Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass,[1] habana grass,[citation needed] and kangaroo grass,[2] not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India,[3][4] Nepal,[4] and Malaysia.[5] It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius,[4] Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America.[3] It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions.[4][6] It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne.[4][7]
| Themeda quadrivalvis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Genus: | Themeda |
| Species: | T. quadrivalvis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Themeda quadrivalvis | |
Description
editThis species is an annual grass growing up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. The usually folded leaves are up to 60 centimetres (24 in) long.[5] The seed heads are rounded or fan-shaped and are accompanied by leaflike bracts. The grass becomes orange, red,[6] or golden brown at maturity.[4] The clustered spikelets in the seed heads have some tubercle-based hairs and twisted awns,[4] which can be up to 5 centimeters long.[7] The awn is hygroscopic, twisting when moist and drilling the seed into the soil. This species is similar to Themeda triandra, a native species which tends to be smaller and more brown in color.[3] Grader grass is a prolific producer of seed; there can be up to 1000 seeds in a single seed head.[8] The seed is dispersed by graders, on fur and clothing, and as a contaminant of pasture seed supplies.[7] The seed is sometimes found as a contaminant of bird seed, as well.[5]
Invasiveness
editThis grass is a major noxious weed in parts of Australia, where it was introduced in the 1930s. It may have arrived in supplies of straw packing. The plant was first recorded in Australia in September 1935 near Habana in the Mackay Region of Queensland. It then spread as a contaminant of seed. The weed easily invades ecosystems, displacing native vegetation. It grows quickly, producing flowers within 5 to 6 weeks after germination, and seed within 10 weeks. Flowering generally occurs in February to June in Australia. Germination can occur throughout the year, however, given adequate moisture. The grass easily colonizes disturbed areas such as roadsides. While the grass is cultivated for animal fodder in India, it is unpalatable throughout most of the year in Australia, forming wide monotypic stands that displace palatable grasses. It also forms a heavy fuel load, increasing the likelihood of fire.[3]
The species is also invasive in New Caledonia.[9]
References
edit- ^ "Plant species and sites" (PDF). Government of Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ NRCS. "Themeda quadrivalvis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d Keir, A. F. and W. D. Vogler. (2006). "A review of current knowledge of the weedy species Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass)" (PDF). Tropical Grasslands. 40: 193–201.
- ^ a b c d e f g Themeda quadrivalvis. Weeds Australia Weed Identification. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
- ^ a b c Themeda quadrivalvis. Grass Manual Treatment. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Themeda quadrivalvis. Northern Territory Government NRETAS. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ a b c Themeda quadrivalvis. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ Grader Grass management guide. NQ Dry Tropics, Northern Gulf Resource Management Group and Southern Gulf Catchments. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
- ^ Hequet, Vanessa (2009). Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie (PDF) (in French). p. 17.