A Climax locomotive is a type of geared steam locomotive built by the Climax Manufacturing Company (later renamed to the Climax Locomotive Works), of Corry, Pennsylvania. These had two steam cylinders attached to a transmission located under the center of the boiler, which sent power to driveshafts running to the front and rear trucks. Some 1,000-1,100 were built in three classes (A, B, and C) between 1888 and 1928.

A small Class B Climax locomotive owned by the Oregon Lumber Company on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
Fruit Growers Number 3, a Class C Climax locomotive on display at the RailGiants Train Museum in Pomona, California
Class B Climax locomotive Number 1694 at Emerald station preparing for a charter tour on the Puffing Billy Railway in Victoria, Australia

Invention and production

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The invention of the Climax locomotive is attributed to Charles D. Scott, who ran a forest railway near Spartansburg, Pennsylvania between 1875 and 1878. A lumberjack of considerable mechanical ingenuity, Scott sought to bring an improved logging locomotive of his own design to market and brought the drawings to the nearby Climax Manufacturing Company in Corry, Pennsylvania. The first four Climax locomotives were built and delivered in 1888. The design patent[1] was filed in February in the same year and granted in December. The invention was not patented in the name of Scott, as he had only a limited education, so he left the drawings to his brother-in-law George D. Gilbert, who was a civil engineer by profession and worked for Climax. Gilbert had the invention patented in his name without mentioning Scott.[2]

Gilbert patent

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Truck with differential as proposed by Gilbert, which was only used on the first Climax locomotives

Gilbert's patent[1] specified an upright maritime-type two-cylinder steam engine, a 2-speed transmission and a drivetrain in the underframe passing just above the axle centers. The patented differential for transferring the power from the drive shaft to the wheels was only used in the first Climax locomotives. In a similar way to that used in an automobile, the force was transferred to the two wheels of an axle separately, with one wheel being firmly connected to the wheelset shaft and the other wheel being able to rotate loosely on a sleeve around the shaft. The idea of the differential transmissions was to reduce resistance on tight bends by allowing one wheel to turn with fewer revolutions than the one at the other end of the axle. The design did not prove workable, because when driving at the adhesion limit, less tractive effort could be exerted compared to locomotives with rigid wheelsets.[2]

Battles patent

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Fig. 1 of US Patent 455154 by Battles showing the prototype of the Class B Climax locomotive.

Rush S. Battles patented the basic design of the drivetrain without the differential, using simple hypoid bevel gears to drive the wheelsets with normal fixed wheels.[3] Unlike the later, somewhat similar Heisler design, there were no side rods on the trucks and all gearing was open, exposed to the elements.

A further patent[4] from 1891 describes a locomotive with horizontal cylinders connected to the drive shaft through a 2-speed transmission. Battles's patent describes the core design that became the Class B Climax, and his patent illustrations show the name Climax emblazoned on the locomotive cab.

Scott patent

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Charles D. Scott, who had previously proposed a less successful geared steam locomotive,[5] filed a lawsuit against Gilbert and Battles and applied for a patent in his own name, which was granted to him on 20 December 1892 after a lengthy legal dispute. But the lawsuit left Scott penniless because he could hardly benefit from the invention.

Scott's patent[6] showed the arrangement of the steam engine, boiler and two-speed gearbox in accordance with Gilbert's patent[1] while the drive without differential gearbox was described in accordance to Battles' patent.[3] Scott's patent corresponds to the most common design of Class A Climax locomotives.

In 1893, Scott proposed a geared steam locomotive, in which the frame of the boiler was hinged to the frame of the tender. The running gear underneath the boiler was firmly connected to it and was driven by common lateral cylinders and side rods. Underneath the tender was a truck which was similar to the Climax locomotives driven by a central shaft which took the power from the front axle of the locomotive via a hypoid bevel gear. For the first time, the design used closed axle drives with housings on one hand protecting the gear unit from and on the other hand also containing the gear lubricant.[7]

Production

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All Climax locomotives were built by the Climax Manufacturing Company (later renamed to the Climax Locomotive Works), of Corry, Pennsylvania. In addition, an agency and service facility was established in Seattle, Washington to sell and maintain locomotives for west coast buyers. Production began in 1888 and the last Climax locomotive was produced in 1928. Between 1,000 and 1,100 were built.

Operational reliability

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Many loggers considered the Climax superior to the Shay in hauling capability and stability, particularly in a smaller locomotive. This was due to its fully sprung truck arrangement; the Shay locomotive had no springs on the bogie on the drivetrain side and was therefore not fully able to compensate for twists in the track. The ride on the large class C Climax was characteristically rough for the crew, since the imbalance of the large drivetrain could only be compensated at one speed.[8]

Classes

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Climaxes were built in three distinct classes:

Class A

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These featured a steam engine unit with two vertical cylinders mounted in the center of the locomotive. Class A Climaxes had a frame similar to a flatcar with wooden boxcar-like bodywork built up above it to protect the crew and fuel from the elements—this could be more or less covering between locomotive to locomotive. The front half of the locomotive, in front of the engine unit, contained the boiler. In smaller examples this may have been a vertical boiler, while in larger ones a tee boiler was employed. Class A Climaxes were small locomotives, generally under 17 tons. Class A Climaxes, unlike Heisler and Shay locomotives, had two-speed gearboxes.

Class B

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Introduced in 1893, the Climax Class B was looking more like a conventional steam locomotive. It had the cylinders on both side of the boiler, permitting it to be longer and larger than possible with the Class A arrangement. The two cylinders drove a transverse shaft that was geared to the longitudinal driveshaft in the middle; on early Class B Climaxes, the cylinders were horizontal and pointing forwards, while later ones had the cylinders angled upwards at about 30 degrees from horizontal. Class B Climaxes weighed approximately 17 tons at minimum to a maximum of approximately 60 tons.

Class C

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A class C was a three-truck design, the additional powered truck being beneath a water-carrying tender articulated to the locomotive. This allowed the locomotive to operate for longer periods of time before needing to stop for water. All Class C locomotives had inclined cylinders.

Survivors

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Approximately 17 Climax locomotives survive in North America, of which about five are operational.

 
Hillcrest Lumber Co. No. 9, preserved at the BC Forest Discovery Centre, Duncan, British Columbia
  • Two Climax locomotives are preserved in Canada, both at the BC Forest Discovery Centre in Duncan, British Columbia. Shawnigan Lake Lumber Co. No. 2 is a 25-ton Class B locomotive, and was built in 1910 as shop number 1057.[13] Hillcrest Lumber Co. No. 9 was built to a larger, 50-ton Class B design in 1915, and is Climax shop number 1359.[14] Hillcrest Lumber Co. #10, the larger locomotive weighing 70 tons, is currently preserved at Mt. Rainier Scenic Railroad at Elbe, Washington. It is not currently operational and is awaiting work.
  • One Climax is located in Roaring Camp And Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad, In Felton, California, USA. It is In pieces and as of 2017, its boiler and pistons are operation under its own steam, estimated full restoration in 5 – 10 years.
  • Only two Climax Class A locomotives are known to survive today. One was located in Nome, Alaska before it was acquired 2019-2020, and is currently undergoing restoration in Corry, PA.[15] The other, Cabin Creek Lumber Co. #1; was acquired by Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad in 2024 and will be restored to operation.[16]


  • Fruit Growers Supply Co. No. 3 is preserved on the grounds of the RailGiants Train Museum, located inside the Los Angeles County Fairgrounds in Pomona, California.[18]

Conversions

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Some Climaxes, especially Class A, were later converted to diesel or gasoline power, and some still exist in this form, using the original frame and drive mechanism.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b c George D.Gilbert, Propelling gear for tram cars, U.S. Patent 393,896, December 4, 1888
  2. ^ a b Vasser, Ed. "History Of The Climax Locomotive". Climax Locomotives. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  3. ^ a b Battles, Rush S. (25 February 1890). "Locomotive (U.S. Patent 421,894)".
  4. ^ Battles, Rush S. (30 June 1891). "Locomotive (U.S. Patent 455,154)".
  5. ^ Scott, Charles D. (12 May 1891). "Locomotive for Tramways (U.S. Patent 452,124)".
  6. ^ Scott, Charles D. (20 December 1892). "Locomotive for Tramways (U.S. Patent 488,484)".
  7. ^ Charles D. Scott, Tramway Locomotive, U.S. Patent 504,541, September 5, 1893.
  8. ^ Vasser, Ed. "History Of The Climax Locomotive". Climax Locomotives. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  9. ^ "Climax Locomotive No. 1694 Recommissioning". Puffing Billy Preservation Society. Archived from the original on 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  10. ^ "Exhibit - Climax". Tasmanian Transport Museum Society. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
  11. ^ "Middle Fork Climax No. 9". Durbin & Greenbrier Valley Railroad. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  12. ^ "Durbin & Greenbrier Valley Railroad". AmericanRails.com. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  13. ^ "Our Trains: Shawnigan Lake Lumber Co. No. 2". BC Forest Discovery Centre. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  14. ^ "Our Trains: Hillcrest Lumber Co. No. 9". BC Forest Discovery Centre. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  15. ^ "Restoration of Historic Locomotive Keeps Moving Forward".
  16. ^ "Oregon Coast Scenic Acquires Rare Climax". railfan.com. White River Productions. October 25, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  17. ^ "Train History Day". Cradle of Forestry. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  18. ^ "RailGiants Train Museum | Fruit Growers Supply (Sunkist) #3".
  19. ^ Vasser, Ed. "Surviving Climax Locomotives". www.climaxlocomotives.com. Frankfort, Kentucky. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
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