Erythrina /ˌɛrɪˈθraɪnə/[4] is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, with the larger species growing up to 30 m (98 ft) in height. These species are known for their large flowers with long and bright red or orange petals.[5]
| Coral trees | |
|---|---|
| |
| Wiliwili (E. sandwicensis) flowers, Kanaio Beach, Maui, Hawaii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Phaseoleae |
| Genus: | Erythrina L. (1753) |
| Type species | |
| Erythrina corallodendron L.[1]
| |
| Species | |
|
About 130, see text. | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
Taxonomy
editThe generic name is derived from the Greek word ερυθρóς erythros, meaning "red", referring to the flower color of certain species.[6]
Common names
editParticularly in horticulture, the name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants. Flame tree is another vernacular name, but may refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. Many species of Erythrina have bright red flowers, and this may be the origin of the common name. However, the growth of the branches can resemble the shape of sea coral rather than the color of Corallium rubrum specifically, and this is an alternative source for the name. Other popular names, usually local and particular to distinct species, liken the flowers' red hues to those of a male chicken's wattles, and/or the flower shape to its leg spurs. Commonly seen Spanish names for any local species are bucaré, frejolillo or porotillo, and in Afrikaans some are called kafferboom (from the species name Erythrina caffra). Mullumurikku is a widespread name in Kerala.
Description
edit
A flower of most known Erythrina species is made of long top petals that fold into a boat or spade shape and curve backwards from the stem while the bottom petals enclose its stamens; both together make almost a butterfly shape.[7][8] Not all of them flower in just bright red; the wiliwili (E. sandwicensis) has extraordinary variation in its flower colour, with orange, yellow, salmon, green and white all being found within natural populations. This striking color polymorphism is also found in Erythrina lysistemon and Erythrina afra.
Ecology
editAll species except the sterile hybrids E. × sykesii and E. × bidwillii have legume-type fruit, sometimes called pods, containing one or more seeds. The resilient buoyant seeds are often carried by the sea for large distances and are commonly called "sea beans".
Erythrina leaves are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the swift moth Endoclita damor and the woolly bears Hypercompe eridanus and Hypercompe icasia. The mite Tydeus munsteri is a pest on the coastal coral tree (E. afra).
Many birds visit the nectar-rich Erythrina flowers. In the Neotropics, these are usually larger hummingbirds, for example the swallow-tailed hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura) and the black-throated (Anthracothorax nigricollis) and green-breasted mangos (A. prevostii) – though they seem not to be especially fond of E. speciosa at least, which they visit rather opportunistically. In Southeast Asia, the black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) which usually does not eat nectar in quantity has been observed feeding on E. suberosa flowers, and mynas and of course more specialized nectar feeders also utilize coral tree flowers. Lorikeets such as the collared lory (Phigys solitarius) and the possibly extinct New Caledonian lorikeet (Charmosyna diadema) are known to consume (or have consumed) large amounts of Erythrina nectar.
Use by humans
editSome coral trees are used widely in the tropics and subtropics as street and park trees, especially in drier areas. In some places, such as Venezuela, bucarés are used as shade trees for coffee or cocoa crops. In the Bengal region, they are used for the same purpose in Schumannianthus dichotoma plantations. E. lanceolata in particular is considered highly suitable as "frame" tree for vanilla vines to grow up on.
Native Hawaiians made a number of items from wiliwili wood because of its low density, such as mouo (fishing net floats), ama (outrigger canoe floats,[9] and extremely long papa heʻe nalu (surfboards) called olo. Olo, which averaged 18 feet (5.5 m), were exclusively ridden by aliʻi (royalty).[10] The wood was sometimes used for the waʻa (hull) of outrigger canoes intended to be used near-shore, for recreation, or for training.[11] The shiny orange-red seeds were strung into lei.[12]
The conspicuous, even dramatic coral trees are widely used as floral emblems. cockspur coral tree (E. crista-galli) is the national flower of Argentina and Uruguay. The coastal coral tree (E. afra) is the official city tree of Los Angeles, California, where it is referred to simply as the "coral tree".[13] The state trees of Mérida and Trujillo in Venezuela are bucaré ceibo (E. poeppigiana) and purple coral tree (bucaré anauco, E. fusca), respectively. Yonabaru, Okinawa as well as the Okinawa Prefecture, Quanzhou, Fujian Province and Pathum Thani Province have the Indian coral tree (E. variegata) as floral emblems. Known as thong lang in Thailand, the latter species is also one of the thong ("trees") referred to in the name of Amphoe Chom Thong, Chiang Mai Province. In a similar vein, Zumpahuacán in Mexico derives its name from Nahuatl tzompahuacá, "place of the Erythrina americana".
In Hinduism, the mandāra tree in Indra's garden in Svarga is held to be E. stricta. The same motif is found in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, where the mandāravā (Tib. man dā ra ba) growing in Sukhāvatī is identified as an Indian coral tree (E. variegata). The concept of the Five Trees of Paradise is also found in Christian Gnosticism. Though as none of the trees is identified as an Erythrina here, the concept might not be as directly related to the Asian religions as some presume.
The seeds of at least one-third of the species contain potent erythrina alkaloids, and some of these are used for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples.[14][15][16] They are all toxic to some degree, however, and the seeds of some can cause fatal poisoning.[citation needed] The chemical compounds found in plants in this genus include alkaloids such as scoulerine, erysodin, erysovin (namely in E. flabelliformis), and the putative anxiolytic erythravine (isolated from Mulungu, E. mulungu). Erysodienone is a precursor in the biosynthesis of many of these alkaloids.[17]
As food
editRoot tubers of Erythrina species have been traditional food for aborigines of the Northern Territory of Australia.[18]
In Vietnam, people use the leaves of E. variegata to wrap nem chua (a kind of fermented pork wrapped in banana leaves).
Selected species
edit
- Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (East Africa)
- Erythrina acanthocarpa
- Erythrina afra Thunb. – Coastal coral tree (Southeastern Africa)
- Erythrina americana Mill. – Colorín,[19] Tzompāmitl[20] (Mexico)
- Erythrina ankaranensis Du Puy & Labat (Madagascar)
- Erythrina atitlanensis Krukoff & Barneby
- Erythrina berteroana Urb.
- Erythrina burana Chiov. (Ethiopia)
- Erythrina corallodendron L. (Hispaniola, Jamaica)
- Erythrina coralloides D.C. – Flame coral tree, naked coral tree (Arizona in the United States, Mexico)
- Erythrina crista-galli L. – Cockspur coral tree, ceibo, seíbo, bucaré (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay)
- Erythrina decora Harms
- Erythrina edulis Micheli – Basul (Andes)
- Erythrina eggersii Krukoff & Moldenke – Cock's-spur, espuela de gallo, piñón espinoso (United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico)
- Erythrina elenae Howard & Briggs (Cuba)
- Erythrina euodiphylla Hassk. ex Backh. (Indonesia)
- Erythrina falcata Benth. – Brazilian coral tree (Brazil)
- Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney
- Erythrina fusca Lour. – Purple coral tree, bois immortelle, bucaré anauco, bucayo, gallito (Pantropical)
- Erythrina haerdii Verdc. (Tanzania)
- Erythrina hazomboay Du Puy & Labat (Madagascar)
- Erythrina herbacea L. – Coral bean, Cherokee bean, red cardinal, cardinal spear (Southeastern United States, Northeastern Mexico)
- Erythrina humeana Spreng. – Natal coral tree, dwarf coral tree, dwarf kaffirboom, dwarf erythrina (South Africa)
- Erythrina lanceolata Standl.
- Erythrina latissima E.Mey.
- Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. – Common coral tree, Transvaal kaffirboom, lucky bean tree (South Africa)
- Erythrina madagascariensis Du Puy & Labat (Madagascar)
- Erythrina megistophylla (Ecuador)
- Erythrina mexicana (Mexico)
- Erythrina mulungu Diels Mart. – Mulungu (Brazil)
- Erythrina orophila Ghesq.
- Erythrina perrieri R.Viguier (Madagascar)
- Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook – bucare ceibo
- Erythrina polychaeta Harms (Ecuador)
- Erythrina resupinata Roxb (India and Nepal)
- Erythrina rubrinervia Kunth
- Erythrina sacleuxii Hua (Kenya, Tanzania)
- Erythrina sandwicensis O.Deg. – Wiliwili (Hawaii)
- Erythrina schimpffii Diels (Ecuador)
- Erythrina schliebenii Harms – Lake Latumba Erythrina (Thought to be extinct since 1938, but some individuals, believed to be less than fifty, were recently rediscovered in forest remnants on rocky sites in coastal Tanzania (reported in the UK Guardian newspaper 23 March 2012, from a report in the Journal of East African Natural History.)
- Erythrina senegalensis DC.
- Erythrina speciosa Andrews (Brazil)
- Erythrina stricta Roxb. – Mandara (Southeast Asia)
- Erythrina suberosa Roxb.
- Erythrina subumbrans Miq.
- Erythrina tahitensis Nadeaud (Tahiti)
- Erythrina tholloniana Hua (West-Central Tropical Africa)
- Erythrina tuxtlana Krukoff & Barneby (Mexico)
- Erythrina variegata L. – Indian coral tree, tiger's claw, sunshine tree, roluos tree (Cambodia), deigo (Okinawa), drala (Fiji), madar (Bangladesh), man da ra ba (Tibet), thong lang (Thailand), vông nem (Vietnam)
- Erythrina velutina Willd. (Caribbean, South America, Galápagos Islands)
- Erythrina vespertilio Benth. – Bat's wing coral tree, grey corkwood, "bean tree" (Australia)
- Erythrina zeyheri Harv. – Ploughbreaker
- Erythrina ×bidwillii Lindl.
- Erythrina ×sykesii Barneby & Krukoff
Formerly placed here
edit- Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (as E. monosperma Lam.)
- Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg (as E. piscipula L.)[21]
Legal status
editUnited States
editLouisiana
editGrowing, selling or possessing Erythrina spp. except for ornamental purposes, is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159 (where the genus is misspelled Erythina); the Act covers various known, suspected, or rumored hallucinogenic plants.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Erythrina L". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ Erythrina L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ^ "Genus: Erythrina L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-01. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
- ^ Adema, Frits (1996). "Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)". Blumea. 41 (2): 463–468.
- ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
- ^ Nesom, Guy L. (May 2015). "Key to native and cultivated species of Erythrina (Fabaceae) in the USA and comments on naturalization of E. crista-galli" (PDF). Phytoneuron (29): 2–3.
- ^ Kumar, A; Lingadurai, S.; Jain, A.; Barman, N. R. (March 2010). "Erythrina variegata Linn: a review on morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 4 (8): 147–152. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70908. PMC 3249914. PMID 22228954.
- ^ "Erythrina sandwicensis (Fabaceae)". Meet the Plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ Ben Marcos; Juliana Morais; Jeff Divine & Gary Linden (2007). The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-0-7603-2753-1.
- ^ A.C. Medeiros C.F. Davenport & C.G. Chimera (1998). "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest" (PDF). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 38–39.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Elbert L. Little Jr. & Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Wiliwili" (PDF). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council (1979). Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences. p. 258.
- ^ Adetunji, Tomi Lois; Acho, Marvellous Amarachi; Samuel, Victory Oghenetega; Ohoro, Chinemerem Ruth; Ramulondi, Mmbulaheni (2024-01-30). "Erythrina velutina Willd.: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 319 (Pt 2): 117273. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117273. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 37820994.
- ^ Anywar, G.; Kakudidi, E.; Byamukama, R.; Mukonzo, J.; Schubert, A.; Oryem-Origa, H.; Jassoy, C. (2021-04-15). "A Review of the Toxicity and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Herbalists in Treating People Living With HIV/AIDS in Uganda". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.615147. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 8082237. PMID 33935707.
- ^ "The Life of Science | LSU Research Magazine". www.lsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
- ^ Rahman, Mohammed Zakiur; J Sultana, Shirin; Faruquee, Chowdhury; Ferdous, Faisol; Rahman, Mohammad; S Islam, Mohammad; Rashid, Mohammad A. (May 2007). "Phytochemical and Biological investigations of Erythrina variegata" (PDF). Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- ^ NTFlora Northern Territory Flora online: Flora of the Darwin Region: Fabaceae. Retrieved 10 June 2018
- ^ "Zompantle o colorín (Erythrina americana Miller)". Tratado de Medicina Tradicional Mexicana Tomo II: Bases Teóricas, Clínica y Terapéutica (20). 2005. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ Karttunen, Frances (1992). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8061-2421-6.
- ^ "GRIN Species Records of Erythrina". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
External links
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