The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Arabic: لواء الإسكندرونة, romanized: Liwa' Al-Iskandarūna; Turkish: İskenderun Sancağı; French: Sandjak d'Alexandrette) was a sanjak of the Mandate of Syria composed of two qadaas of the former Aleppo Vilayet (Alexandretta and Antioch, now İskenderun and Antakya). It became autonomous under Article 7 of the 1921 Treaty of Ankara: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".[1]
In 1923, Alexandretta was attached to the State of Aleppo, and in 1925, it was attached to the combined State of Syria,[2] with a sort of federal administrative status termed régime spécial.[3]
The 1936 elections in the sanjak returned two MPs favoring the independence of Syria from France, and this prompted communal riots as well as passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.[2]
Population
editThe province had an ethnic plurality of Turks and Arabs, also including various minorities.
| Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census[4] | ||||||
| Ethnic group | Inhabitants | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alawites | 61,600 | 28% | ||||
| Sunni Arabs | 22,000 | 10% | ||||
| Turks | 85,800 | 39% | ||||
| Armenians | 24,200 | 11% | ||||
| Melkites, Greeks and other Christians | 17,600 | 8% | ||||
| Circassians, Jews, Kurds | 8,800 | 4% | ||||
| Total | 220,000 | 100% | ||||
Despite the plurality, Turks were overrepresented in the assembly of the province, constituting more than half of it.[5] The minorities took their oaths in Turkish when they were appointed as a deputy.[6]
1938 voter registration and elections
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The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision: out of 40 seats, 22 were given to the Turks, nine for Alawi, five for Armenians, two for Sunni Arabs, and two for Antiochian Greeks. Based on 29 May 1937 agreement and the 3 July 1938 signings France and Turkiye will co-defence Hatay with 2500 troops for each.[7] According to this agreement, the Turkish military has sent intervention forces from Payas and Hassa. On July 5, Turkish forces entered İskenderun.[8]
According to the official registration numbers by July 22, 1938, 57,008 voters in the Sanjak were registered, belonging to the following ethnic groups.[5]
- Turks: 35,847
- Alawites: 11,319
- Armenians: 5,504
- Greek Orthodox: 2,098
- Arabs (Sunni Muslim): 1,845
- Others: 359
40 seats of the sanjak assembly per qadaa were distributed as follows:
- Antakya: 14 Turks, 7 Alawis, 2 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 1 Greek Orthodox
- İskenderun: 3 Turks, 2 Alawis, 1 Armenian, 1 Greek Orthodox
- Kırıkhan: 5 Turks, 2 Armenians
- Total: 22 Turks, 9 Alawis, 5 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 2 Greek Orthodox
Despite the voter registration, no elections were held and an approved by Hatay assembly was commissioned by Turkish and French authorities. Tayfur Sökmen who was appointed by Atatürk to lead the transition arrived in Antakya from Dörtyol on August 25, 1938.[9]
Hatay State
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On September 2, 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name Hatay itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. The president Tayfur Sökmen was a member of Turkish parliament elected in 1935 (representing Antalya Province) and the prime minister Dr. Abdurrahman Melek, was also elected to the Turkish parliament (representing Gaziantep Province) in 1939 while still holding the prime-ministerial post. On 29 June 1939, following an illegitimate referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. The Hatay State became the Hatay Province of Turkey in 1939.
References
edit- ^ Sarah D. Shields, Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- ^ a b Picard, Elizabeth (January–March 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French) (99). Paris: Documentation française.
- ^ Schmidinger, Thomas (2017-03-22). Krieg und Revolution in Syrisch-Kurdistan: Analysen und Stimmen aus Rojava (in German). Mandelbaum Verlag. p. 59. ISBN 978-3-85476-665-0.
- ^ Brandell, Inga (2006). State Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-076-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ a b Bazantay, Pierre. "Un conflit de nationalités au Proche-Orient : le sandjak d'Alexandrette 1934-1939" (in French).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Tekin, Mehmet, ed. (2009) [1939]. Hatay Devleti Millet Meclisi Zabıtları (in Turkish). Ankara: ATAM. p. 19.
- ^ "Hatay Askeri Anlaşmasının esasları" (in Turkish). Ulus. 1938-07-03. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ^ "Türk askerleri Hatay'da" (in Turkish). Ulus. 1938-07-05. pp. 1–7.
- ^ HATAY TARİHİ Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Republic of Turkey Hatay Governorate
Further reading
edit- Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
- Pedersen, Susan. The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Sanjian, Avedis K. "Sanjak of Alexandretta (Hatay): A Study of Franco-Turco Relations," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1956.
- Shields, Sarah D. Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.