Helen Spurway (12 June 1915 – 15 February 1978)[1][2] was a British-Indian biologist and the second wife of J. B. S. Haldane. She emigrated to India in 1957 along with him, both taking up Indian citizenship in 1961, and conducted research in field biology with Krishna Dronamraju, Suresh Jayakar, and others. She is sometimes known as Helen Spurway-Haldane.[3]
Life and career
editSpurway was born in 1915 in the London borough of Wandsworth,[4] the daughter of Frank Spurway and Kate Lea, who were employees of the Post Office, as a telegraphist and a telegraphist and postal clerk.[5]
She obtained her Ph.D. in genetics in 1938[6] at University College London under the supervision of Haldane, whom she met as an undergraduate and married in 1945.[7][8] Her early research was in the genetics of Drosophila subobscura, but later switched to the reproductive biology of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Her claim, in 1955, that parthenogenesis, which occurs in the guppy in nature, may also occur (though very rarely) in the human species, leading to so-called "virgin births" created some sensation among her colleagues and the lay public alike.[9][10]
She and Haldane left University College London in 1956, and went to work at the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata. Haldane officially stated that he left the UK because of the Suez Crisis, writing: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law." He believed that the warm climate would do him good, and that India shared his socialist dreams. Additionally, Helen had been arrested for being drunk and disorderly, and for refusing to pay a fine was sent to prison; the university sacked her, triggering Haldane's resignation.[11]
At the Indian Statistical Institute, she turned her attention in 1959 to the genetics of the giant silkworm Antheraea paphia, raising them in captivity to test the quality of their silk. In January 1961 she and Haldane, assisted by their associate Krishna Dronamraju, were hosts to United States National Science Fair biology winners Gary Botting (zoology) and Susan Brown (botany). Using a novel technique of pheromone transfer, Botting had cross-bred an Antheraea paphia female with a Telea polyphemus male, with viable offspring. Botting and Spurway concluded that the Polyphemus moth was misclassified and should be included under the genus Antheraea.
At the time, the larvae of her specimens were developing black dots, which she attributed to adaptation to their artificial, dark environment in a similar way that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) had apparently adapted to its changing urban environment in Manchester, England. That "urban adaptation" scenario had been quoted in many textbooks as clear evidence of evolution in action. Haldane had himself made statistical calculations as early as 1924 about the strength of natural selection which would have been needed to replace the original peppered form with the black form.[12][13] However Gary Botting diagnosed the black spots on Spurway's larvae as pébrine, a disease deadly to Lepidoptera.
Botting, being at that time a convinced biblical creationist and missionary for the Jehovah's Witnesses, concluded from Spurway's observations about the black dots on her larvae, and from other similar statements, that she and Haldane were "committed Lamarckian evolutionists" who were prepared to believe, without sufficient evidence, in the possibility of rapid evolutionary adaptation. Botting later credited the Haldanes with encouraging him to accept the precepts of Darwinian evolution.[14][15]
Helen Spurway, Haldane, and Krishna Dronamraju were present at the Oberoi Grand Hotel in Kolkata when 1960 U.S. National Science Fair winner Susan Brown reminded the Haldanes that she and Botting had a previously scheduled event that would prevent them from accepting an invitation to a banquet proposed by Haldane and Helen in their honour and scheduled for that evening. After the two students had left the hotel, Haldane went on his much-publicized hunger strike to protest what he regarded as a "U.S. insult".[16]
The following month (February 1961), the Haldanes, who were also irritated by the abrupt changes made by Director Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in the social programme of the visiting Soviet leader Alexei Kosygin, resigned from the Indian Statistical Institute.[17] Eventually, they moved to Bhubaneswar, Orissa, to found the Genetics & Biometry Laboratory. However, Haldane soon developed cancer of the rectum and died there in 1964.
Helen Spurway's lifelong research interests also included animal behavior and domestication, which led to her close contacts with several eminent zoologists including Konrad Lorenz, Salim Ali, T. Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr.[citation needed]
After her husband's death in 1964, in Bhubaneswar, Spurway moved to Hyderabad in Southern India and spent her remaining years there studying animal domestication, until her death in 1978.[18]
Publications
editA partial list:
- Spurway, Helen. 1955. The Causes of Domestication: An attempt to integrate some ideas of Konrad Lorenz with evolution theory. Journal of Genetics 53:325-362.
- Spurway, Helen, and J. B. S. Haldane. 1953. The comparative ethology of vertebrate breathing. I. Breathing in newts, with a general survey. Behaviour 6:8-34
- Spurway, Helen, and K.R. Dronamraju. 1959. The biology of the two commercial qualities cocoons spun by Antheraea mylitta (Drury) with a note on the cocoons of the related A. assama (westwood). Genetica Agraria 45: 175.
- Dronamraju, K.R. and H. Spurway. 1960. Constancy to horticultural varieties shown by butterflies, and its possible evolutionary significance. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 57:136-150.
- Spurway Helen, S.D. Jayakar, and K.R. Dronamraju 1964. One nest of Sceliphron madraspatanum (Fabr.).(Sphecidae: Hynemoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 61: 1-42.
- Jayakar S. D. and Spurway H. 1966 Sex ratios of some mason wasps. Nature (London) 212:306-307
- Dronamraju, K.R. 1985. Haldane: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane With Special Reference to India. Aberdeen University Press.
References
edit- ^ National Archives 1939 register. The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 19, 1978. p. 119
- ^ Dronamraju, Krishna (2016). Popularizing Science: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane. Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780199333936. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ Odyssey of a Scientist: An Autobiography, Hans Kalmus, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991, p.132
- ^ GRO register Births Jun 1915 Wandsworth 1d 1254
- ^ 1911 census, 1921 census
- ^ Haldane: The Life and Work of J. B. S. Haldane with Special Reference to India, Krishna R. Dronamraju, Aberdeen University Press, 1985, p. 152
- ^ GRO marriage register Dec 1945 Pancras 1b 164
- ^ "Obituary: Professor J. B. S. Haldane". The Times. 2 December 1964. p. 13.
- ^ "Medicine: Parthenogenesis?". Time. 28 November 1955.
- ^ Editorial in The Lancet, 2: 967 (1955)
- ^ deJong-Lambert, William (2012). The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research: An Introduction to the Lysenko Affair (2012. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 150. ISBN 978-94-007-2839-4. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017.
- ^ Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men: Intrigue, Tragedy and the Peppered Moth (London: Fourth Estate, 2003) pp. 47-48
- ^ Laurence M. Cook and John R.G. Turner, "Fifty percent and all that: what Haldane actually said", Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020, 129, 765–771.
- ^ Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction", Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting (Miami: Strategic Books, 2013), pp. xx-xxii
- ^ Gary Botting, "Preface", The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), p. xiv
- ^ "Haldane on Fast: Insult by USIS Alleged", The Times of India, 19 January 1961; "Protest Fast by Haldane: USIS's 'Anti-Indian Activities'", The Times of India, 18 January 1961; "Situation was Misunderstood, Scholars Explain", The Times of India, 20 January 1961; "USIS Explanation does not satisfy Haldane: Protest fast continues", The Times of India, 18 January 1961; "USIS Claim Rejected by Haldane: Protest Fast to Continue", The Times of India, 18 January 1961; "Haldane Not Satisfied with USIS Apology: Fast to Continue", Free Press Journal, 18 January 1961; "Haldane Goes on Fast In Protest Against U.S. Attitude", The Times of India, 18 January 1961; "Haldane to continue fast: USIS explanation unsatisfactory", The Times of India, 19 January 1961; "Local boy in hunger strike row", Toronto Star, 20 January 1961; "Haldane, Still on Fast, Loses Weight: U.S.I.S. Act Termed 'Discourteous'", Indian Express, 20 January 1961; "Haldane Slightly Tired on Third Day of Fast", The Times of India, 21 January 1961; "Haldane Fasts for Fourth Consecutive Day", Globe and Mail, 22 January 1961
- ^ Kumar, T. Krishna (1997). "An Unfinished Biography: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (23): 1321–1332. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4405481.
- ^ Krishna R. Dronamraju (1987). "On Some Aspects of the Life and Work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F.R.S., in India". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 41 (2): 211–237. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1987.0006. PMID 11622022.
External links
edit- Letters from Joshua Lederberg to Helen Spurway
- Bonner, John Tyler 1998. An Extract From "Memoirs for Family and Friends" Genetics 150: 519-521