "Adolf Menzels 'Flötenkonzert Friedrich der Großen in Sanssouci': Ein vertrautes Gemälde, 150 Jahre nach seiner Fertigstellung neu gesehen". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography. 28 (1–2): 127–146. ISSN 1522-7464.
- Eisler, Colin. Masterworks in Berlin: A City's Paintings Reunited. Bulfinch, 1996. ISBN 0-8212-1951-0
- Fried, Michael. Menzel's Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth-Century Berlin. London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-09219-9
- Keisch, Claude, et al. Adolph Menzel 1815–1905: Between Romanticism and Impressionism. London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-300-06954-5
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Menzel, Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–147.
External links
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- German masters of the nineteenth century: paintings and drawings from the Federal Republic of Germany, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Adolph Menzel (no. 60–64)
- Degas: The Artist's Mind, exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF, which contains material on Adolph Menzel (see index)
- Adolph Menzel at Library of Congress, with 73 library catalogue records