The War of the Quadruple Alliance[a] was fought from 1717 to 1720 by Spain and the Habsburg Monarchy[1], with the latter being joined in 1718 by Great Britain, France, and Savoy,[2] and in 1719 by the Dutch Republic.[3] Caused by Spanish attempts to recover territories in Italy ceded in the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, most of the fighting took place in Sicily and Spain, with minor engagements in North America. Spain also promoted the Jacobite rising of 1719 in Scotland in an effort to divert British naval resources.[4]
| War of the Quadruple Alliance | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Anglo-Spanish Wars and Franco-Spanish Wars | |||||||||
 The Battle of Cape Passaro, 11 August 1718, Richard Paton | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 AustriaJoined in 1718:  Savoy Great Britain FranceJoined in 1719:  Dutch Republic |
 Spain  Jacobites (1719) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Wirich Philipp von Daun Claude de Mercy Victor Amadeus II George Byng Richard Temple Guillaume Dubois Duke of Berwick Sieur de Bienville |
Giulio Alberoni Jean de Bette José de Albornoz Antonio Gaztañeta George Camocke Francisco Cornejo Duke of Ormonde George Keith | ||||||||
Spain recaptured Sardinia in 1717 from Habsburg Austria, followed by a landing in Sicily in July 1718. On 2 August, the Quadruple Alliance was formed and on 11th, the Royal Navy defeated a Spanish fleet at Cape Passaro. This meant their troops in Sicily could not be resupplied or reinforced, and Austrian land forces eventually retook the island. In October 1719, a British naval force sacked the Spanish port of Vigo.
The 1720 Treaty of The Hague restored the position prior to 1717, with Savoy and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily.
Naming
editThe war is named for the alliance signed between Austria and the Triple Alliance of Great Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic against Spain on 2 August 1718.[5] Savoy entered the alliance on 8 November, despite fighting Spain in Sicily since 1 July.[2] Inversely, the Dutch Republic did not declare war on Spain until August 1719.[3]
Background
editUnder the 1713 Peace of Utrecht that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, Spain ceded possessions in Italy and Flanders to Austria, and Sicily to Savoy. Their recovery was a priority for the French-born Philip V of Spain.[b][6] This objective was reinforced by chief minister Cardinal Alberoni, who like Philip's second wife Elisabeth Farnese was a native of Parma.[7]
Utrecht specified Spain could never be unified with either France or Austria, and under its terms Philip gave up any future claim to the French throne. However, a series of deaths in the French royal family between 1713 and 1715 made him heir presumptive to the five year old Louis XV, and he now cast doubts on this renunciation. Emperor Charles VI also refused to accept this principle, as well as delaying implementation of the Barrier Treaty in the newly acquired Austrian Netherlands, an objective for which the Dutch Republic had effectively bankrupted themselves. Concerned by these moves, Britain and France agreed the 1716 Anglo-French alliance to enforce these terms, then formed the Triple Alliance with the Dutch in January 1717.[8]
Its key principles were to ensure Charles and Philip reconfirmed the withdrawal of their claims to the thrones of Spain and France. In return for this, Savoy and Austria would exchange Sicily and Sardinia. Spain saw little benefit in this and decided to seize the opportunity to recover territorial losses agreed at Utrecht. As neither Savoy nor Austria possessed significant navies, the most obvious targets were the islands of Sardinia and Sicily, an ambition that aligned with the Italian dynastic claims of Elizabeth Farnese.[9]
War
editOutbreak
edit
In August 1717, Spanish forces landed on Sardinia and by November had re-established control of the island. They met little opposition; Austria was engaged in the 1716–1718 Austro-Turkish War, while France and the Netherlands needed peace to rebuild their shattered economies.[10] Attempts to resolve the situation through diplomacy failed and in June 1718, a British naval force arrived in the Western Mediterranean as a preventive measure.[11] Emboldened by their success in Sardinia, in July 1718 the Spanish landed 30,000 men on Sicily but the strategic position had now changed. Austria signed the July 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz with the Ottoman Empire, and on 2 August, joined Britain, France, and the Dutch in the Quadruple Alliance, which gave its name to the war.[12]
The Spanish took Palermo on 7 July, then divided their army; on 18 July, the Marquess of Lede opened the siege of Messina, while the duke of Montemar occupied the rest of the island. On 11 August, a British squadron commanded by Sir George Byng eliminated the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro. This was followed in the autumn by the landing of a small Austrian army, assembled in Naples by the Austrian Viceroy Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, near Messina to lift the siege by the Spanish forces. The Austrians were defeated in the First Battle of Milazzo on 15 October, and only held a small bridgehead around Milazzo.
In 1718, Cardinal Alberoni began plotting to replace the Duc d'Orléans, regent to the 5-year-old King Louis XV of France, with Philip V. This plot became known as the Cellamare conspiracy. After the plot was discovered, Alberoni was expelled from France, which declared war on Spain. By 17 December 1718, the French, British, and Austrians had all officially entered the war against Spain. The Dutch would join them later, in August 1719.
San Sebastián
editThe Duc d'Orléans ordered a French army under the Duke of Berwick to invade the western Basque districts of Spain in April 1719, still under the shock of Philip V's military intervention against them. Berwick successfully besieged San Sebastián and also entered northern Catalonia. In both regions there was support for the invaders from leading local figures, some of whom lobbied for them to be permanently annexed by France.[13] Spain attempted to counter this by launching its own expedition to Brittany, in the hope of raising a rebellion against the Regent of France. It consisted of a 1,000 troops, but carried arms for 10,000 more. However, after landing at Vannes they found little support amongst the inhabitants and withdrew.[14]
Sicily
editIn Sicily, the Austrians started a new offensive under Count Claude Florimond de Mercy. They first suffered a defeat in the Battle of Francavilla (20 June 1719). But the Spanish were cut off from their homeland by the British fleet and it was just a matter of time before their resistance would crumble. Mercy was then victorious in the second Battle of Milazzo, took Messina in October and besieged Palermo.
Invasion of Britain
edit
In early 1719 the Irish exile, the Duke of Ormonde, organized an expedition with extensive Spanish support to invade Britain and replace King George I with James Stuart, the Jacobite "Old Pretender". However, his fleet was dispersed by a storm near Galicia in March 1719, and never reached Britain. A small force of 300 Spanish marines under George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal did land near Eilean Donan, but they and the Highlanders who supported them were defeated at the Battle of Eilean Donan in May 1719 and the Battle of Glen Shiel a month later, and the hopes of an uprising soon fizzled out.
Vigo
editIn retaliation for this attack, the British government prepared to launch a raid on the Spanish coast. An expedition was assembled at Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight under the command of Lord Cobham and George Wade.[15] They successfully captured Vigo and marched inland seizing the towns of Redondela and Pontevedra in October 1719. This caused some shock to the Spanish authorities as they realized how vulnerable they were to Allied amphibious attacks, with the potential to open up a new front away from the French frontier.
North America
editThe French captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola in Florida in May 1719, pre-empting a Spanish attack on South Carolina. While Spanish forces retook the town in August 1719, it fell to the French again towards the end of the year and they destroyed the town before withdrawing.
In February 1720 a 1,200 strong Spanish force set out from Cuba to take the British settlement of Nassau in the Bahamas. After taking a large amount of plunder they were eventually driven off by the local militia.
On June 16, 1720 (months after the formal end of the war), the Villasur expedition left Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico to check on 1719 reports of growing French presence in the Great Plains, but was defeated on August 14 by the Pawnee, Otoe, and French settlers near modern-day Columbus, Nebraska. This was the furthest north and west that any Spanish expedition reached in interior North America before France ceded Louisiana to Spain in 1762.[16][17]
Peace
editDispleased with his kingdom's military performance, Philip dismissed Alberoni in December 1719, and made peace with the allies with the Treaty of The Hague on 17 February 1720.
In the treaty, Philip was forced to relinquish all territory captured in the war. However, his third surviving son's right to the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza after the death of Elisabeth's childless uncle, Antonio Farnese, was recognized.
France returned Pensacola and the remaining conquests in the north of Spain in exchange for commercial benefits. Included in the terms of this treaty, Victor Amadeus was forced to exchange Sicily for that of the less important Kingdom of Sardinia.
Legacy
editThe war provided a unique example during the eighteenth century when Britain and France were on the same side. It came during a period between 1716 and 1731 when the two countries were allies. Spain would later join with France in the Bourbon Compact, and the two would become enemies of the British once more. Spain later regained the Kingdom of Naples during the 1733 to 1735 War of the Polish Succession.[18]
See also
editFootnotes
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Martínez Laínez, Fernando & Canales, Carlos. Banderas Lejanas. Ed. EDAF (2009) ISBN 978-84-414-2121-9
- ^ a b Geoffrey Symcox. Victor Amadeus II: Absolutism in the Savoyard State, 1675–1730. University of California Press, 1983.
- ^ a b Tucker, S. (2009) A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the modern Middle East. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2777 pages.
- ^ Jackson, A. (2024) The Jacobite Rebellions of the British Isles. Pen and Sword History, 256 pages.
- ^ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quadruple-Alliance-Europe-1718
- ^ Storrs, Ronald (2 December 2016). "The Spanish Monarchy in the Mediterranean Theater". Yale University Blog. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
- ^ Solano 2011, pp. 237–238.
- ^ Lesaffer, Randall. "The 18th-century Antecedents of the Concert of Europe I: The Triple Alliance of 1717". Oxford Public International Law. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
- ^ Lesaffer, Randall. "The 18th-century Antecedents of the Concert of Europe I: The Quadruple Alliance of 1718". Oxford Public International Law. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
- ^ Szechi 1994, pp. 93–95.
- ^ Simms 2007, p. 135.
- ^ Tucker 2009, p. 724.
- ^ Oates 2019, p. 140.
- ^ Oates 2019, p. 142.
- ^ Oates pp. 143–144
- ^ The Pawnee Indians. (1951) Hyde, G.E. New edition in The Civilization of the American Indian Series, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1974. ISBN 0-8061-2094-0, pp. 75–76
- ^ de Pastino, Blake (March 17, 2014). "First Evidence Found of Storied Battle That Stopped Spain's Eastward Expansion". Western Digs. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
- ^ Dhondt 2017, pp. 97–130.
Sources
edit- Dhondt, Frederik (2017). "Arrestez et pillez contre toute sorte de droit': Trade and the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)" (PDF). Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies. 1.
- Lesaffer, Randall. "The 18th-century Antecedents of the Concert of Europe I: The Triple Alliance of 1717". Oxford Public International Law.
- Lesaffer, Randall. "The 18th-century Antecedents of the Concert of Europe I: The Quadruple Alliance of 1718". Oxford Public International Law.
- Oates, Jonathon D (2019). The Last Armada: Britain and the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1718–1720. Helion and Company.
- Simms, Brendan (2007). Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783. Penguin. ISBN 978-0140289848.
- Solano, Ana Crespa (2011). Rommelse, Gijs; Onnekink, David (eds.). A Change of Ideology in Imperial Spain? in Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750). Routledge. ISBN 978-1409419136.
- Storrs, Ronald (2 December 2016). "The Spanish Monarchy in the Mediterranean Theater". Yale University Blog. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
- Szechi, Daniel (1994). The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719037743.
- Tucker, Spencer, C (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6V: A Global Chronology of Conflict [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096671.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)