Spizaetus is the typical hawk-eagle birds of prey genus found in the tropics of the Americas. It was however used to indicate a group of tropical eagles that included species occurring in southern and southeastern Asia and one representative of this genus in the rainforests of West Africa. The Old World species have been separated into the genus Nisaetus.[2] Several species have a prominent head crest. These are medium to large-sized raptors, most being between 55 and 75 cm (21.5 and 29.5 in) long, and tend to be long-tailed and slender.
| Spizaetus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Black hawk-eagle (Spizaetus tyrannus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Subfamily: | Aquilinae |
| Genus: | Spizaetus Vieillot, 1816 |
| Type species | |
| Falco ornatus[1] Daudin, 1800
| |
| Species | |
|
and see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Spizastur Lesson, 1839[verification needed] | |
The American Ornithologists' Union merges Spizastur into Spizaetus since 2007.[3]
Spizaetus eagles are forest birds with several species having a preference for highland woodlands. They build stick nests in trees. The sexes are similarly plumaged with typical raptor brown upperparts and pale underparts, but young birds are distinguishable from adults, often by a whiter head.
These eagles eat medium-sized vertebrate prey such as mammals, birds and reptiles.
Species
editThe species that were historically placed in this genus are:
New World species retained in Spizaetus
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black hawk-eagle or tyrant hawk-eagle
|
Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied, 1820) Two subspecies
|
central Mexico to eastern Peru, the south of Brazil, and far northern Argentina
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Black-and-white hawk-eagle, traditionally Spizastur
|
Spizaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816) |
Oaxaca to Veracruz in southern Mexico southwards throughout Central America
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Ornate hawk-eagle
|
Spizaetus ornatus (Daudin, 1800) Two subspecies
|
southern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, to Trinidad and Tobago, south to Peru and Argentina
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
NT
|
| Black-and-chestnut eagle
|
Spizaetus isidori (Des Murs, 1845) |
Northern Andes (including Venezuelan coastal range and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta)
|
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
EN
|
Old World species now moved to Nisaetus
- Flores hawk-eagle Nisaetus floris (earlier Spizaetus cirrhatus floris or Spizaetus floris)
- Mountain hawk-eagle, Nisaetus nipalensis (earlier Spizaetus nipalensis)
- The Western Ghats and Sri Lankan race has been suggested as a full species Nisaetus kelaarti.[4]
- Blyth's hawk-eagle, Nisaetus alboniger (earlier Spizaetus alboniger)
- Changeable hawk-eagle, Nisaetus cirrhatus (earlier Spizaetus cirrhatus)
- Javan hawk-eagle, Nisaetus bartelsi (earlier Spizaetus bartelsi)
- Sulawesi hawk-eagle, Nisaetus lanceolatus (earlier Spizaetus lanceolatus)
- (Northern) Philippine hawk-eagle, Nisaetus philippensis (earlier Spizaetus philippensis)
- Southern Philippine hawk-eagle, Nisaetus pinskeri (earlier Spizaetus (philippensis) pinskeri)
- Wallace's hawk-eagle, Nisaetus nanus (earlier Spizaetus nanus)
Moved to Aquila
- Cassin's hawk-eagle, Aquila africana (earlier Spizaetus africanus)
Footnotes
edit- ^ "Accipitridae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
- ^ Helbig AJ, Kocum A, Seibold I & Braun MJ (2005) A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 35(1):147-164 PDF[permanent dead link]
- ^ Banks et al. (2007)
- ^ Gjershaug, J. O.; Diserud, O. H.; Rasmussen, P. C. & Warakagoda, D. (2008) "An overlooked threatened species of eagle: Legge’s Hawk Eagle Nisaetus kelaarti (Aves: Accipitriformes)" (PDF) Zootaxa 1792: 54–66
References
edit- Banks, Richard C.; Chesser, R. Terry; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2007): Forty-eighth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-List of North American Birds. Auk 124(3): 1109–1115. DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1109:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
- Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
- ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y.. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
- Gamauf, Anita; Gjershaug, Jan-Ove; Røv, Nils; Kvaløy, Kirsti & Haring, Elisabeth (2005): Species or subspecies? The dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some South-East Asian hawk-eagles (genus Spizaetus). Bird Conservation International 15(1): 99–117. doi:10.1017/S0959270905000080 (HTML abstract)
- Haring E., Kvaloy, K., Gjershaug, J.-O., Rov, N., Gamauf A. (2007): Convergent evolution and paraphyly of the hawk-eagles of the genus Spizaetus (Aves, Accipitridae) - phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research 45: 353–365. PDF
- Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
- Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
External links
edit
Media related to Spizaetus at Wikimedia Commons
