Wikipedia

Geographical distribution of French speakers

(Redirected from Francophones)

This article is about the geography of French speaking populations. For the French-speaking world, see Francophonie.

The French language became an international language, the second international language alongside Latin, in the Middle Ages, "from the fourteenth century onwards". It was not by virtue of the power of the Kingdom of France: '"... until the end of the fifteenth century, the French of the chancellery spread as a political and literary language because the French court was the model of chivalric culture". Consequently, it was less as a centralising monarch than as a "gentle courtly prince" that the king unwittingly spread his language" and "the methods of expansion were not political"'.[1] This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the language of European diplomacy and international relations.[2]

The terms Francophonie or Francophone world refer the whole body of people and organisations around the world who use the French language regularly for private or public purposes. French is the second most geographically widespread language in the world after English, with the French-speaking world comprising about 50 countries and territories where French is a de jure or de facto official, administrative, or cultural language.[3]

According to the 2022 report of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), 321 million people speak French.[4] The OIF states that despite a decline in the number of learners of French in Europe, the overall number of speakers is rising, largely because of its presence in African countries: of the 212 million who use French daily, 54.7% are living in Africa.[5] The OIF figures have been contested as being underestimated due to the methodology used and its strict definition of the word francophone. The French Conseil économique, social et environnemental estimate that were they included, the total number of French speakers passed 500 million in the year 2020.[6]

Proportion of French speakers (including L2-speakers) by country in 2022, saturating at 50%, according to the OIF[7]
  0–9% Francophone
  10–19% Francophone
  20–29% Francophone
  30–39% Francophone
  40–49% Francophone
  50%+ Francophone
Proportion of French speakers, saturating at 100%[7]
  0–19% Francophone
  20–39% Francophone
  40–59% Francophone
  60–79% Francophone
  80–99% Francophone

Statistics

edit

OIF figures

edit

French speakers by Regions

  Europe (41.2%)
  Maghreb (12.7%)
  Sub-Saharan Africa (44.1%)
  North America (0.5%)
  Others (1.5%)


 
Population who can understand French in the EU and UK

The following figures are from a 2022 report of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).[8] No distinctions are made between native speakers of French and those who learnt it as a foreign language, between different levels of mastery or how often the language is used in daily life.[9] For African countries where French is the main language of education, the number of French speakers is derived from the average number of schooling years.[9]

Country French speakers % Basis of projection
  Albania 29,731 1.04% Adult Education Survey
  Algeria 14,903,789 32.86% 2008 census
  Andorra 54,315 70.12% 2009 national survey
  Armenia 10,105 0.34% 2011 census
  Austria 1,166,035 12.86% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Belgium 8,814,948 75.55% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Benin 4,306,099 33.68% 2013 census
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 25,523 0.79% Adult Education Survey
  Bulgaria 157,440 2.30% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Burkina Faso 5,403,610 24.45% Demographic and Health Survey
  Burundi 1,073,506 8.50% 2008 census
  Cambodia 463,248 2.70% 2010 OIF report + 2010 observations
  Cameroon 11,490,652 41.17% 2005 census
  Canada 11,060,585 28.58% 2016 census
  Cape Verde 61,000 10.8% OIF survey
  Central African Republic 1,435,061 28.61% Demographic and Health Survey
  Chad 2,249,023 12.92% 2009 census
  Colombia 4,636 0.01% French embassy in Colombia 2016
  Comoros 237,140 35.69% 2003 census
  Congo 3,518,464 60.69% Demographic and Health Survey
  Costa Rica 5,231 0.10% Rivard (2016)
  Croatia 95,650 2.36% 2005 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Cuba 339 0.003% French embassy in Cuba 2019
  Cyprus 80,711 6.60% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Czech Republic 233,351 2.17% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Denmark 442,142 7.51% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Djibouti 508,049 50% OIF survey
  Dominica 6,936 9.59% 2010 OIF report + 2006-2007 OIF survey
  Dominican Republic 158,808 1.44% 2014 OIF report
  DR Congo 72,110,821 74% Target Survey 2021[10]
  Egypt 3,204,706 3.02% OIF survey
  Equatorial Guinea 432,705 28.91% OIF survey
  Estonia 19,200 1.45% 2011 census
  Finland 437,772 7.88% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  France (Metropolitan) 63,958,684 97.52% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Gabon 1,865,225 80% World Atlas [11]
  Gambia 511,699 20.00% 2018 OIF observer application
  Georgia 16,594 0.42% 2002 census
  Germany 12,242,129 14.88% Adult Education Survey
  Ghana 273,795 0.85% 2010 census
  Greece 754,215 7.31% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Guinea 3,776,680 27.24% Demographic and Health Survey
  Guinea-Bissau 317,351 15.38% OIF survey
  Haiti 4,906,073 42.00% 2010 OIF report
  Hungary 113,216 1.18% 2011 census
  Ireland 635,876 12.67% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Israel 527,804 5.92% OIF survey
  Italy 11,796,508 19.58% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Ivory Coast 9,324,605 33.61% 2014 census
  Kosovo 25,517 1.41% 2011 census
  Laos 204,188 2.73% OIF survey
  Latvia 20,220 1.09% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Lebanon 2,539,554 37.99% 2010 OIF report + 2012 observations
  Lithuania 62,492 2.35% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Luxembourg 590,896 91.99% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Madagascar 7,729,277 26.49% 2018 census
  Mali 3,702,660 17.24% 2009 census
  Malta 58,158 13.10% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Mauritania 655,948 13.38% 2013 census
  Mauritius 926,053 72.65% OIF survey
  Mexico 30,184 0.02% Rivard (2016)
  Moldova 54,579 1.36% 2014 census
  Monaco 38,549 96.91% OIF survey
  Montenegro 12,897 2.05% 2011 census
  Morocco 13,456,845 35.63% 2014 census
  Mozambique 98,822 0.30% OIF survey
  Netherlands 3,306,754 19.21% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Niger 3,362,988 12.89% 2012 census
  North Macedonia 42,544 2.04% Adult Education Survey
  Norway 167,905 3.05% Adult Education Survey
  Paraguay 14,612 0.20% 2002 census
  Peru 371 0.001% Alliances françaises in Peru 2018
  Poland 947,243 2.51% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Portugal 2,546,977 25.12% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Qatar 126,751 4.25% 2012 OIF associate application
  Romania 2,281,829 11.99% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Russia 628,723 0.43% 2010 census
  Rwanda 792,815 5.83% 2012 census
  Saint Lucia 3,002 1.62% 2010 OIF report + 2003 OIF survey
  São Tomé and Príncipe 45,984 20.20% OIF survey
  Senegal 4,640,365 26.29% 2013 census
  Serbia (excl. Kosovo) 244,973 3.58% Adult Education Survey
  Seychelles 52,699 53.00% OIF survey
  Slovakia 113,621 2.08% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Slovenia 50,042 2.41% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Spain 5,471,670 11.71% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  Suriname 537 0.09% 2017 census
  Sweden 844,989 8.27% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
   Switzerland 5,889,496 67.13% Adult Education Survey
  Thailand 578,085 0.82% 2010 OIF report + 2010 observations
  Togo 3,554,266 40.94% 2010 census
  Tunisia 6,321,391 52.47% 2014 census
  Ukraine 52,822 0.12% 2001 census
  United Arab Emirates 264,153 2.62% 2018 OIF application for a status change
  United Kingdom 11,281,136 16.47% 2012 Eurobarometer + Adult Education Survey
  United States 2,179,246 0.65% 2017 American Community Survey
  Uruguay 5,096 0.15% Rivard (2016)
  Vanuatu 100,153 31.12% 2009 census
  Vietnam 692,983 0.70% 2010 OIF report + pre-2010 observations

Other territories

edit
Territory Country French speakers Percentage Year Reference
French Community of Belgium   Belgium 4,658,000 98% 2014 [12]
New Brunswick   Canada 320,000 42% 2014 [12]
Ontario   Canada 1,530,440 11.38% 2016 [13]
Québec   Canada 7,666,000 93% 2014 [12]
Collectivity of Saint Martin   France 33,375 84% 2022 [13]
French Guiana   France 162,000 62% 2015 [14]
French Polynesia   France 276,000 98% 2015 [14]
Guadeloupe   France 395,000 84% 2015 [14]
Martinique   France 329,000 81% 2015 [14]
Mayotte   France 147,000 63% 2015 [14]
New Caledonia   France 260,000 99% 2015 [14]
Réunion   France 788,000 88% 2015 [14]
Saint Barthélemy   France 8,355 84% 2022 [13]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon   France 6,000 100% 2015 [14]
Wallis and Futuna   France 11,000 83% 2015 [14]
Aosta Valley   Italy 72,000 60% 2001 [12]
Aruba   Netherlands 117 0.11% 2022 [13]
Louisiana   United States 84,163 1.84% 2022 [13]
Puerto Rico   United States 849 0.03% 2022 [13]
United States Virgin Islands   United States 8,941 8.60% 2022 [13]

Native speakers

edit

French native speakers by countries

  France (82.3%)
  Canada (9.3%)
  Belgium (5.0%)
  Switzerland (2.0%)
  Others (1.4%)

It is estimated that 80 million people worldwide speak French as a main or first language.[15]

Country L1 speakers Percentage Year Reference Region
  Algeria[note 1] 10,200 0.03% 2012 [16] Africa
  Andorra[note 1] 4,200 5.2% 2005 [16] Europe
  Australia 57,739 0.3% 2011 [17] Australasia
  Austria 10,190 0.1% 2001 [18] Europe
  Belgium[note 2] 4,194,000 38% 2012 [19] Europe
  Benin[note 1] 16,700 0.3% 1993 [16] Africa
  Burkina Faso 261,000 1.2% 2021 [20] Africa
  Burundi[note 1] 2,200 0.03% 2004 [16] Africa
  Cambodia 873 0.01% 2008 [18] Asia
  Canada 7,651,360 20.8% 2021 [21] North America
  Central African Republic[note 1] 9,000 0.3% 1996 [16] Africa
  Chad[note 1] 3,000 0.05% 1993 [16] Africa
  Comoros[note 1] 1,700 0.4% 1993 [16] Africa
  Congo-Brazzaville[note 1] 28,000 1.1% 1993 [16] Africa
  Cote d'Ivoire[note 1] 17,500 0.2% 1988 [16] Africa
  Cyprus 1,139 0.1% 2011 [18] Asia/Europe
  Czech Republic[note 3] 2,056 0.02% 2011 [22] Europe
  Djibouti[note 1] 10,200 1.3% 2006 [16] Africa
  Estonia 124 0.01% 2011 [23] Europe
  Finland 4,402 0.1% 2018 [24] Europe
  France[note 4] 66,740,000 93% 2012 [19] Europe
  Gabon[note 1] 320,000 15.1% 2018 [16] Africa
  Georgia[note 5] 28 0.001% 2002 [14] Asia/Europe
  Hungary[note 6] 18,943 0.2% 2011 [25] Europe
  India[note 1] 150,000 0.02% 2008 [16] Asia
  Lebanon[note 1] 16,600 0.4% 2004 [16] Asia
  Liechtenstein 39 0.1% 2010 [18] Europe
  Lithuania 95 0.003% 2011 [18] Europe
  Luxembourg 57,633 12.1% 2013 [26] Europe
  Madagascar[note 1] 101,004 0.57% 2003 [27] Africa
  Mali 7,000 0.09% 1998 [28] Africa
  Mauritius 51,000 4% 2018 [29] Africa
  Monaco 16,500 45% 2014 [16] Europe
  Morocco[note 1] 80,000 0.3% 2007 [16] Africa
  Niger[note 1] 6,000 0.1% 1993 [16] Africa
  Poland[note 7] 3,488 0.01% 2011 [30] Europe
  Rwanda[note 1] 2,300 0.03% 2004 [16] Africa
  Senegal 59,605 0.6% 2002 [31] Africa
  Seychelles[note 8] 650 0.7% 2010 [32] Africa
  South Africa 9,268 0.02% 1996 [18] Africa
   Switzerland 1,791,115 22.5% 2013 [33] Europe
  Togo[note 1] 3,000 0.1% 1993 [16] Africa
  Tunisia[note 1] 11,000 0.1% 1993 [16] Africa
  United Kingdom (England and Wales) 147,000 0.3% 2011 [34] Europe
  United States 1,307,742 0.5% 2013 [35] North America
  Vanuatu[note 9] 1,400 0.6% 2009 [36] Melanesia

Subnational territories

edit
Territory Country L1 speakers Percentage Year Reference
Flanders   Belgium 367,000 5.9% 2009 [37]
New Brunswick   Canada 240,455 32.5% 2011 [38]
Nova Scotia   Canada 31,110 3.4% 2011 [38]
Ontario   Canada 597,000 4.3% 2016 [38]
Quebec   Canada 6,540,735 77.7% 2021 [39]
Manitoba   Canada 51,280 4.3% 2011 [38]
Alberta   Canada 68 435 2.1% 2011 [38]
British Columbia   Canada 63 625 1.4% 2011 [38]
Uusimaa   Finland 2,823 0.17% 2018 [40]
Mayotte[note 10]   France 21,000 10% 2014 [41]
Réunion[note 11]   France 65,700 8% 2010 [42]
Puducherry[note 12]   India 10,600 0.26% 1982 [43]
Aosta Valley[note 13]   Italy 1,500 1.3% 2003 [44]
Romandy    Switzerland 1,606,029 83.6% 2013 [45]
Louisiana   United States 119,931 2.8% 2013 [46]
Maine   United States 47,066 3.73% 2012 [46]
Massachusetts   United States 65,874 1.06% 2012 [46]
Connecticut   United States 35,565 1.05% 2012 [46]
New Hampshire   United States 24,697 1.98% 2012 [46]
Vermont   United States 9,543 1.61% 2012 [46]
Rhode Island   United States 11,477 1.15% 2012 [46]

Africa

edit

Northern Africa

edit

Algeria

edit
Main article: French language in Algeria

In Algeria, 69.1% of the population over 15 in Alger, Constantine, Oran and Annaba can read and write French.[47] According to a survey conducted in 2012, fewer than four in 10 Algerians identified with a Francophone identity. Conversely, speaking French was seen as essential by seven in 10, though a third of the population felt that the use of French is declining.[48] In urban areas, the ability to speak fluent French is considered almost mandatory to find employment, especially in specialized white collar fields.[49] French is the first foreign language in Algeria, and is introduced at the primary level. In higher education, French is the language of instruction in scientific and technical fields.[50]

Francophone Algerians can be divided into three broad categories: 'real Francophones', who speak French as part of their daily lives and mostly come from a privileged background; 'casual Francophones', who use the language in certain contexts, alternating it with Arabic, and 'passive Francophones', who can understand French but do not speak it.[51]

French television channels are widely watched in Algeria, and Algerian newspapers print their television schedules.[52] Algeria also has a sizeable French-language press.[52] A 2014 report published by the National Assembly of France describes it as the most important French-speaking country after France.[52] Nevertheless, Algeria is not a member of the Francophonie.[52] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 76% of Algerians in 2014.[53]

French is not official, but The World Factbook cites it as the lingua franca of the country.[36] The French language, restricted to an urban elite during the colonial period, began to expand as part of the mass education efforts launched after 1962. Its controversial status as a legacy of colonialism led to the increasing Arabisation of the school system in the 1970s and 1980s.[54] The usage of French in the country reached its lowest point during the Algerian Civil War in the 1990s, when armed Islamist groups[who?] targeted teachers of French. The language has rebounded in public life since the end of the war,[55] culminating in the efforts to reintroduce French in primary schools in 2006, which were initially hampered by a lack of sufficiently qualified teachers.[54] Referring to the continued usage of French in Algeria in the post-colonial period, the writer Kateb Yacine described the French language as the 'spoils of war' (butin de guerre) of Algerians.[56]

Local French-language media include El Watan, Le Soir d'Algérie, Liberté, Le Matin and Tout sur l'Algérie. According to a 2010 study by IMMAR Research & Consultancy, Francophone newspapers had a readership of 4,459,000 in the country, or 28% of the total, and a majority among readers with a high school or university education.[57]

Egypt

edit

The first French-medium school was established in Egypt in 1836, and the importance of French expanded throughout the second half of the 19th century, until it became the most common foreign language in the country.[58] At the time, it was also a lingua franca for the communities of foreign origin, especially in Cairo.[58]

During the period of the British colonization of Egypt French was actually the medium of communication among foreigners and between foreigners and Egyptians;[59] the mixed French-Egyptian civil courts operated in French, and government notices from the Egyptian Sultan, taxi stand information, timetables of trains, and other legal documents were issued in French.[60] This was partly because of some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France.[59] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[61]

French began to lose ground in Egyptian society in the 1920s for a number of political and social reasons;[58] from the 1930s onwards English became the main foreign language, but French was still being learnt by 8 million Egyptians in 2013.[62] There are two French-speaking universities in the country, the Université Française d'Égypte and the Université Senghor.[62]

Mauritania

edit
See also: Languages of Mauritania

French was demoted from its status as an official language of Mauritania in 1991. Even so, it is taught from the second grade onward for up to six hours a week. French is also a language of instruction in high school for scientific subjects. In higher education, 2,300 students were enrolled in French courses in 2012. French remains, alongside Arabic, the language of work and education, although there were attempts to introduce English as a first foreign language.[63] On social media, 59% of Mauritanian Facebook users used French on the website in 2014.[53]

Morocco

edit
Main article: French language in Morocco
See also: Language Attitudes Among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco

The 2004 census of Morocco found that 39.5% of the population aged 10 and older could read and write French.[64] Spoken mainly in cities among the upper middle class, French is the medium of instruction of two-thirds of courses in higher education, including science and technology, health, economics and management, although the adoption of English for this role was being considered by the Minister of Education.[50] In the private sector, French is treated as more than simply a foreign language.[50] French is introduced in primary school, where it is studied for up to 7 hours a week. It is also used as the language of education in many private schools.[63] Moroccans are the largest group of foreign students in France, ahead of the Chinese and Algerians.[65]

50.3% of the population over 15 in Tanger, Fès, Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakech can read and write French.[47] According to a survey conducted in 2012, just a third of urban Moroccans identify with a Francophone identity, and slightly more wish for French to become more commonly used.[66] French is nevertheless deemed essential, both in the professional and private spheres, by three-quarters of respondents.[48] French-language media are losing ground to Arabic media, including in television, radio or the press: of 618 Moroccan publications in 2004, 448 were in Arabic and 164 in French.[67] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 75% of Moroccans in 2014.[53]

Local French-language media include Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb, TelQuel, Aujourd'hui le Maroc, La Vie éco.

Tunisia

edit
Main article: Languages of Tunisia § French

French is a working language in many sectors in Tunisia, including healthcare, commerce or communication. In coastal areas and the more developed neighbourhoods of the capital, it is also a common language of communication for all social groups, either in its standardised form or hybridised with Arabic. In the inland regions and the south it remains a foreign language. French is introduced from the third grade at 8 hours per week. In high school French is the language of instruction for mathematics, science and computing. Teachers are not always sufficiently trained for this usage, however.[63]

Nearly three-quarters of the population of Tunis, Sousse and Sfax consider French as essential in their professional or personal lives. However, only half of the population feels Francophone, and only a third feels solidarity with other Francophone countries.[48] 70.8% of the population over 15 in the aforementioned Tunisians cities[clarification needed] can read and write French.[47] Arabic increasingly dominates the Tunisian media landscape, especially on television: the audience share of local French-language channels reached 25% in the early 1990s, but hardly reached 3% by the 2010s.[67] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 91% of Tunisians in 2014.[53]

Local French-language media include La Presse de Tunisie, L'Economiste Maghrébin, Tunivisions, Le Temps.

Sub-Saharan Africa

edit
 
French speakers in Africa in 2014:
  0–10% Francophone
  11–20% Francophone
  21–30% Francophone
  31–40% Francophone
  41–50% Francophone
  >50% Francophone

According to the High Council of the International Organization of the Francophonie, in 2010, 96.2 million French speakers were living in various countries in Africa.[68] French has been imported to most of these countries through colonization, and it is not a mother tongue to most residents. African standards of French differ from European ones.[69] Some linguists discuss a "second French language"[70] or even an "African French language".[71]

 
Native Speakers in Africa

According to Paul Wald, "The notion of ownership of an imported language begins when – despite its identification as a foreign and/or vernacular language – its use does not imply a relationship with the foreigner."[72] French can thus be considered the result of functional and vernacular ownerships, satisfying the needs of a society with new sociocultural and socioeconomic realities. French has begun developing into almost independent varieties, with creation of different types of slang by speakers with a sufficient knowledge of French. Examples include the Ivorian jargon "Nouchi" in Abidjan and the Cameroonian "Camfranglais", which is a mixture of French and English with elements of indigenous languages.

Benin

edit
Main article: Languages of Benin § French

French is the sole official language of Benin.[36] According to a 2014 survey, 57.3% of residents of Cotonou over the age of 15 could read and write French.[47] Knowledge of French is considered important for employment, bureaucracy, education but also in everyday life.[73] 34% of the population was Francophone in 2002, up from 23% in 1992. There are strong regional differences, with the ability to speak French being more common in the south of the country. The Atlantique and Littoral departments have a French-speaking majority. French speakers are more commonly men than women, owing to a disparity in access to education.[74]

Burkina Faso

edit
Main article: Languages of Burkina Faso § French language

French is the sole official language of Burkina Faso.[36] In Ouagadougou, 49.4% of the population aged 15 and older can read and write French.[47] At the national level French was the first language for 1.66% of the population in 2006 (up from 0.75% in 1996), reaching 9.54% in the capital, where it is the second most spoken language, behind Dioula.[75]

Burundi

edit
See also: Languages of Burundi

Until 2014, French was one of two official languages of Burundi, the other being Kirundi.[36] Only Kirundi is spoken by the vast majority of the population, therefore holding the status of national language as determined by article 5 of the Constitution.[76]

Cameroon

edit
See also: Languages of Cameroon

French is one of two official languages of Cameroon, the other being English.[36] French is the main language in eight of the ten regions of the country, with English being dominant in the remaining two.[77] French is the mother tongue of a vast proportion of young Cameroonians living in urban centers. In Cameroon, 63.7% of the population aged 15 and older in Douala and 60.5% in Yaoundé can read and write French; an additional 13–15% can speak French without being able to write it.[47] To some extent, the language situation in Cameroon between French and English could be described fairly accurately as an exact inversion of the linguistic situation existing in Canada between English and French : Being spoken by 80% of the educated population (unlike English which is much less spoken), French predominates largely especially in government and information, even in English-speaking regions, which has led to the current uprising of the English-speaking minority living at the Nigerian border, which complains that English language is disappearing progressively under the pressure of the more numerous French speakers and that the linguistic rights of the English speakers are not respected, endangering their specific culture.

Central African Republic

edit
See also: Languages of the Central African Republic

French is an official language of the Central African Republic along with Sango.[36]

Chad

edit
See also: Languages of Chad

French is one of two official languages of Chad, together with Arabic.[36] Half of the residents of N'Djamena feel solidarity towards other French-speaking countries and wishes for the use of French to expand.[66] French is seen as important in work and education.[48] French shares a place with Arabic as the language of administration and education, as well as in the press; French is dominant on radio and television.[78] French is also spoken as part of daily life.[79]

Comoros

edit
See also: Languages of Comoros

French is one of two official languages of Comoros, Arabic being the second.[36] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 100% of Comorians in 2014.[53]

Congo-Brazzaville

edit
See also: Languages of the Republic of the Congo

French is the sole official language of Republic of Congo.[36] 68.7% of the population of Brazzaville aged 15 and older can read and write French.[47] French is the main language in the media, used by 63% of radio and television broadcasters. French is also the dominant language in the state administrations.[80]

Congo-Kinshasa

edit
Main article: Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo § French

French is the sole official language of Democratic Republic of Congo.[36] About half of Kinshasa residents feel solidarity towards Francophone countries, and French is seen as important for education and relations with the government. It is also seen as important to be successful in life, along with English.[73] French is the main language of education after third grade.[81]

Djibouti

edit
See also: Languages of Djibouti

French is one of two official languages of Djibouti, the other being Arabic.[36] On social media, French was used on Facebook by 82% of Djiboutians in 2014.[53]

Gabon

edit
See also: Languages of Gabon

French is the sole official language of Gabon.[36] According to a 1999 survey, French was the first language for 26.3% of Libreville residents between the age of 15 and 25.[82] 71.9% of the capital's residents over 15 years of age could read and write French.[47] Three quarters of the population of the capital identifies as Francophone and considers French as essential.[48] All local publications are in French.[82]

Guinea

edit
See also: Languages of Guinea

French is the sole official language of Guinea.[36] In Conakry, 42.1% of the population aged 15 and older can read and write French.[47]

Ivory Coast

edit
See also: Languages of Ivory Coast

French is the sole official language of the Ivory Coast.[36] In Abidjan, largest city of the country, 57.6% of the inhabitants over 15 can read and write French, and another 11% can speak it but not write it.[47] The French language is seen as essential by a large majority, especially for dealing with the government and in education. Two thirds of respondents report feeling Francophone.[73] French plays an important role in all areas of public and private life across the whole country. French is increasingly seen as an Ivorian language, and a local variety distinct from standard French has emerged (Ivorian French [fr]).[83]

Madagascar

edit
See also: Languages of Madagascar

In Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, French is seen as important for work, education and administrative matters, but not in everyday life, where Malagasy dominates. Less than half feel solidarity with other Francophone countries or consider knowledge of French as essential.[73] Education in primary schools is bilingual in Malagasy and French. The latter is used as medium of education for mathematics and scientific subjects. French is the language of instruction in secondary and tertiary education.[84] It is also the main language of government, alongside Malagasy.[85]

Mauritius

edit
See also: Languages of Mauritius

Niger

edit
See also: Languages of Niger

French is the sole official language of Niger.[36] In Niamey, the capital, French is seen as essential for work, studies and administrative procedures.[73] Two-thirds of residents believe that the use of French is becoming more common in the country.[73]

Rwanda

edit
See also: Languages of Rwanda

French became the administrative language of Rwanda in 1916. The Genocide against the Tutsi in 1994 and the victory of the Rwandan Patriotic Front were followed by a period of linguistic upheaval, with the return of refugees from Anglophone countries setting the stage for the officialisation of English in 1996 and the gradual usurpation of French as the language of education, culminating in the decision in October 2008 to make English the main language of education at higher levels,[86] effectively relegating French to the status of third language.[87] Nevertheless, a survey of students in Kigali found that French was known by a majority of them.[88]

Senegal

edit
See also: Languages of Senegal

French is the sole official language of Senegal.[36] French was commonly spoken by 9.4% of Senegalese in 2002, mainly as a second language, with just 0.6% speaking it natively.[89] Wolof is by far the most spoken language in the country, including the capital, while French remains a second language, becoming the main language only in non-Wolof areas. French is the main language of institutions, however.[90] Only half of Dakar residents identify with a Francophone status or feel solidarity with French-speaking countries, but the French language is seen as essential for everyday affairs and education.[73]

French was the language of literacy for 37.2% of the population in 2013, followed by Arabic at 11.1%. French is the main language of education in all regions of Senegal except for Kaffrine, where Arabic remains dominant, with significant Arabic-educated minorities in Kaolack (15.9% to 33.0% for French), Louga (15.8% to 22.7%) and Diourbel (15.0% to 17.2%). This phenomenon is explained by the impact of Quranic schools or Daara in those regions.[91]

Seychelles

edit
See also: Languages of Seychelles

Togo

edit
See also: Languages of Togo

French is the sole official language of Togo.[36] According to the 2010 census, 53% of the population over the age of 15 can read and write French.[92]

Americas

edit

Caribbean

edit
See also: French West Indies

French language is spoken in the overseas departments of French Guiana and the French Antilles, including Guadeloupe, Martinique, and the islands formerly attached to Guadeloupe. There are over a million people living in these departments and collectivities.

French Creoles are also spoken on the islands of Dominica, St. Lucia, and to a more limited extent, Grenada.

Haiti

edit
See also: Haitian French

French is one of two official languages of Haiti, together with Haitian Creole, which is French-based.[36] French is the language of culture and business in Haiti, and also the main language of institutions. French is used most by the elite and the middle class.[93] Attempts to increase the legitimacy of Creole as an official language and in the media, on radio and television in particular, led to a relative decline in the share of French usage.[93] Most teachers of French suffer from a low level of skills in the language, with nearly 85% achieving a level between A2 and B1 in the Test de connaissance du français (TCF) in 2009.[93]

North America

edit

Canada

edit
Main articles: Canadian French and French language in Canada

French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, which are the two official languages of the Canadian federation.[36] About 6,827,860 Canadians speak French as their first language, or around 20% of the country,[94] with 2,065,300 constituting secondary speakers.[94] Bilingualism with French has been declining in English Canada in recent years.[95]

Provincially, French is the sole official language of the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80.1 percent (2006 Census) of the province. About 95 percent of the people of Quebec speak French as either a first or second language. English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick, where bilingualism is constitutionally and statutorily enacted. In 2016, approximately 32 per cent of New Brunswick claims French as their mother tongue. More than three-quarters of francophones in New Brunswick resides in the eastern portion of the province.[96] English and French are also constitutionally recognized as the official languages of Manitoba's legislative and judicial branches. In 2016, more than 43,000 Manitobans (3.4 per cent of the province's population) claims French as their mother tongue.[97] Franco-Manitobans are primarily concentrated in southern Manitoba, along corridors that follows the Seine and the Red River of the North;[98] with 80 per cent of Franco-Manitobans residing in Eastman or the Winnipeg Capital Region.[97]

French is also an official language of all three territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon), along with English and, in Northwest Territories and Nunavut, multiple Aboriginal languages. Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, comprising just under 4 per cent of the population.[99]

French is also an official language of Ontario's legislature and judiciary, with access to a French judiciary being viewed as quasi-constitutional right in that province.[100] French language rights are also statutorily enacted to certain regions of Ontario, under the French Language Services Act. More than 600,000 francophones reside in Ontario (approximately 4.7 per cent of the population), constituting the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec. Over 40 per cent of Franco-Ontarians reside in Eastern Ontario, with more than half of that population living in communities close to the Ontario-Quebec border. Central and northeastern Ontario also holds significant populations of Franco-Ontarians, with francophones making up over 22 per cent of northeastern Ontario's population.[101]

United States

edit
Main article: French language in the United States
 
French language spread in the United States

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth[102] most-spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all languages of Chinese are similarly combined. French remains the second most-spoken language in the states of Louisiana and Maine.

Louisiana is home to many distinct dialects, collectively known as Louisiana French. Cajun French has the largest number of speakers, mostly living in Acadiana. According to the 2000 United States Census, there are over 194,000 people in Louisiana who speak French at home, the most of any state if Louisiana Creole is excluded.[103] In October 2018, Louisiana became the first U.S. state to join the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie.[104] New England French, essentially a variant of Canadian French, is spoken in parts of New England.

Missouri French, Muskrat French and Métis French were historically spoken by descendants of habitants, voyageurs and coureurs des bois in various parts of New France, but are now endangered languages.[105]

South America

edit

Argentina

edit

See French Argentines

Brazil

edit

The anti-Portuguese factor of Brazilian nationalism in the 19th century led to an increased use of the French language to the detriment of Portuguese, as France was seen at the time as a model of civilization and progress.[106] The learning of French has historically been important and strong among the Lusophone high societies, and for a great span of time, it was also the main foreign language among the middle class of both Portugal and Brazil, but now trails English, in both, and more recently, Spanish, in the latter.[107][108][109][110]

Asia

edit

Cambodia

edit
Main article: French language in Cambodia

About 3% of the population of Cambodia can speak French as of 2014. Most of these speakers tend to be older since they grew up when Cambodia was a colony of France [111]

China

edit

In China the language was also spoken by the elite in the Shanghai French Concession and other concessions in Guangzhou (Shamian Island), Hankou, Tianjin, Kwang-Chou-Wan and in the French zone of influence over the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, and Guangdong. French is seen as important for doing business in Africa in particular, and 6,000 students attended French courses in 2013.[112] 29,000 study French in one of the Alliance française establishments, and 20,000 more study it in private language schools or academies, while 35,000 Chinese people are studying in France.[112]

Hong Kong

edit
See also: French people in Hong Kong and Languages of Hong Kong

The French Consulate estimated there are 8,000 Native French speakers in Hong Kong, of which approximately 6,000 are French citizens. Moreover, 50,000 people is estimated to occasionally practice French, while 2% of Hong Kong's total population of 7 million have studied the language. French is one of the two foreign languages (Mandarin & French) that can be taken in the Hong Kong Certificate of Education (HKCEE).[113]

It is one of the largest French community in Asia.[114]

India

edit

French was used previously during French Colonization as the official language in areas of Pondicherry, Karikal and Chandannagar as they were former French colonies.[115]

Lebanon

edit
Main article: French language in Lebanon

As the Lebanese people historically call France la tendre mère (English: The Tender Mother), not only is speaking French in Lebanon common and encouraged,[citation needed] but it is also a self-identification with the French liberal and cultural spirit that was mainly the result of the French colonial period and educational, Christian religious and governmental enterprises. However, most Lebanese privilege French out of fascination and infatuation with the culture, not for any functional purposes.

While the Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language, a law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used".

Today, French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon, with about 40% of the population being Francophone and 40% Anglophone.[62] The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French.[116] Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.[117] On social media, French was used on Facebook by just 10% of Lebanese in 2014, far behind English (78%).[53]

Laos

edit
Main article: French language in Laos

About 3% of the population of Laos can speak French as of 2014.[111]

Philippines

edit

The Philippines has become one of the most active areas where French is being studied. Home of the first Alliance Française in the Southeast Asia (founded in 1912), it continues to educate many Filipinos and expatriates in the said language. There are currently two branches of Alliance Française in the Philippines, that of Manila and Cebu.

Although the language is not offered in elementary school, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued a proclamation encouraging the language to be an elective in high school. Also, French, along with Spanish, is a popular foreign language offered in many universities in the country. The University of the Philippines offers a bachelor's degree in European Languages, where French is one of the possible majors.

Singapore

edit

In Singapore, the top 10% of Primary School Leaving Examination graduates may choose to opt for French as a second or third language in secondary school, though the language is not an official language in Singapore, and is not commonly spoken among locals.

Syria

edit

Syria, as well as Lebanon were French League of Nations Mandates following World War I, which put French language as one of the main official language in Syria. Following independence, French was demoted as the official language of Syria, but it remained taught alongside English in schools as the second foreign language. French remains widely spoken among intellectuals and members of the upper class in Syria and most educated Syrians are trilingual, speaking Arabic, English and French.

French is mostly popular in the cities of Damascus and Aleppo where the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle and l’École Française, Syria's only two French schools, are located respectively. In 2016, a new French school opened in Tartous increasing the total number to three.

Vietnam

edit
Main article: French language in Vietnam

About 0.7% of the population of Vietnam can speak French as of 2014.[111]

Europe

edit
 
Distribution of the French language in Europe

Spoken by 12% of the EU population, French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, after German; it is also the third most widely known language of the Union, after English and German (33% of the EU population report to know how to speak English, whilst 22% of Europeans understand German and 20% French).[19][118]

Andorra

edit

Belgium

edit
Main article: Belgian French
Further information: Languages of Belgium

In Belgium, French is an official language in Wallonia and Brussels.[36] French is the primary language of Wallonia (excluding a part of the East Cantons, which are German-speaking) and in the Brussels-Capital Region, where it is spoken by the majority of the population often as their primary language.[119] In the Flemish Region French is not an official language, with the exception of a dozen municipalities with language facilities for French speakers along borders with the Walloon and Brussels-Capital regions.

In total, native French speakers make up about 38% of the country's population.[19] Including speakers of French as a second language, about 72% of the Belgian population can speak French.[111]

France

edit
See also: Toubon Law and Languages of France

French formally became the official language of France in 1992,[120] but the ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications and public education except in specific cases (though these dispositions are often ignored)[citation needed] and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words.[citation needed]

Guernsey

edit
Further information: Languages of Guernsey

In Guernsey, English is the only official language, although French is sometimes used in legislation with a ceremonial capacity. Nevertheless, Norman (in its local forms, Guernésiais and Jèrriais) is the historical vernacular of the islands.[citation needed]

Italy

edit
Further information: Aosta Valley

The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as working language in 1536, three years before France itself.[121] French has been the official language of the Aosta Valley since 1561, when it replaced Latin.[122] In the 1861 census, the first held after the unification of Italy, 93% declared being Francophone; in 1921, the last census with a question about language found that 88% of the population was French-speaking.[123] The suppression of all French-language schools and institutions and violence against French speakers during the forceful Italianisation campaign of the Fascist government irretrievably damaged the status of French in the region.[123] Italian and French are nowadays the region's official languages[124] and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life, and French is mostly used within cultural events. Though French was re-introduced as an official language after World War II, and by 2003 just 0.99% reported speaking French natively.[44] French remains widely known as a second language, but it is no longer spoken as part of daily life.[125] In 2001, 75.41% of the Valdostan population declared to know French, 96.01% declared to know Italian, 55.77% Franco-Provençal, and 50.53% all of them.[126] School education is delivered equally in both Italian and French[124] so that everyone who went to school in Aosta Valley can speak French to at least a medium-high level.

Jersey

edit
Further information: Languages of Jersey

In Jersey, a standardized variety of French called Jersey Legal French is an official language. However, its use is generally restricted to parliament formalities or legal codes and contracts.

Luxembourg

edit
Further information: Languages of Luxembourg and Multilingualism in Luxembourg

French is one of three official languages of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, alongside German and Luxembourgish, the natively spoken language of Luxembourg. French is primarily used for administrative purposes by the government, is the language in which laws are published since the law of 1984 [127] and is also the primary language used to converse with foreigners. Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first cycle of basic school is in Luxembourgish, before changing officially to German for most branches; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French for most subjects, such as mathematics and science.[128] At the Luxembourg University courses are offered in French, German and English.[129]

Switzerland

edit
Further information: Languages of Switzerland
Main articles: Swiss French and Romandie

French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland (along with German, Italian and Romansh) and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions and some cantons have bilingual status for example, cities such Biel/Bienne or cantons such as Valais-Fribourg-Berne. French is the native language of about 20% of the Swiss population and is spoken by 50.4%[130] of the population.

United Kingdom

edit
Further information: Languages of the United Kingdom

French is the most popular foreign language studied in British schools. According to a 2006 European Commission report, 23% of UK residents are able to carry on a conversation in French.[131] Other surveys put the figure at 15%.[132][133]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s The percentage is calculated from the World Bank population estimate for the given year.
  2. ^ Based on a 2012 population of 11,035,948 (StatBel Archived 2015-05-21 at the Wayback Machine)
  3. ^ 2,056 or 0.02% of the total population of 10,436,560
  4. ^ Based on a 2012 population of 65,241,000 (INSEE Archived 2015-07-18 at the Wayback Machine)
  5. ^ Based on a 2002 population of 4,371,535 (Geostat Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine)
  6. ^ 117,121 – 98,178 = 18,943 (total speakers less non-native speakers), or 0.2% of the total population of 9,937,628
  7. ^ 3,488 or 0.01% of the total population of 38,511,824
  8. ^ 0.7% of a 2010 population of 90,945
  9. ^ 0.6% of a 2009 population of 234,023 (VNSO Archived 2015-04-17 at the Wayback Machine)
  10. ^ Based on a 2012 population of 212,600 (INSEE Archived 2015-05-14 at the Wayback Machine)
  11. ^ Based on a 2010 population of 821,136 (INSEE Archived 2015-04-12 at the Wayback Machine)
  12. ^ Based on a 1981 population of 604,471 (Planning and Research Department of Puducherry Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine)
  13. ^ Based on a 2003 population of 120,909 (ISTAT Archived 2015-04-07 at the Wayback Machine)

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^ Léonard Dauphant, Le Royaume des quatre rivières. L'espace politique français (1380-1515). Paris, Champ-Vallon, 2012, p. 217, quoted in Thierry Dutour, La France hors la France. L’identité avant la nation, Editions Véndémiaire, 2022, p. 62
  2. ^ "Why Is French Considered the Language of Diplomacy?". Legal Language Blog. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  3. ^ "The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts". The Washington Post. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Qui parle français dans le monde – Organisation internationale de la Francophonie – Langue française et diversité linguistique" (in French). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  5. ^ "La langue française réunit 274 millions de personnes dans le monde". RTBF Litterature. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  6. ^ "Discours". La voix de la diversité. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  7. ^ a b OIF 2022, pp. 30–35.
  8. ^ ODSEF 2022, pp. 31–161.
  9. ^ a b "Les chemins de la langue" (PDF). Francophonie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  10. ^ "Target Survey 2021". Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  11. ^ "What Languages Are Spoken In Gabon?". 14 August 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d OIF 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Estimation des populations francophones dans le monde en 2022 (PDF) (in French). Observatoire démographique et statistique de l’espace francophone. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Estimation des francophones dans le monde en 2015" (PDF). Observatoire démographique et statistique de l’espace francophonie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  15. ^ William Edmiston; Annie Dumenil (1 January 2015). La France contemporaine. Cengage Learning. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-305-80441-8.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "French". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  17. ^ "The People of Australia" (PDF). Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence". UNdata. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d "Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans And Their Languages" (PDF). European Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  20. ^ "Burkina Faso". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  21. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistique Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  22. ^ "Tab. 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví". Český statistický úřad. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  23. ^ "PCE06: Enumerated permanent residents by mother tongue and sex, 31 December 2011". Statistics Estonia. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  24. ^ "PX-Web - Valitse muuttuja ja arvot". Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  25. ^ "1.1.18 A népesség száma és megoszlása nyelvismeret szerint". Központi Statisztikai Hivatal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  26. ^ "N° 17 La langue principale, celle que l'on maîtrise le mieux". Statistiques Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  27. ^ Øyvind, Dahl (19 June 2024). "Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar Pg. 52" (PDF).
  28. ^ "Dynamique des langues locales et de la langue française au Mali: un éclairage à travers les recensements généraux de la population (1987 et 1998)" (PDF). Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Republic of Mauritius". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  30. ^ "Tabl. 4.6. Ludność według języka ojczystego, płci oraz charakteru miejsca zamieszkania w 2011 roku" (PDF). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. p. 98. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  31. ^ "Dynamique des langues locales et de la langue française au Sénégal en 1988 et 2002" (PDF). ODSEF. p. 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  32. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2010 Report" (PDF). National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  33. ^ "Population résidante selon la ou les langue(s) principale(s), de 1970 à 2013". Statistique suisse. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  34. ^ "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  35. ^ "Language Spoken At Home By Ability To Speak English For The Population 5 Years And Over". American FactFinder. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Languages". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  37. ^ "Il y a aujourd'hui 367 000 francophones en Flandre". La Libre.be. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  38. ^ a b c d e f "Effectif et proportion de la population ayant déclaré le français selon la caractéristique linguistique, Nouveau-Brunswick et Ontario, 2006 et 2011". Statistique Canada. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  39. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistique Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  40. ^ "Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  41. ^ "Quatre jeunes sur dix en grande difficulté à l'écrit à Mayotte". Insee. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  42. ^ "Conditions de vie-Société – Le créole encore très largement majoritaire à La Réunion". Insee. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  43. ^ "Gazetteer of India – Union Territory of Pondicherry" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Puducherry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  44. ^ a b "Sondage linguistique". Institut d'études fédéralistes et régionalistes. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  45. ^ "Population résidante permanente selon la région linguistique et les langues principales". Statistique suisse. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g "Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over (B16001): All States Within United States, 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j OIF 2014, p. 30.
  48. ^ a b c d e OIF 2014, p. 79.
  49. ^ OIF 2014, p. 73.
  50. ^ a b c OIF 2014, p. 214.
  51. ^ Berbaoui, Nacer. "La francophonie en Algérie" (PDF). Université de Béchar. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  52. ^ a b c d "Rapport d'information de M. Pouria Amirshahi déposé en application de l'article 145 du règlement, par la commission des affaires étrangères, en conclusion des travaux d'une mission d'information sur la francophonie". Assemblée Nationale. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g "Citizen Engagement and Public Services in the Arab World: The Potential of Social Media" (PDF). Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  54. ^ a b Taleb Ibrahimi, Khaoula (1 June 2006). "L'Algérie : coexistence et concurrence des langues". L'Année du Maghreb (I): 207–218. doi:10.4000/anneemaghreb.305. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  55. ^ "Francophonie : l'Algérie et son "butin de guerre"". Geopolis. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  56. ^ "La langue française, "butin de guerre", prospère en Algérie". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  57. ^ "Pqn : les 15–34 ans plus grands lecteurs". Aps-Sud-Infos. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  58. ^ a b c OIF 2014, p. 216.
  59. ^ a b Mak, Lanver. The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922 (Volume 74 of International Library of Historical Studies). I.B.Tauris, March 15, 2012. ISBN 1848857098, 9781848857094. p. 87.
  60. ^ Mak, Lanver. The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922 (Volume 74 of International Library of Historical Studies). I.B.Tauris, March 15, 2012. ISBN 1848857098, 9781848857094. p. 87-88.
  61. ^ Mak, Lanver. The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882–1922 (Volume 74 of International Library of Historical Studies). I.B.Tauris, March 15, 2012. ISBN 1848857098, 9781848857094. p. 89.
  62. ^ a b c OIF 2014, p. 217.
  63. ^ a b c OIF 2014, p. 215.
  64. ^ "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004". Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  65. ^ OIF 2014, p. 386.
  66. ^ a b OIF 2014, p. 75.
  67. ^ a b OIF 2014, p. 499.
  68. ^ Wolff, Alexandre (2011). "La langue française dans le monde 2010 (synthèse) [The French language in the 2010 world (summary)]" (PDF) (in French) (Nathan ed.). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  69. ^ Manessy, G (1994). "Pratique du français en Afrique noire francophone [The practice of French in francophone black Africa]". Langue française (in French). 104: 11–19. doi:10.3406/lfr.1994.5735.
  70. ^ Lafage, S (1998). Le français d'afrique noire à l'aube de l'an 2000: éléments de problématique [French in black Africa at the dawn of 2000: problematic elements] (in French). Paris: Université Paris III.
  71. ^ Dumont, Pierre (1990). Le français langue africaine [The African French language] (in French). Paris: l'Harmattan.
  72. ^ Wald, Paul (1994). "L'appropriation du français en Afrique noire: une dynamique discursive [The appropriation of French in black Africa: a dynamic discourse]". Langue française (in French). 104: 115–124. doi:10.3406/lfr.1994.5743.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g OIF 2014, p. 78.
  74. ^ OIF 2014, p. 87.
  75. ^ OIF 2014, p. 85.
  76. ^ English is now official language of Burundi, iwacu-burundi.org, 17-09-2014
  77. ^ OIF 2014, p. 88.
  78. ^ OIF 2014, p. 131.
  79. ^ OIF 2014, p. 133.
  80. ^ OIF 2014, p. 102.
  81. ^ OIF 2014, p. 117.
  82. ^ a b OIF 2014, p. 108.
  83. ^ OIF 2014, p. 139.
  84. ^ OIF 2014, p. 351.
  85. ^ OIF 2014, p. 352.
  86. ^ OIF 2014, p. 126.
  87. ^ OIF 2014, p. 230.
  88. ^ OIF 2014, p. 67.
  89. ^ OIF 2014, p. 84.
  90. ^ OIF 2014, p. 83.
  91. ^ "Rapport definitif RGPHAE 2013" (PDF). Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  92. ^ "Quatrième Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat – Alphabétisation" (PDF). Stat Togo. p. 295. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  93. ^ a b c OIF 2014, p. 359.
  94. ^ a b "Population by language spoken most often and regularly at home, age groups (total), for Canada, provinces and territories". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  95. ^ "he evolution of English–French bilingualism in Canada from 1961 to 2011". 2.statcan.ca. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  96. ^ "Infographic: The French Presence in New Brunswick". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. Government of Canada. 18 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  97. ^ a b "Infographic: The French Presence in Manitoba". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. Government of Canada. 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  98. ^ Collins, Emmet (3 December 2021). "Francophones of Manitoba". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  99. ^ "Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census)". 2.statcan.ca. 7 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  100. ^ "Access to justice in French". Ministry of the Attorney General. Queen's Printer for Ontario. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  101. ^ "Profile of the Francophone population in Ontario - 2016". www.ontario.ca. Queen's Printer for Ontario. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  102. ^ "Language Use in the United States: 2011, American Community Survey Reports, Camille Ryan, Issued August 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  103. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 Archived 2020-02-12 at archive.today – Language Spoken at Home: 2000.
  104. ^ Hasselle, Della (13 October 2018). "Louisiana Joins International Organization of French-speaking Governments". NOLA.com.
  105. ^ Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  106. ^ Barbosa, Rosana (2009). Immigration and Xenophobia: Portuguese Immigrants in Early 19th Century Rio de Janeiro. United States: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-4147-0., p. 19
  107. ^ (in Portuguese) The importance of the French language in Brazil: marks and milestones in the early periods of teaching Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  108. ^ (in Portuguese) Presence of the French language and literature in Brazil – for a history of Franco-Brazilian bonds of cultural affection Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  109. ^ (in Portuguese) What are the French thinking influences still present in Brazil? Archived 2015-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ^ (in Portuguese) France in Brazil Year – the importance of cultural diplomacy Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  111. ^ a b c d OIF 2014, pp. 13–19.
  112. ^ a b OIF 2014, p. 249.
  113. ^ French Language in Hong Kong
  114. ^ With Its French Population Soaring, Hong Kong Emerges as Asia’s Gallic Capital
  115. ^ "Top 30 Language Spoken in the World by Number of Speakers".
  116. ^ OIF 2014, p. 218.
  117. ^ OIF 2014, p. 358.
  118. ^ "Explore language knowledge in Europe". Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  119. ^ Van Parijs, Philippe. "Belgium's new linguistic challenge" (PDF). KVS Express (Supplement to Newspaper de Morgen) March–April 2006: Article from original source (pdf 4.9 MB) pages 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. Archived from the original (pdf 0.7 MB) on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007. – The linguistic situation in Belgium (and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels) is discussed in detail.
  120. ^ (in French) Loi constitutionnelle 1992 Archived 2008-04-30 at the Wayback Machine – C'est à la loi constitutionnelle du 25 juin 1992, rédigée dans le cadre de l'intégration européenne, que l'on doit la première déclaration de principe sur le français, langue de la République.
  121. ^ "Pays d'Aoste – Histoire". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  122. ^ "Langue et littérature en Vallée d'Aoste au XVIe siècle" (PDF). Système Valdôtain des Bibliothèques. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  123. ^ a b "Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue". Fondation Emile Chanoux. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  124. ^ a b Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI. Region Vallée d'Aoste. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  125. ^ OIF 2014, p. 12.
  126. ^ Assessorat de l'éducation et la culture de la région autonome Vallée d'Aoste – Département de la surintendance des écoles, Profil de la politique linguistique éducative, Le Château éd., 2009, p. 20.
  127. ^ "Luxembourg law of 1984" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  128. ^ "Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle / Luxembourg – Quelles langues apprend-on à l'école luxembourgeoise ?". Men.public.lu. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  129. ^ "University of Luxembourg – Multilingualism". N.uni.lu. 12 August 2003. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  130. ^ Abalain, Hervé (1 January 2007). Le français et les langues ... – Google Books. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. ISBN 978-2-87747-881-6. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  131. ^ "EUROPA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  132. ^ "'Alarming shortage' of foreign language skills in UK" Archived 2017-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 20 November 2013
  133. ^ "Three-quarters of adults 'cannot speak a foreign language'" Archived 2018-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, 20 Nov 2013

Sources

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers&oldid=1252429204"
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy