The British West Indies Regiment (1915 - 1921) (BWIR) was a unit of the British Army during the First World War, formed of volunteers from British colonies in the West Indies. The regiment was fifteen thousand strong, with fifteen hundred losing their life in the war.[2]
| British West Indies Regiment | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 1915–1921 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch | British Army |
| Role | Infantry |
| Size | 15,601 (397 officers and 15,204 men)[1] |
| Engagements | World War I |
| Battle honours |
|
History
editFormation
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In 1915 the British Army formed a second West Indies regiment from Caribbean volunteers who had made their way to Britain. Initially, these volunteers were drafted into a variety of units within the army, but in 1915 it was decided to group them together into a single regiment, named the British West Indies Regiment. The similarity of titles has sometimes led to confusion between this war-time unit and the long established West India Regiment. Both were recruited from black Caribbean volunteers and a number of officers from the WIR were transferred to the BWIR.
The 1st Battalion was formed in September 1915 at Seaford, Sussex, England. It was made up of men from:
- British Guiana—A Company.
- Trinidad—B Company.
- Trinidad and St Vincent—C Company.
- Grenada and Barbados—D Company.
A further ten[clarification needed] battalions were formed afterwards. High wastage led to further drafts being required from Jamaica, British Honduras and Barbados before the regiment was able to begin training. In total approximately 15,600 men served in the British West Indies Regiment. Jamaica contributed two-thirds of these volunteers, while others came from Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Bahamas, British Honduras (now Belize), Grenada, British Guiana (now Guyana), the Leeward Islands, Saint Lucia and St Vincent. Nearly 5,000 more subsequently volunteered.[3][4]
Wartime service
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The British West Indies Regiment played a significant role in the First World War especially in Palestine and Jordan where they were employed in military operations against the Ottoman Army.[5] During the Palestine Campaign General Allenby sent the following telegram to the Governor of Jamaica, William Manning, "I have great pleasure in informing you of the gallant conduct of the machine-gun section of the 1st British West Indies Regiment during two successful raids on the Turkish trenches. All ranks behaved with great gallantry under heavy rifle and shell fire and contributed in no small measure to the success of the operations".[5][6] The 1st and 2nd Battalions served mainly in Egypt and Palestine, the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions served in France and Flanders, with the 5th Battalion acting as reserve draft unit. The 8th and 9th Battalions also served in France and Flanders, before being transferred to Italy in 1918, while the 10th and 11th Battalions also served in France and Italy.[7] Fifteen hundred lost their lives during the conflict.[2]
Taranto revolt
editFollowing the Armistice in November 1918 the battalions of the BWIR were concentrated at Taranto, Italy, to prepare for demobilisation. They were still required to work; loading and unloading ships, performing labour fatigues, and building and cleaning latrines for white soldiers, all of which caused resentment, especially when they discovered that white soldiers had been awarded a pay rise which they were not. On 6 December 1918, the men of the 9th Battalion refused to obey orders, and 180 sergeants signed a petition complaining about poor pay, allowances and promotions. On 9 December the 10th Battalion also refused to work. Over a period of four days a black NCO was killed and a lieutenant colonel assaulted. Men of the Worcestershire Regiment were sent in to restore order. The 9th Battalion was disbanded and its personnel distributed to other battalions, which were disarmed. Around 60 men were tried for mutiny, generally receiving sentences from three to five years, although one man received 20 years, and another was executed by firing squad.[8] Bitterness persisted after the mutiny was suppressed and on 17 December 1918 about 60 NCOs of the BWIR met to form the Caribbean League, calling for equal rights, self-determination and closer union in the West Indies. At a meeting on 20 December, a sergeant of the 3rd Battalion stated that "the black man should have freedom and govern himself in the West Indies and that if necessary, force and bloodshed should be used to attain that object".[8]
Battalions
editThe battalions of the regiment included:[9]
- 1st Btn (formed 1 October 1915)
- 2nd Btn (formed 1 January 1916)
- 3rd Btn (formed 7 January 1916)
- 4th Btn (formed 31 May 1916)
- 5th Btn (formed as a reserve battalion on 7 August 1916, converted to infantry by April 1918)
- 6th Btn (formed 30 March 1917)
- 7th Btn (formed 31 March 1917)
- 8th Btn (formed 7 July 1917)
- 9th Btn (formed 21 July 1917)
- 10th Btn (formed 26 August 1917)
- 11th Btn (formed 2 October 1917)
- 12th Btn (formed 8 December 1917)
- Reserve Btn (formed April 1918)
Awards and memorials
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During World War I the BWIR was awarded 81 medals for bravery and 49 men were mentioned in despatches.[3]
In 2024, to honour those who served in the BWIR, a plaque was unvealed in Ypres, West Flanders, Belgium. A place were many had fought and died. The plaque was installed at St George's Memorial Church.[2]
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Joseph, Cedric L. (2008). The British West Indies Regiment, 1914–1918. Georgetown: Free Press. ISBN 978-976-8178-26-8.
- Smith, Richard (2004). Jamaican Volunteers in the First World War: Race, Masculinity and the Development of a National Consciousness. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719069858.
- Elkins, W. F. (Spring 1970). "A Source of Black Nationalism in the Caribbean: The Revolt of the British West Indies Regiment at Taranto, Italy". Science & Society. 34 (1): 99–103. JSTOR 40401466.
- Christian, Gabriel (2014). "The Interwar Years & the Caribbean Soldier in Social Transformation: A Dominican Perspective" (PDF). Dominica Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- Smith, Richard (2008). "Reading List: The British West Indies Regiment and black soldiers in the First World War". Department of Media and Communications, Goldsmiths, University of London. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- J. B. M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Volume I, 1984: Microform Academic Publishers, Wakefield, United Kingdom.
References
edit- ^ "The British West Indies Regiment in 1914-1918". The Long, Long Trail: The British Army in the Great War of 1914–1918. 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ a b c King, Hannah (9 October 2024). "British West Indies Regiment finally honoured after a century of silence". www.forcesnews.com. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ^ a b "Caribbean participants in the First World War". Memorial Gates Trust. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/jamaica/ [bare URL]
- ^ a b Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary. Encyclopedia of World War I. p. 508.
- ^ The Times History of the War. p. 88.
- ^ "Lest We Forget – The British West Indies Regiment". Grenada National Archives. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ a b Johns, Steven (2014). "The British West Indies Regiment mutiny, 1918". libcom.org. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ Frederick, p. 71.
External links
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- Howe, Glenford D. (10 March 2011). "World Wars: A White Man's War? World War One and the West Indies". BBC History.
- "Dishonoured legion". The Guardian. 7 October 1999. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- Smith, Richard (2008). "West Indians at War". Caribbean Studies. 36 (1). Retrieved 12 November 2014.