The Battle of Collecchio-Fornovo (26–29 April 1945) was a battle of the Second World War between the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Força Expedicionária Brasileira – FEB), along with Italian partisans and units from the American 1st Armored and 92nd Infantry Divisions, against the Wehrmacht's 148th Infantry Division, 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions and the fascist National Republican Army's 1st Bersaglieri "Italia" and the 4th Alpini "Monte Rosa" Divisions.[1][2] The battle was fought around the town of Fornovo di Taro, about 8 miles (13 km) to the southwest of Parma, Italy. The Allies defeated the Axis forces, which were attempting to break through to the north.[3][4]
| Battle of Collecchio | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy during World War II | |||||||
 German Colonel Kleiber in preliminary discussions with Brazilian Major Franco Ferreira, in Fornovo di Taro, about the surrender of the German 148. Infanterie-Division (plus remnants of the 90. Grenadier-Division), ending the Battle of Collecchio, in 29 April 1945. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| |||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
 148th Infantry Division 90th Panzergrenadier Division 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian) (Division was disbanded during battle) 1st Bersaglieri Division 4th Alpini Division |
 1st Infantry Division 1st Connection and Observation Squadron 751st Tank Battalion 894th Tank Battalion One Partisan company | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
500 German dead and wounded 14,779 soldiers surrendered (Germans and Italians) |
45 dead and wounded Unknown Unknown | ||||||
  Location of Fornovo di Taro in Italy's Po Valley | |||||||
On 28 April, the Brazilian 6th RCT followed up with an attack on Fornovo, with German General Otto Fretter-Pico surrendering the 148th Division, with almost 15,000 German and Fascist Italian troops at the morning of 29 April.[3]
Background of main forces
edit1st Brazilian (Expeditionary) Infantry Division
editThe Brazilian Expeditionary Division was commanded by General João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais.[5] The FEB arrived in Italy in the latter part of 1944, at a time when Allied troops were being transferred from Italy to take part in operations in southern France.
On 16 July 1944, the 6th RCT reached Naples, the first of five contingents sent by Brazil. These troops were formed into a RCT under Brigadier General Euclides Zenóbio da Costa. With three U.S. tank companies as reinforcements, the 6th RCT moved to the front in September 1944, pursuing German units that were making a tactical retreat to the Gothic Line.[6]
In October–November 1944, the 6th RCT fought several engagements, but were unable to break through the Gothic line positions before the winter snows.[7] The 1st and 11th RCT arrived in November, bringing the FEB up to division strength.[5] At its peak, the Brazilian division had a total of 25,334 men in the 1st, 6th and 11th RCTs. Each RCT had three battalions of four companies.[8]
In February 1945, as part of the Battle of Mount Belvedere the Brazilians overcame the German defenders of the strong Monte Castello position. They then moved eastward, fighting at Roncovecchio, Seneveglio and Castelnuovo. The Brazilian division fought a tough four-day battle for Montese, which was taken on 16 April.[9] Turning north, in the early morning of 21 April Brazilian forces conquered and occupied Zocca, an important rail terminal in the region,[10] and by 22 April the FEB had broken into the Po Valley, pursuing the fleeing German forces. General Zenóbio da Costa took the vehicles from 10 of his 12 artillery batteries for use in infantry transport, creating a mobile force with 606 jeeps and 676 trucks of different types. On the morning of 26 April, Brazilian forces were consolidating the defenses of Parma, when they heard that German units were approaching from the south.[11]
German 148th Infantry Division
editOn 25 September 1943, General Otto Fretter-Pico took command of the 148th Infantry Division and led it for the rest of the war.[12] In August 1944, the division was in action against the Allied Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. In late October 1944, the division was transferred to northern Italy.[13] In December 1944, the 148th Division struck decisively against the Americans in the Apennine Mountains in Operation Wintergewitter (Winter storm), causing serious disruption despite being out-numbered and inferior in weapons to the allies.[citation needed]
However, by the end of March the German army was in an impossible situation. It suffered from an acute lack of supplies, total domination of the skies by the Americans, and large and rapidly growing partisan forces.[citation needed] By 23 April, the situation for German forces in Italy was desperate. The partisans had taken Parma, Fiume had been occupied by Tito's Yugoslav forces and French units had entered Italy from the west.[14] The 148th Division, which had been based around the Gulf of Genoa, made a last effort to break out to the north across the Po Valley.[15]
Battle
editCollecchio
editOn news of the German-Italian forces approach, retreating from Genoa-La Spezia region, which had been liberated by the US 92nd Division,[16] a Brazilian armored reconnaissance squadron moved south from Parma, meeting leading units of the Axis forces in Collecchio. They first met armored cars from the 90th Panzergrenadier Division's reconnaissance unit, and then tanks (of the same division) with infantry from the 281st regimental of the 148th Infantry Division. The reconnaissance squadron called for reinforcements.[17] According to Captain Pitaluga of the reconnaissance troop, "I arrived in Collecchio at noon, and I was alone until 6 pm. I had already occupied almost half the town when the infantry arrived." Pitaluga's unit of M8 cars fought it out against more lightly armored German vehicles, which only had 20 mm cannons. However, the Brazilian armored cars were vulnerable to tanks and anti-tank weapons; Pitaluga said of his vehicles, "The M8 is for recon, not (for heavy) combat.".[18] Like the M10 (another vehicle used then by Brazilian supporting units of Cavalry), M8 had open-topped turrets, which made them more vulnerable (than fully enclosed tanks) to anti-tank infantry close attacks, especially in urban combat, as was the case at Collecchio. Also, in this first day of the battle, the Brazilians were outnumbered by a German battalion with two or three squadrons.
A force of Brazilian infantry was hastily ferried to the town in jeeps, trucks (like M3s), and the transport sent back for more. By 18:30 on 26 April, the Brazilian infantry was in place and prepared for action. This included 5th Company, II Battalion, 11th Infantry; a machine gun platoon from 8th Company, 11th Infantry; and 9th Company, III Battalion, 6th RCT.[17] Major Orlando Gomez Ramagem, commander of II Battalion, 11th Infantry was given command of the Brazilian forces.[19] With the war clearly drawing to a close, the troops may have been reluctant to take unnecessary risks. At first, Major Ramagem was in favor of encamping for the night, but he was dissuaded by the Brazilian divisional commander, General Mascarenhas de Moraes. According to one source, "The old general acted with the enthusiasm of a lieutenant." [20]
Ramagem ordered some of his troops, supported by the machine guns, to dig in to block Highway 62, which led north to Parma. The 5th company of the 11th RCT was ordered to attack at 19:30.[19] The first attacks were made from the southeast by this company, which quickly captured the church.[21] This was followed by attacks from the northeast by a company of the 6th RCT.[21] German infantry defending the outskirts of the town, supported by mortars, responded to the attacks with intense fire.[19] Neither the Brazilians nor the Germans had any regular artillery. The Germans had only mortar and rifle fire.[21]
The church was used to hold German prisoners, and the church tower as an observation post. Lt. Jairo Junqueira da Silva of the 11th Infantry recounts an incident when General Zenóbio da Costa appeared unexpectedly at the church:
That Zenóbio was crazy. We were close to the church door, and suddenly Zenóbio appeared, from heaven knows where. It was rather crowded, and I had the mortars in position in front of the church. Suddenly, here comes a German patrol in front of the garden, under cover of the vegetation. They were only a short distance away, and the guys started shooting. The first thing you have to do is hit the dust, but Zenóbio stood there as if he was a squad leader, and began issuing orders – 'Riflemen, here! Sergeant, go there!'... Like everyone else, I was lying down, with that machine gun firing close. But he didn't move, didn't lie down, did nothing of the sort.[22]
More Brazilian troops from 2nd Company, I Battalion, 6th RCT arrived at 21:00, some riding on American and Brazilian, M10 and M4 tanks, to enter the fight. The Axis troops made several unsuccessful attempts to break through to the north, but by 02:00 on 27 April, Allied forces had penetrated into the town.[19] The Axis forces, reinforced by artillery and some tanks made a final desperate assault just before dawn. When this failed, their resistance collapsed. By noon Allied forces, with Brazilians ahead, had full control of the town, forcing the Germans and Fascist Italians south toward Fornovo by late afternoon on 27 April.[19]
Fornovo di Taro
editPrisoners taken in the battle at Collecchio confirmed partisans and Rebels' reports that the 148th Division had come from the Gulf of Genoa and was in the area surrounding Fornovo di Taro about 9 miles (14 km) to the southwest of Collecchio on Highway 62.[15] The German 148th Infantry Division made an attempt to halt the allies at Fornovo di Taro. The Allied forces attacked this position at 18:00 on 28 April.[11] The defeat at Collecchio and follow-up attacks in Fornovo, convinced the German commander that defeat was inevitable.[19] At 22:00, General Otto Fretter-Pico sent emissaries seeking a cease fire while terms were discussed.[23] On 29 April, he surrendered the 148th Division intact.[11]
Aftermath
editThe Brazilian commander, General Mascarenhas de Moraes, received the surrender of the Wehrmacht and ENR Divisions on 29 April 1945. In one week the Brazilians had taken 14,700 troops, 800 officers and two generals.[24] The Brazilians also took 1,500 vehicles and 80 guns. All Axis forces in Italy capitulated on 2 May 1945.[11]
-
Generalleutnant Otto Fretter-Pico (left) surrendering to General Olímpio Falconière da Cunha (center). -
German soldier of the 148th during the surrender. -
German soldiers loading a vehicle during the surrender.
References
edit- ^ Donato 1996, p. 256 & 291.
- ^ Chase 1995, p. 90.
- ^ a b Donato 1996, p. Ibidem.
- ^ Bohmler 1964, Chapter IX (final).
- ^ a b Fisher 1993, p. 397.
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 254.
- ^ Scheina 2003, pp. 255–256.
- ^ Camel, Forsey & Turner 2011.
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 256.
- ^ "A CAMPANHA DA ITÁLIA - Tomada de Collecchio - Fornovo di Taro". Quartel-General do Exército (in Portuguese). 26 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d Scheina 2003, p. 257.
- ^ Mitcham 2007, p. 178.
- ^ Neto, Maximiano & Bujeiro 2011, p. 23.
- ^ Moseley 2004, p. 232.
- ^ a b Dulles 1978, p. 154.
- ^ Hargrove 1985, p. 169.
- ^ a b Baber 2008, p. 1.
- ^ Maximiano 2011, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d e f Baber 2008, p. 2.
- ^ Dulles 1978, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Dulles 1978, p. 153.
- ^ Neto, Maximiano & Bujeiro 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Moraes 1966, p. 175.
- ^ Edwards 2010, p. 90.
Bibliography
edit- Baber, Richard (2008). "The Battle at Collecchio" (PDF). The Journal. The Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
- Bohmler, Rudolf (1964). Monte Cassino: a German View. Cassell. ASIN B000MMKAYM.
- Camel, Ken; Forsey, Jonathan; Turner, Wayne (19 October 2011). "The Cobra is Smokin'". Flames of War. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- Chase, Patrick J. (1995). Seek, Strike, Destroy: the History of the 894th Tank Destroyer Battalion in World War II. Gateway Press.
- Donato, Hernâni (1996). Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ('Dictionary of Brazilian Battles') (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Ibrasa. ISBN 8534800340.
- Dulles, John W. F. (1978). Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-043-1. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- Edwards, Paul M. (24 August 2010). Between the Lines of World War II: Twenty-One Remarkable People and Events. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4667-4. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- Fisher, Ernest F. Jr. (16 November 1993). Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Paperback). Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-061310-4. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- Gibran, Daniel K. (2001). The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II. McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers. ISBN 0786410094.
- Hargrove, Hondon B. (1985). Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II (1st ed.). McFarland & Co. Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0786417080.
- Maximiano, Cesar Campiani (20 December 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-285-6. Retrieved 12 July 2012.[permanent dead link]
- Mitcham, Samuel W. (30 January 2007). Retreat to the Reich: The German Defeat in France, 1944. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3384-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- Moraes, João Baptista Mascarenhas de (1966). The Brazilian Expeditionary Force by its commander. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- Neto, Ricardo; Maximiano, Cesar Campiani; Bujeiro, Ramiro (22 March 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-483-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.[permanent dead link]
- Scheina, Robert L (31 July 2003). Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-1-59797-478-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.