Ghulam Azam (Bengali: গোলাম আযম; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was a Bangladeshi politician. He served as the Ameer of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[1]
Ghulam Azam | |
|---|---|
গোলাম আযম | |
 Azam in 2009 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 November 1922 Mia Shaheb Moidan, Dhaka, Bengal, British India |
| Died | 23 October 2014 (aged 91) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Resting place | Moghbazar, Dhaka |
| Nationality |
|
| Political party | Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami |
| Spouse | Afifa Azam |
| Children | 6, including Brig. Gen. Azmi |
| Alma mater | Dhaka University |
| Occupation | Professor, Ameer of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami |
| Known for | |
| Conviction(s) | Conspiracy and incitement in committing genocide in 1971 Liberation war of Bangladesh |
| Criminal penalty | 90 years imprisonment |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
| Ameer of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Jamaat-e-Islami East Pakistan (1960-1971) | |
| In office 1960–2000 | |
| Preceded by | Abdur Rahim |
| Succeeded by | Motiur Rahman Nizami |
Ghulam Azam was arrested by the Awami League government on 11 January 2012 after he was found guilty in war crimes charges during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
A member of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, during the war, he unsuccessfully opposed the breakup of Pakistan.[2][3] He subsequently led the Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000.[4][5][6][7][8]
On 15 July 2013, a Bangladeshi special tribunal, the International Crimes Tribunal found him guilty of war crimes such as conspiring, planning, incitement to and complicity in committing genocide and was sentenced to 90 years in jail.[6][7] The tribunal stated that Azam deserved capital punishment for his activity during the Bangladesh Liberation War but was given a lenient punishment of imprisonment because of his age and poor health condition.[4][5][9] The trial was criticized by several international observers, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Human Rights Watch, which was initially supportive of a trial subsequently criticized "strong judicial bias towards the prosecution and grave violations of due process rights", calling the trial process deeply flawed and unable to meet international fair trial standards.[10][11][12][13] Notably, it was at the center of the 2012 ICT Skype controversy.[14]
As a leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami, he led the formation of the Shanti Committees that were formed at the time of the Liberation War alongside other pro-Pakistan Bengali leaders.[15] Azam was accused of forming paramilitary groups for the Pakistani Army, including Razakars, and Al-Badr.[16] These militias opposed the Mukti Bahini who fought for the independence of Bangladesh and also stand accused of war crimes.[15][17][18][19] Azam's citizenship was cancelled by the Bangladeshi Government because of playing an opposition role during the Bangladesh liberation war.[20]
He lived informally in Bangladesh from 1978 to 1994 without any authorised Bangladeshi visa. His citizenship was then reinstated by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[21][22][23]
Azam was arrested on 11 January 2012 by the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh on the charges of committing war crimes during the Bangladesh liberation war.[24][25] The tribunal rejected the plea of bail after noting that there were formal charges against Azam of which it had taken cognisance.[26]
He was 91 when he died of a stroke on 23 October 2014 at BSMMU.[27]
Thousands of people attended his funeral prayers that were televised and held at Baitul Mukarram.[28]
Family background and education
editSheikh Ghulam Azam was born on 7 November 1922 in his maternal home, the Shah Saheb Bari of Lakshmibazar, Dacca, Bengal Presidency. He was the eldest son of Sheikh Ghulam Kabir and Sayeda Ashrafunnisa. His ancestral home is Maulvi Bari in Birgaon Village, Brahmanbaria, his paternal family is the noble Sheikh family of Birgaon, he descends from Sheikh Zaqi in his 6th generation who had migrated from Arabia, as a Muslim preacher and settled in the settlement of Birgaon beside the Meghna River in the 18th Century.[29] His family's residence in the area is referred to as Maulvi Bari due to the fact that the family had produced several scholarly figures during their stay in Bengal. Ghulam Azam's father Ghulam Kabir was a Mawlana and so was his father Sheikh Abdus Subhan.[30] The tradition of religious scholarship in the family was started by his great-grandfather Sheikh Shahabuddin Munshi who was considered an Alim and a Munshi based in the area east of the Meghna river.[31][32] His mother Sayeda Ashrafunnisa was daughter of Shah Sayed Abdul Munim whose family is a Sayed Peer family, his father Shah Sayed Emdad Ali was a descendant of Shah Sayed Sufi Hosseini who arrived from Iran via Delhi in 1722 AD and settled in what is now known as Sayedabad of Kaliakor.[30][29] Ghulam Azam's education began at the local madrasa in Birgaon and then completed his secondary school education in Dhaka. After that, he enrolled at Dacca University where he completed BA and MA degrees in political science.[23]
Early political career
editUniversity
editWhile studying at the University of Dhaka, Azam became active in student's politics and was elected as the General Secretary of the Dhaka University Central Students' Union (DUCSU) for the two consecutive years between 1947 and 1949. As a General Secretary of the DUCSU, Azam in 1947 submitted a memorandum on the union's behalf to the Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan, demanding that Bengali be made a state language along with Urdu. At that time, Bangladesh was part of Pakistan and known as "East Pakistan".[23][a]
Jamaat-e-Islami
editIn 1950, Azam left Dhaka to teach political science at the Government Carmichael College in Rangpur. During this time, he was influenced by the writings of Abul Ala Maududi and he joined Maududi's party Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1954, and was later elected as the Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami's East Pakistan branch.[23]
In 1964, the government of Ayub Khan banned Jamaat-e-Islami and its leaders, including Azam, and imprisoned them for eight months without trials. He played a prominent role as the general secretary of the Pakistan Democratic Movement formed in 1967 and later, he was elected as the member of Democratic Action Committee in 1969 to transform the anti-Ayub movement into a popular uprising. In 1969, he became the Ameer of the Jamaat in East Pakistan. He and other opposition leaders including future President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took part in the Round Table Conference held in Rawalpindi in 1969 to solve the prevailing political impasse in Pakistan.[23] On 13 March 1969, Khan announced his acceptance of their two fundamental demands of parliamentary government and direct elections.[34]
In the runup to the 1970 Pakistani general election, Azam together with leaders of a number of other parties in East Pakistan (including the Pakistan Democratic Party, National Awami Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and the Pakistan National League) protested at the Awami League approach to electioneering for, accusing them of breaking up public meetings, physical attacks on political opponents and the looting and destruction of party offices.[35] During 1970, while Azam was the head of Jamaat-e-Islami East Pakistan, a number of political rallies, including rallies of Jamaat-e-Islami, were attacked by armed mobs alleged to be incited by the Awami League.[36][37]
Bangladesh Liberation War
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2024) |
Activities during 1971 War
editDuring the Bangladesh Liberation War, Azam took a political stance in support of unified Pakistan,[38][39] and repeatedly denounced Awami League and Mukti Bahini secessionists,[40] whose declared aim after 26 March 1971 became the establishment of an independent state of Bangladesh in place of East Pakistan. Excerpts from Azam's speeches after 25 March 1971 used to be published in the spokespaper of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami named The Daily Sangram. On 20 June 1971, Azam reaffirmed his support for the Pakistani army by citing that 'the army has eradicated nearly all criminals of East Pakistan'.[40]
East Pakistan Central Peace Committee
editDuring the war of 1971, it was alleged that Azam played a central role in the formation of East Pakistan Central Peace Committee on 11 April 1971, which declared the independence movement a conspiracy planned by India.[15][41] It was also alleged that Azam was one of the founding members of this organization.[15] The Peace Committee members were drawn from Azam's Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim League and Biharis.[42] The Peace Committee served as a front for the army, informing on the civil administration as well as the general public. They were also in charge of confiscating and redistribution of shops and lands from Hindu and pro-independence Bengali activists, mainly relatives and friends of Mukti Bahini fighters. The Shanti Committee has also been alleged to have recruited Razakars.[16] The first recruits included 96 Jamaat party members, who started training in an Ansar camp at Shahjahan Ali Road, Khulna.[43][44] During Azam's leadership of Jamaat-e-Islami, Ashraf Hossain, a leader of Jamaat's student wing Islami Chhatra Sangha, created the Al-Badr militia in Jamalpur district on 22 April 1971.[45] On 12 April 1971, Azam and Matiur Rahman Nizami led demonstrations denouncing the independence movement as an Indian conspiracy.[46]
Azam denies the association between the Peace Committee and the Razakar militia as they were formed by the government and headed by Pakistani army general Tikka Khan.[39][47]
During the war, Azam travelled to West Pakistan at the time to consult the Pakistani leaders.[48] He declared that his party (Jamaat) is trying its best to curb the activities of pro-independence "Miscreants".[49] He took part in meetings with General Yahya Khan, the military dictator of Pakistan and other military leaders to organize the campaign against Bangladeshi independence.[48]
Anti-Indian Statements
editOn 12 August 1971, Azam declared in a statement published in the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the so-called Bangladesh Movement are the enemies of Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] He also called for an all out war against India.[51] He called for the annexation of Assam.[52]
Azam was also alleged as the prime standard-bearer who presented the blueprint of the killing of the intellectuals during a meeting with Rao Farman Ali in early September 1971.[53] According to this blue print, Pakistani Army and the local collaborators executed the killing of the Bengali intellectuals on 14 December 1971.
On 20 June 1971, Azam declared in Lahore that the Hindu minority in East Pakistan, under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, are conspiring to secede from Pakistan.[49] On 12 August 1971, Azam declared in a statement published in the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the Bangladesh Movement are the enemies of Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] On his part, Azam denied all such accusations and challenged the validity of some, giving reasons to justify others.[54] However, he later admitted that he was on the list of collaborators of the Pakistani army, but denied he was a war criminal.[41] In 2011, Azam denied such sentiments and claimed that the Pakistani government censored Sangram.[39]
1971 election
editThe military junta of General Yahya Khan decided to call an election in an effort to legitimize themselves. On 12 October 1971, Yahya Khan declared that an election will be held from 25 November to 9 December. Azam decided to take part in this election.[55][better source needed] According to a government declaration of 2 November, 53 candidates would be elected without competition. Jamaat would receive 14 of the uncontested seats.[56]
In 2011, Azam claimed that the reason for his opposition to the creation of Bangladesh were only political and he denied participation in any crime.[39] He also feared economic dominance by India.[39]
Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
editThe government of newly independent Bangladesh, banned Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and cancelled Azam's citizenship, along with that of Nurul Amin, the former prime minister due to their opposition to Bangladesh's independence.[20][39] Following the independence of Bangladesh, he migrated to Pakistan.[39] Azam lived in exile in London until he was allowed to return home in 1978.[23]
Jamaate-e-Islami became active again when Ziaur Rahman became president after a coup in 1975 and lifted the previous ban on religious parties. In 1977, Zia removed secularism in the constitution, replacing it with Islamic ideals, further clearing the way for Jamaat-e-Islami to return to political participation.[23] In 1978, Azam returned to Bangladesh on a Pakistani passport with a temporary visa, and stayed as a Pakistani national until 1994 even after his visa expired; he refused to leave the country and continued to live in Bangladesh.[21][22] His stay was however unwelcome in Bangladesh and he was beaten by an angry mob at the footsteps of the Baitul Mukarram mosque while attending a funeral in 1981.[57]
In the 1980s, Azam was particularly critical of the military rule of General Ershad after he seized power in a bloodless coup in 1982 and Jamaat-e-Islami took part in demonstrations and strikes as well as other opposition parties such as the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). He proposed a caretaker government system to facilitate free and fair elections, which was adopted in 1990. In the 1991 Bangladeshi general election, Jamaat-e-Islami won 18 seats and its support allowed the BNP to form a government.[23]
During this time, he acted unofficially as the Ameer (leader) of Jamaat-e-Islami until 1991, when he was officially elected to the post. This led the government arresting him and an unofficial court called "The People's Court" was established by the civilians such as Jahanara Imam to try alleged war criminals and anti-independence activists. Imam held a symbolic trial of Azam where thousands of people gathered and gave the verdict that Azam's offences committed during the Liberation War deserve capital punishment.[58] In 1994, he fought a lengthy legal battle which resulted in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh ruling in his favor and restoring his nationality.[23]
In the 1996 election, Jamaat won only three seats and most of their candidates lost their deposits.[59] Azam announced his retirement from active politics in late 2000. He was succeeded by Motiur Rahman Nizami.[8]
War crimes trial
editArrest and incarceration
editOn 11 January 2012, Azam was arrested on charges of committing crimes against humanity and peace, genocide and war crimes in 1971 by the International Crimes Tribunal. His petition for bail was rejected by the ICT, and he was sent to Dhaka Central Jail. However, three hours later he was taken to the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital for a medical check-up because of his aging. According to The Daily Star, Azam was allowed to remain in a hospital prison cell despite being declared fit for trial by a medical team on 15 January.[60][61] The same paper later acknowledged that he had been placed there because to his "ailing condition".[62]
Azam's health was deteriorating rapidly since being imprisoned.[63] His wife, Syeda Afifa Azam reported in several newspapers as being shocked about Azam's treatment and stated that he was very weak and had lost 3 kilograms in a month due to malnutrition.[40] She described his treatment as "a gross violation of human rights" even though he was kept in a hospital prison cell.[64][65]
Azam's wife complained that he had been denied proper family visits and access to books, saying that this amounted to "mental torture".[66] The Daily Star reported that Azam's wife and his counsels were allowed to meet him on 18 February.[62] On 25 February 2012, The Daily Star further reported that Azam's nephew was denied a visit shortly before he was about to enter hospital prison. This was despite the application for the visit being first approved.[67]
During the trial, former advisor to the Caretaker government of Bangladesh, human rights activist and witness for the prosecution Sultanaa Kamal said- "In brutality, Ghulam Azam is synonymous with German ruler Hitler who had influential role in implementation and execution of genocide and ethnic cleansing".[68] In response to this statement, the defence counsel pointed out that the comparison was a fallacy and "fake with malicious intention" as Hitler held state power, which Azam did not and that in 1971 General Tikka Khan and Yahya Khan held state power.[69] Prosecutor of ICT Zead-Al-Malum said- "He was the one making all the decisions, why would he need to be on any committee? Being Hitler was enough for Hitler in World War II".[70]
Islamic activists from different countries expressed their concerns for Mr. Azam. The International Union of Muslim Scholars, chaired by Yusuf al-Qaradawi called the arrest "disgraceful", and called on the Bangladesh government to release him immediately, stating that "the charge of Professor Ghulam Azam and his fellow scholars and Islamic activists of committing war crimes more than forty years ago is irrational and cannot be accepted".[71]
The judicial process under which Azam was on trial was criticized by international organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.[72][73]
Verdict
editAzam was convicted of war crimes during the Bangladesh Liberation War by the controversial International Crimes Tribunal-1 of Bangladesh.[5] The charges against Azam were torturing and the killings of a police officer Shiru Mia and three other civilians. He was found guilty on all five charges and was sentenced to 90 years in prison.
The presiding judge Justice A. T. M. Fazle Kabir pronounced that: “This case is different from others. The accused was never present in any account of atrocities and the main allegation against the accused is superior responsibility and that he was the chief of the East Pakistan unit of Jamaat - e - Islami during the 1971 Liberation War and the para-militia forces like Al-Badr and Al-Shams were formed with a large number of Jamaat members.” The judge also added: “The documents which the prosecution has submitted as evidence were not adequate. Books containing concrete information are more acceptable as reference.”[74]
The judges unanimously agreed that Azam deserved capital punishment but was given a lenient punishment because of his aging and poor health condition.[5][9]
Responses
editAzam had always maintained that he never participated in any crimes but tried "to help people as much as he could."[39] In a press release, Jamaat's Acting Secretary General Rafiqul Islam rejected the International Crimes Tribunal's verdict against Azam by stating his conviction "nothing but a reflection of what AL-led 14-party alliance leaders had said against him Ghulam Azam in different meetings".[75] The Daily Amardesh reported that the evidence presented before the court against Ghulam Azam consisted of newspaper clippings published during 1971."[76][77]
Death
editGhulam Azam died after suffering a stroke on 23 October 2014 at 10:10 PM at BSMMU while serving jail sentences for crimes against humanity during Bangladesh Liberation War. His death was reported by Abdul Majid Bhuiyan, director of BSMMU. Ghulam Azam was put on life support system at 8 PM.[78][79] He was also suffering from kidney ailments.[80] Azam was buried at his family graveyard at Moghbazar, Dhaka on 25 October. His namaz-e-janaza (Islamic funeral prayer) was held at Bangladesh's national mosque Baitul Mokarram, which is still considered one of the largest gatherings at any funeral prayers. Different quarters of the country protested against taking Azam's body to the national mosque because of his war crimes conviction and his opposition role to the independence of the country.[81]
Family
editHis son, Abdullahil Amaan Azmi was brigadier in the Bangladesh Army who was dismissed without explanation. He had been missing since 2016.[82] In 2022, it was revealed by an investigative report by Netra News that he was detained at secret prison called Aynaghar, run by the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence.[83] In August 2024, after the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government, he was released from Aynaghar after 9 years of disappearance.[84]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Ghulam Azam's Role in Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami". Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Uddin, Sufia M. (2006). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, And Language in an Islamic Nation. University of North Carolina. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-8078-3021-5.
- ^ Evans, H. (2001). "Bangladesh: An Unsteady Democracy". In Shastri, A.; Wilson, A. (eds.). The Post-colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity. Palgrave. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-312-23852-0.
- ^ a b Islam, Udisa (15 July 2013). "Ghulam Azam spared death". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d Manik, Julfikar Ali; Khan, Mahbubur Rahman (16 July 2013). "Ghulam Azam Deserves death, gets 90 years". The Daily Star. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ a b "Azam found guilty of Bangladesh war crimes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Bangladesh: Islamist leader found guilty of war crimes". Euronews. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Prof. Ghulam Azam Retires". Islamic Voice. Archived from the original on 6 March 2001.
- ^ a b Ahmed, Tanim (15 July 2013). "Prosecution Blamed for Delay". Bdnews24.com. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Azam Conviction Based on Flawed Proceedings". Human Rights Watch. 16 August 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Azam Trial Concerns". Human Rights Watch. 16 August 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Resist pressure to push for death sentences at war crimes tribunal". Amnesty International. 15 February 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh: Resist pressure to push for hasty death sentences at war crimes Tribunal" (PDF). Amnesty International. 22 February 2013.
- ^ Sabir, Mustafa (21 January 2013). "Bangladesh's watershed war crimes moment". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d ঢাকায় নাগরিক শান্তি কমিটি গঠিত (Citizen's Peace Committee formed in Dhaka), Daily Pakistan, 11 April 1971.
- ^ a b The Wall Street Journal, 27 July 1971; quoted in the book Muldhara 71 by Moidul Hasan
- ^ ভারতীয় চক্রান্ত বরদাস্ত করব না [We will never tolerate Indian conspiracy]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 13 April 1971.
- ^ Rubin, Barry A. (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7656-4138-0.
- ^ Fair, C. Christine (2010). Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State?. Rand Corporation. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-8330-4807-3.
- ^ a b Ahsan, Syed Aziz-al (October 1990). Islamization of the State in a Dualistic Culture: The Case of Bangladesh (PhD). McGill University, Dept of Political Science.
- ^ a b গোলাম আযমের বিরূদ্ধে ডঃ আনিসুজ্জামান উত্থাপিত অভিযোগপত্র [Allegations against Ghulam Azam submitted by Prof. Anisuzzaman]. Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 14 March 2008.
- ^ a b Hashmi, Taj I. (2000). Women and Islam in Bangladesh: Beyond Subjection and Tyranny. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-312-22219-2.
He finally won back his citizenship on 22 June 1994, as decided by the Supreme Court ... It may be mentioned here that he had been living in Bangladesh from 1978 to 1994 as a Pakistani national without any valid visa to stay in Bangladesh.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hossain, Ishtiaq; Siddiquee, Noore Alam (2004). "Islam in Bangladesh Politics: the role of Ghulam Azam of Jamaat-i-Islaami". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 5 (3): 385. doi:10.1080/1464937042000288688. S2CID 146155342.
- ^ Manik, Julfikar Ali; Sarkar, Ashutosh (12 January 2012). "Ghulam Azam lands in jail". The Daily Star.
- ^ Sarkar, Ashutosh; Laskar, Rizanuzzaman (13 December 2011). "Ghulam faces 52 charges". The Daily Star.
- ^ "ICT further denies bail to Ghulam Azam". UNB. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012.
- ^ "Ghulam Azam dies". Bdnews24.com. October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ "Thousands attend funeral for former Bangladesh Islamist leader". Reuters. October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ^ a b "Professor Ghulam Azam A name, A history". Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
- ^ a b sdcuk (18 January 2015). "My Journey Through Life Part 3". Professor Ghulam Azam. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ "FAMILY BACKGROUND". members.tripod.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "My Journey Through Life Part 2". Professor Ghulam Azam. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
- ^ "Pro-Bangla activist turns anti-Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^ Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 15 (1969), May 1969 PAKISTAN, Page 23353
- ^ White Paper on The Crisis in East Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Information and National Affairs. 1971. OCLC 937271.
- ^ White Paper on The Crisis in East Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Information and National Affairs. 1971. pp. 6–8. OCLC 937271.
- ^ 'Police accused over rioting', The Guardian, 26 January 1970, pg. 4
- ^ Salik, Siddiq (1977). Witness to Surrender. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. p. 93. ISBN 978-984-05-1373-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Translation of ATN Bangla Interview". Professor Ghulam Azam. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ a b c একাত্তরে গোলাম আযমের বিবৃতি [Ghulam Azams speeches in 1971]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Ghulam Azam was on Peace Committee". The Daily Star. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ Kann, Peter R. (27 July 1971). "East Pakistan Is Seen Gaining Independence, But It Will Take Years". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Daily Pakistan. 25 May 1971.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Daily Azad. 26 May 1971.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Daily Purbodesh. 23 April 1971.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ পাকিস্তানের প্রতি চীনের দৃঢ় সমর্থন রয়েছে [China fully supports Pakistan]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 13 April 1971.
- ^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Razakar". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ a b "History speaks up – Julfikar Ali Manik and Emran Hossain". The Daily Star. 27 October 2007.
- ^ a b লাহোরে সাংবাদিক সম্মেলনে অধ্যাপক গোলাম আযম [Prof. Ghulam Azam in a conference at Lahore]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 21 June 1971.
- ^ a b মাওলানা মাদানীর শাহাদত মুসলমানদের সচেতন করার জন্য যথেষ্ট – গোলাম আযম. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 12 August 1971.
- ^ "Ghulam Azam calls for an all out war". The Pakistan Observer. 26 November 1971.
- ^ "Pakistan 'Guilty of Genocide': Senator Kennedy's Charge". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 August 1971. p. 5. Retrieved 10 January 2016 – via The Daily Star.
- ^ "I Made No Mistake in 1971: Gholam Azam and the Jamaat Polilics". Bichitra. 17 April 1981.
- ^ Azam ATN Bangla Interview, 14th Dec 2011, with Eng Subs Part 2 on YouTube, See video at 2:15 and 3:42.
- ^ Muldhara '71 (মূলধারা '৭১ Mainstream '71) by Moidul Hasan, page. 128, footnote. 177. published by University Press Limited
- ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (4 November 1971). "53 Pakistan Assembly Seats To Be Filled Without a Vote". International Herald Tribune. p. 5.
Nov 3 ... The Pakistani government announced yesterday that 53 of the National Assembly seats taken away from members of the outlawed Awami League in East Pakistan will be filled without contest ... The party getting the biggest bloc of seats from the 53 ... is the Jamaat-Islami ... to get 14 seats.
- ^ "War criminal Ghulam Azam buried". bdnews24.com. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ Manik, Julfikar Ali (12 May 2009). "Focus back on, 8yrs after". The Daily Star.
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume I: Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Oxford University Press. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-19-153041-8.
- ^ "Hospital stay not needed". The Daily Star. 15 January 2012.
- ^ "Ghulam Azam lands in jail". bdnews24.com. 11 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Counsels visit Ghulam Azam". The Daily Star. 19 February 2012.
- ^ "Ghulam Azam's counsels prefer ICT-2". Bdnews24.com. 30 May 2012.
- ^ স্বামীর জীবন নিয়ে আমি শঙ্কিত : সৈয়দা আফিফা আযম [I am in fear of my husband's life: Syeda Afifa Azam]. Daily Naya Diganta (in Bengali). 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012.
- ^ অধ্যাপক গোলাম আযমের [Professor Ghulam Azam has lost 3 kg in weight]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.
- ^ গোলাম আযমকে 'প্রিজন সেল'এ মানসিকভাবে নির্যাতন করা হচ্ছে -মিসেস আফিফা আযম [Ghulam Azam is being mentally tortured in his prison cell – Mrs Afifa Azam]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Azam is held in solitary confinement and is allowed a visit of 30 minutes per week by 3 close relatives only. Applications for visits are required to be made in advance and require approval.
- ^ "Wife, son meet Ghulam Azam". The Daily Star. 21 January 2012.
- ^ "Ghulam Azam synonymous with Hitler: Sultana Kamal". UNB. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- ^ "13 Sep 2012: Azam 3rd witness cross exam day 3". David Bergman. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
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- "Next on the list is Ghulam Azam, the head of Jamaat in 1971, accused of overseeing the setting up of pro-Pakistani death squads manned by the party's student wing. The prosecution is seeking the death penalty for Mr Azam, whom it likened, in its closing arguments this week, to Adolf Hitler.""Unrest in Bangladesh: A nation divided". The Economist. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
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