Wikipedia

Western Union

This article is about the financial services company. For the military alliance in existence between 1948 and 1954, see Western Union (alliance).
For other uses, see Western Union (disambiguation).

The Western Union Company is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Denver, Colorado.

The Western Union Company
Company typePublic
IndustryFinancial services
FoundedApril 8, 1851; 173 years ago (1851-04-08)[1] in Rochester, New York, U.S.
HeadquartersDenver, Colorado, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Jeffrey A. Joerres
(chairman)
Devin McGranahan
(president and CEO)
ServicesWire transfers
Money orders
Money transfers
Bill pay
Transfer tracking
Price estimation
RevenueDecrease US$4.36 billion (2023)[2]
Decrease US$817.5 million (2023)[2]
Decrease US$626 million (2023)[2]
Total assetsDecrease US$8.199 billion (2023)[2]
Number of employees
9,000 (2018)
Websitewesternunion.com
Western Union Telegraph Building, lithograph

Founded in 1851 as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company in Rochester, New York,[3] the company changed its name to the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1856 after merging with several other telegraph companies.[4] It dominated the American telegraphy industry from the 1860s to the 1980s,[5] pioneering technology such as telex and developing a range of telegraph-related services, including wire money transfer, in addition to its core business of transmitting and delivering telegram messages.

After experiencing financial difficulties, it began to move its business away from communications in the 1980s and increasingly focused on its money-transfer services. It ceased its communications operations completely in 2006,[6][7] at which time The New York Times described it as "the world's largest money-transfer business" and added that the company would remain as such due to the large number of immigrants wiring money home.[8]

From the perspective of the history of technology, Western Union notably completed the first transcontinental telegraph in 1861, being a part of U.S. industry's investments into developing American communications between the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The first messages went to then President of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln.[9]

History

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Founding & expansion (1851–1866)

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The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company was founded in Rochester, New York by Samuel L. Selden, Hiram Sibley, and others in 1851.[10] In 1856 the company merged with its competitor the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company, controlled by John James Speed, Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith and Ezra Cornell[11] and, at Cornell's insistence, changed its name to Western Union Telegraph Company.[12]

In 1857, Western Union participated in the 'Treaty of Six Nations', an attempt by six of the largest telegraph firms to create a system of regional telegraphy monopolies with a shared network of main lines.[13] After the creation of the 'Six Nations' system, Western Union continued to acquire both larger & smaller telegraph companies and by 1864 had transformed from a regional monopoly into a national oligopolist with its only serious competitors being the American Telegraph Company and the United States Telegraph Company.[5]

Western Union completed the first transcontinental telegraph in 1861. Notably, the first messages went to then President of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln.[9] The firm additionally formed the Russian–American Telegraph Company in an attempt to link America to Europe, via Alaska, into Siberia, to Moscow – a project abandoned in 1867 following the successful laying of a transatlantic cable in 1866.

Dominance & new challengers (1866–1881)

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In 1866, Western Union acquired the American Telegraph Company and the United States Telegraph Company, its two main competitors, for a time gaining a virtual monopoly over the American telegraphy industry.[5] The company also began to develop new telegraphy-related services beyond the transmission and delivery of telegrams, launching the first stock ticker in 1866,[14] a standardized time service in 1870 and wire money transfer in 1871.[15]

In the 1870s, the company faced increased competition from newly formed rival telegraphy conglomerate Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company and from the nascent telephony industry led by the Bell Telephone Company. Western Union instead attempted to launch a rival telephony system before settling a patent lawsuit with Bell and leaving the telephone business completely in 1879.[16][17]

Financier Jay Gould orchestrated a merger of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company with Western Union in 1881, giving him a controlling share of the merged company.[18][19][20]

Monopoly & decline of telegraphy (1881–1963)

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A Western Union telegram sent on September 7, 1896, to report on the positions of two comets
 
A 12-year-old Western Union messenger boy in Tampa, Florida, 1911

When the Dow Jones Railroad Average stock market index for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was created in 1884, Western Union was one of the original eleven companies to be included.[21] By 1900, Western Union operated a million miles of telegraph lines and two international undersea cables.[22]

AT&T gained control of Western Union in 1909, acquiring a 30% stake in the company.[5] However, in 1913 AT&T, under indictment for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, was forced to sell its shares in the company which once again became independent.[23]

 
Advertisement for Western Union "Tourate" telegram service, 1939
 
60 Hudson Street, Manhattan, was WU's headquarters in the early and middle 20th century.
 
Western Union Telegraph storefront seen in the Chamber of Commerce Building in Toledo, Ohio, 1895

Western Union acquired its only major competitor in the American telegraphy sector Postal Telegraph, Inc. in 1945, effectively giving the company monopoly power over the industry.[5] After 1945 the telegraphy industry began to experience a decline as the use of telephones increased, especially in the case of long-distance calls, with total telegraph messages almost halving from 1945 to 1960.[5]

In 1958, Western Union began offering telex services to customers in New York City.[24] Teleprinter equipment for the telex network was originally provided by Siemens & Halske AG[25] and later by Teletype Corporation.[26] Direct international telex services commenced in the summer of 1960, with limited service to London and Paris.[27]

In honor of Valentine's Day 1959, Western Union introduced the Candygram, a box of chocolates accompanying a telegram that was featured in a commercial with the famously rotund radio announcer Don Wilson.[28][29]

Western Union International spin-off

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In 1963, Western Union organized its international cable system properties and its right-of-way for connecting international telegraph lines into a separate company called Western Union International (WUI), which it sold that year to American Securities.

In 1967, American Securities listed WUI as a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange. WUI was acquired by Xerox for $207 million in stock in 1979[30] and subsequently sold for $185 million in cash to MCI Communications in 1981.[31] MCI renamed WUI to MCI International, ceasing the use of Western Union branding.[31]

Consolidation (1963–1984)

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Logo, 1969 to 1990

Western Union purchased the TWX system from AT&T in January 1969, the only major competitor to its own telex network.[32]

Western Union became the first American telecommunications corporation to maintain its own fleet of geosynchronous communications satellites, starting in 1974. The fleet of satellites, called Westar, carried communications within the Western Union company for telegram and mailgram message data to Western Union bureaus nationwide. It also handled traffic for its telex and TWX services. The Westar satellites' transponders were also leased by other companies for relaying video, voice, data, and facsimile (fax) transmissions. The Westar fleet of satellites and ground stations were sold to Hughes (who originally built all of the Westar satellites launched) in 1988 after Western Union suffered financial losses with their telecommunications assets starting in the early 1980s.

In 1981, Western Union purchased a 50% interest in Airfone. It sold Airfone to GTE in 1986 for $39 million in cash.[33] From 1982, as a result of financial services deregulation, Western Union began offering wire money transfer services globally.[4]

Financial difficulties, bankruptcies & restructuring (1984–2006)

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In 1984, after years of declining profits and mounting debts, Western Union began to negotiate with its creditors regarding debt restructuring.[34] The restructuring was completed in 1987 when investor Bennett S. LeBow acquired control of Western Union through an outside of chapter 11 process that was a complex leveraged recapitalization.[34] The transaction was backed by a total of $900 million in high-yield bonds and preferred stock underwritten by Michael Milken's group at Drexel Burnham Lambert as part of an exchange offer. LeBow installed Robert J. Amman as president and CEO who led a complete strategic, operational and balance sheet restructuring of the company over the next six years.

Amman executed a strategy of redirecting Western Union from being an asset-based provider of communications services, with a money transfer business as a large but less important part of the business, into being a provider of consumer-based money transfer financial services. Thus, Amman ran the company as two separate companies. One business consisted of the money transfer business, which was funded and operated to take advantage of the significant growth opportunity. The second unit consisted of all the non-strategic communications assets such as the long-distance analog voice network, satellite business and undersea cable assets.

In the three-year period through 1990 Amman was supported by Robert A. Schriesheim, also installed by LeBow, as a special advisor who oversaw the divestiture of the four non-strategic telecommunications assets for about $280 million.

Most of the company's business services unit including the Easylink electronic mail and Telex businesses were sold to AT&T for $180 million in Dec 1990. Western Union Priority Services including Mailgram, Priority Letter and Custom Letter services were not included in the deal. This marked the end of Western Union's telecommunications carrier business. [35]

The official name of the corporation was changed to New Valley Corporation in 1991, as part of the company's move to seek bankruptcy protection to eliminate the firm's overleveraged balance sheet while continuing to grow the money transfer business. The name change was used to shield the Western Union name from being dragged through the proceedings (and the resulting bad PR).[36] Under the day to day leadership of Amman and the backing of LeBow, the company's value increased dramatically through its years operating under chapter 11.

Following various restructurings, including negotiations with Carl Icahn who became a large bond holder, New Valley Corporation was sold in a bankruptcy auction to First Financial Management Corporation in 1994 for $1.2 billion. In 1995, First Financial merged with First Data Corporation in a $6 billion transaction.[37]

Public listing & international expansion (2006–present)

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Western Union European Regional Operations Office in Vilnius

On January 26, 2006, First Data announced its intention to spin off Western Union into independent publicly traded financial services company focused on money transfers through a tax-free spin-off to First Data shareholders. The spin off occurred as planned on September 29, 2006.[38] The next day Western Union announced that it would cease offering telegram transmission and delivery.[39]

In May 2009, Western Union announced its plan to acquire Canada-based Custom House from Peter Gustavson.[40] The deal closed in September 2009 for a purchase price of US$371 million.[41] This acquisition led the company to be re-branded as Western Union Business Solutions.[42]

In January 2011, Western Union acquired Angelo Costa, a group active in money transfer and services to immigrants. Angelo Costa has a network of 7,500 points of sale throughout Europe. The agreement was signed for US$200 million.[citation needed]

In July 2011, Western Union acquired Travelex's Global Business Payments division for £606 million.[43]

In October 2011, Western Union completed the acquisition of Finint S.r.l., one of Western Union's leading money transfer network agents in Europe, with more than 10,000 subagent locations across Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[44]

In May 2015, rumors emerged over a proposed merger of Western Union and competitor MoneyGram, at a time when both companies’ revenue were declining.[45] Western Union denied this was the case.[46] In January 2017, Ant Financial, Alibaba’s financial technology firm instead unsuccessfully attempted to acquire MoneyGram for $880 million,[47] but this was blocked by the U.S. government citing national security concerns.[48]

In 2018, the company moved its headquarters from Englewood, Colorado to the Denver Tech Center. The Englewood office complex was sold in 2020 for $40 million.[49]

In November 2020, Western Union acquired a 15% stake in the digital payments unit of Saudi Telecom Company for $200 million.[50]

In 2022, Western Union suspended operations in Russia and Belarus due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[51]

Current services

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A Western Union outlet in Angeles City, Philippines

Wire transfer

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Money can be sent online or in-person at Western Union agent locations. Cash can be collected in person at any other Western Union agent location worldwide by providing the 10-digit MTCN (Money Transfer Control Number) and identification. In some cases, a secret question and answer can be used instead of identification.

Western Union Mobile

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In October 2007, Western Union announced plans to introduce a mobile money-transfer service with the GSM Association, a global trade association representing more than 700 mobile operators in 218 countries and covering 2.5 billion mobile subscribers.

The proliferation of mobile phones in developed and developing economies provides a widely accessible consumer device capable of delivering mobile financial services ranging from text notifications associated with Western Union cash delivery services to phone-based remittance options. Western Union's mobile money transfer service offering will connect its core money-transfer platform to m-bank or m-wallet platforms provided by mobile operators and/or locally regulated financial institutions.

Western Union Connect

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The company launched the Western Union Connect service in October 2015, following partnership agreements with major instant messaging apps WeChat and Viber.[52][53] The partnership allows users of WeChat to send up to $100 to China, the US and 200 other countries,[53] while Viber users can send up to $100 for $3.99 plus exchange rate fees, with that fixed fee increasing the more money is sent up a limit of $499.[52]

Past services

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WU phone parlors near Times Square, 2008

Communications

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Along with satellite telecommunications, Western Union was also active in other forms of telecommunication services:

  • Common carrier terrestrial microwave networks
  • Business communications networks such as Telex and TWX, which was acquired from AT&T Corporation and renamed Telex II by Western Union
  • Landline-based leased voice and data communication circuits
  • Long-distance telephone service
  • Airfone air-ground radiotelephone service from 1981 to 1986
  • Cellular phone service for a short time in the early 1980s (the phones were made by two-way radio manufacturer E. F. Johnson Company)

Most of these services were discontinued by Western Union in the late 1980s due to a lack of profitability, with the company's divisions providing said services being divested and sold to other companies, such as the 1988 sale of WU's satellite fleet and services to Hughes Space and Communications, and the sale of WU's Airfone service to GTE in 1986.

Charge card

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In 1914, Western Union was the first to issue a charge card.[54][55]

BidPay

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As the Internet became an arena for commerce at the turn of the millennium, Western Union started its online services. BidPay was renamed "Western Union Auction Payments" in 2004 before being renamed back to BidPay. BidPay ceased operations on December 31, 2005, and was purchased for US$1.8 million in March 2006 by CyberSource Corp. who announced their intention to re-launch BidPay. BidPay was later discontinued by CyberSource effective December 31, 2007.[56]

Sponsorship

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Western Union was a major shirt-sponsor of the Sydney Roosters NRL team from 2002 to 2003. The company still sponsors the team, but not as a shirt-sponsor. Globally Western Union sponsors numerous community events that help support the diaspora communities that use the global Money Transfer service. They also sponsored numerous WWE and WCW pay-per-view events such as the No Way Out 1998 and Slamboree 2000. They sponsored UEFA Europa League from 2012 until 2015.[57][58]

During the 2003–04 season, Western Union served as the title sponsor for the Senior Division Football League in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[59]

The First Data Western Union Foundation donates money to charitable causes globally. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the Foundation donated US$1,000,000 to the relief effort.[60]

The Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association announced a three-year deal making Western Union the team's jersey sponsor, beginning with the 2017–18 NBA Season.[citation needed]

Liverpool F.C. announced on August 9 2017, that Western Union would become their first ever sleeve sponsors, from the start of the 2017–18 season.[61] They signed a £25m deal for 5 years as Liverpool's sleeve sponsor.[62]

Involvement in early computer networking

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Western Union telegrams were transmitted through a store and forward message switching system.[63] Early versions were manual telegraph systems. Later systems using teleprinters were semi-automatic, using punched paper tape to receive, store, and retransmit messages. Plan 55-A, Western Union's last paper tape based switching system (1948–1976), was fully automatic, with automatic routing.[64][65]

Western Union was a prime contractor in the Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN) program. AUTODIN, a military application for communication, was first developed in the 1960s, but was dismantled in favor of the ARPANET, the precursor to the modern Internet in the 1990s. The Defense Message System (DMS) replaced AUTODIN in 2000.[66]

AUTODIN, originally named "ComLogNet", was a reliable service that operated at 99.99% availability, using mechanical punched card readers and tab machines to send and receive data over leased lines.[67] During the peak operation of AUTODIN, the US portion of the network handled 20 million messages a month.[citation needed] Western Union failed in its attempts to engineer a replacement (AUTODIN II), leading to the development of an acceptable packet-switched network by BBN (the developer of the ARPANET) which became the foundation of today's Internet. AUTODIN service ceased in 2000, years after it had become obsolete.[68]

A related innovation that came from AUTODIN was Western Union's computer based EasyLink service.[69] This system allowed one of the first marketable email systems for non-government users. The system allowed the same message to be sent simultaneously to multiple recipients via email, fax, mailgram, or telex services as well as allowing messages to be sent from the integrated formats. With the service, users could also perform research utilizing its InfoLink application. EasyLink was spun off as a separate company and is now part of OpenText.[70]

Controversies

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Scam industry and money laundering

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Western Union advises its customers not to send money to someone that they have never met in person. Despite its efforts in increasing customers' awareness of the issue,[71] Western Union is used extensively for internet fraud by scammers.[72]

Western Union has been required to maintain records of payout locations of the individuals who may be laundering the money, though this information may be obtained only through the use of a subpoena. Hence advance-fee fraud and romance scammers continue to receive funds via Western Union confident in the knowledge that money lost to overseas scammers is almost always unrecoverable.[73] For this reason, it is banned as a medium of payment through eBay,[74] and discouraged on other online auction websites.[75]

Western Union admitted to allowing wire fraud in January 2017 and agreed to pay $586m, for turning a blind eye as criminals used its service for advance fee fraud. Scammers engaging in various 419 advance fee scams including offering fake job offers and lottery prizes, were able to process transactions using Western Union money transfer, mainly by giving the agents a share of the earnings from their scams. Western Union failed to investigate hundreds of thousands of complaints that were filed by victims.[76]

Money laundering and terrorist financing

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The Central Bank of Ireland reprimanded and fined Western Union €1.75m in May 2015 because of failures in anti money laundering practices which could have left the firm's payment services open to being used for money laundering and/or terrorist financing saying that they were concerned that Western Union "failed to have in place sufficiently robust systems and procedures to train agents, to monitor and identify suspicious activity in respect of smaller transactions, and to maintain appropriate records" and "the splitting of payments into many separate smaller payments is a common method used to launder money. Similarly, terrorist financing is often carried out by small payment transfers."[77][78]

Western Union agents in the US also allowed Chinese immigrants to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to human smugglers through the service, evading the transfer reporting requirements by sending the amounts in smaller increments.[76]

In 2017, Western Union admitted to money laundering and consumer fraud violations and agreed to pay $586 million in a settlement with the Department of Justice.[79] Among other charges, the Justice Department showed that Western Union was complicit in creating an ecosystem where criminals were able to engage in consumer fraud and human trafficking. The charges were dismissed in March 2020.[80]

In 2018, Western Union was fined $60 million by the New York State Department of Financial Services.[81] The press release accompanying the fine stated that, "Western Union executives put profits ahead of the company’s responsibilities to detect and prevent money laundering and fraud, by choosing to maintain relationships with and failing to discipline obviously suspect, but highly profitable, agents."

On May 29, 2019, Western Union announced the departure of a company executive, Odilon Almeida, who had served as executive vice president and president of Global Money Transfer.[82] In 2012, Stewart Stockdale, who had the same position as Almeida, left the company under similar circumstances.

Connection to military intelligence

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The book The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11 alleged that Western Union provided United States military intelligence with personal information.[83]

Anti-competitive behavior

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Western Union has been accused of engaging in anti-competitive behavior in Africa as a result of a lack of competition on the continent.[45] According to a report by the Overseas Development Institute, this allows Western Union to artificially inflate its fees for money transfers, charging what has been called an “Africa charge” of 8% consistently “applied across countries regardless of the size of the market, regulatory costs or market risk.”[84] However, the fees can be as high as 10% or more, depending on the region.[85] Africa's remittance market remains the most expensive in the world,[86] and the region is estimated to incur excess costs of $1.4 billion to $2.3 billion per year as a result of these high remittance fees.[84]

The company has also been criticized for its use of exclusivity agreements with banks in countries that receive remittances, restricting competition and harming the consumer,[87] by requiring the consumer to conduct transactions via nominated banks.[84] This also allows for the imposition of above-average transaction fees.[84]

In February 2016, Harada Ltd filed a complaint with the EU antitrust regulator claiming that Western Union colluded with banks to push out smaller rivals from the money transfer market.[88] The commission concluded that the allegations were insufficient and found in favor of Western Union.[89]

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ "Our Vision | Western Union". corporate.westernunion.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d "2018 Western Union revenues decline but transactions rise in FY 2023". February 7, 2024.
  3. ^ "Western Union Corporation | American company".
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  5. ^ a b c d e f "History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry – EH.net". Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  6. ^ "Our Rich History". Western Union. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  7. ^ "Western Union Sends Its Last Telegram". NPR. February 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  8. ^ Eric Dash (January 27, 2006). "Western Union, Growing Faster Than Its Parent, Is to Be Spun Off". New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
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  11. ^ Robert L. Thompson, Wiring A Continent, Princeton University Press, 1947, p. 176
  12. ^ Schmotter, James W. (1992). Not Just Another School of Business Administration: A History of Graduate Management Education at Cornell University. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
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  17. ^ Casson, Herbert Newton (1911). The History of the Telephone. Chicago: A.C. McClurg. pp. 81–84.
  18. ^ Klein, Maury (1997). The Life and Legend of Jay Gould. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5771-3.
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  20. ^ Wu, Tim, The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5
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  29. ^ Wallace, Harold D. (February 9, 2015). "Love on the lines". National Museum of American History.
  30. ^ Strauss, Paul R. (September 1983). "Xerox at the Crossroads". Data Communications. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
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  32. ^ "WU to Buy AT&T TWX". Western Union News. II (4). January 15, 1969.
  33. ^ Bechtel, Warren. "Western Union Chronology of Events – 1851–1995". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  34. ^ a b Hicks, Jonathan P. (December 31, 1987). "Western Union Completes Its Crucial Restructuring". The New York Times.
  35. ^ "Western Union sells business services unit to AT&T - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
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  38. ^ Crane, Mary. "First Data Announces Western Union Spin-Off". Forbes. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  39. ^ Notice of the discontinuation of telegram services Archived February 20, 2006, at archive.today – From the Western Union website
  40. ^ "Western Union, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Aug 4, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  41. ^ "Western Union, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Oct 30, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
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  44. ^ McKinley, Robert (June 1, 2011). "Western Union to Acquire Finint Money Network • 06/01/2011". CardFlash® - Payment Card Industry News. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  45. ^ a b "Bigger but not better". The Economist. May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  46. ^ "What A Western Union, MoneyGram Merger Will Mean To Africa". AFKInsider. May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  47. ^ "Jack Ma's Ant Financial Buys MoneyGram for $880 Million". Bloomberg.com. January 26, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
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  49. ^ "Former Western Union headquarters in Englewood sells for $40M". Denver Business Journal. January 21, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  50. ^ "Western Union buys 15% stake in Saudi Telecom's digital payment unit". Reuters. Reuters. November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  51. ^ "Western Union Suspends Operations in Russia and Belarus". BusinessWire. March 9, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
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  53. ^ a b Kar, Ian. "WeChat and Western Union strike deal for global money transfers". Quartz. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
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  55. ^ J. Lauer (January 2020), "Plastic surveillance: Payment cards", SAGE Publishing, vol. 7, no. 1, doi:10.1177/2053951720907632, S2CID 216424288
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  57. ^ UEFA.com (July 9, 2012). "Western Union to sponsor the UEFA Europa League | Inside UEFA". UEFA.com. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
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  60. ^ "$1,000,000 to relief" (Press release). prneswsire.com.
  61. ^ "Liverpool FC and Western Union launch global partnership". Liverpool FC. August 9, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  62. ^ "Liverpool lose key sponsor ahead of new season that may change look of Reds' kit". talkSPORT. August 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  63. ^ "Navy Tape Relay & Automatic Relay Centers". www.navy-radio.com. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
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  65. ^ The Decline and Fall of the Reperforator, May 5, 1977
  66. ^ "AUTODIN: A Brief Pictorial History of the Automatic Digital Network". Smithsonian Institution (in Spanish). Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  67. ^ "AUTODIN: The Air Force's first high speed data communications network". Nellis Air Force Base. October 12, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  68. ^ Murray, Bill (February 28, 2001). "DMS at a glance -". FCW. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  69. ^ "Western Union History - The first stock ticker". GreyHut.com. August 12, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  70. ^ "EasyLink - OpenText". opentext.com. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  71. ^ Western Union joins fraud fight – BBC
  72. ^ David Derbyshire (March 3, 2007). "eBay-er Beware". National Post (Canada). p. FW5.
  73. ^ Internet Crime Schemes Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine – Internet Crime Complaint Center
  74. ^ David Brown (December 18, 2005). "Fraudsters Targeted In New eBay Crackdown". The People. p. 33. The auction giant will protect customers by BANNING the use of online money transfers. Now eBay will bring in the ban – backed by Western Union and already in force in the US – from January 15 in the UK. It will tell punters to use secure payment systems that verify the identity of users, and which can track both buyers' and sellers' accounts.
  75. ^ "Trust & Safety Blog – Western Union and Trade Me members: A terrible combination". Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  76. ^ a b Schectman Bartz, Joel (January 19, 2017). "Western Union admits to aiding wire fraud, to pay $586 mln". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  77. ^ "Central Bank fines Western Union €1.75m". The Irish Times. May 19, 2015.
  78. ^ "Settlement Agreement between the Central Bank and Western Union Payment Services Ireland Limited". Central Bank of Ireland. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  79. ^ "Western Union Admits Anti-Money Laundering and Consumer Fraud Violations, Forfeits $586 Million in Settlement with Justice Department and Federal Trade Commission". justice.gov. January 19, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  80. ^ "Department of Justice Begins First Distribution of Funds Recovered Through Asset Forfeiture to Compensate Victims of Western Union Fraud Scheme". United States Department of Justice. March 10, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2021. Western Union had fulfilled its obligations under the DPA and the government has filed a motion to dismiss the information, which the court granted today.
  81. ^ "Western Union Slapped With $60M Fine Over AML Lapses". PYMNTS.com. January 5, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  82. ^ "Odilon Almeida departing Western Union". sec.gov. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  83. ^ Suskind, Ron (2007), The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-7432-7110-3
  84. ^ a b c d "Lost in intermediation" (PDF). Overseas Development Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  85. ^ "Opinion: Migrant money transfers or development aid? | Africa {". Deutsche Welle. May 18, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  86. ^ "Sending Money Home: Contributing to the SDGs, one family at a time". International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
  87. ^ Moré, Iñigo. "Fighting exclusivity clauses in the market for remittances" (PDF). Remesas.org.
  88. ^ "Western Union quizzed by EU on money transfer activities". EURACTIV.com. February 24, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2022. The Commission is checking
  89. ^ "EU Antitrust Procedure Decision AT.40160" (PDF).

Further reading

  • Gallagher, Edward A. (1971) Getting the Message Across: The Story of Western Union. Newcomen Society
  • Wolff, Joshua D. (2013) Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Official website  
  • Business data for Western Union:
  • Guide to the Western Union Telegraph Company Records | National Museum of American History
  • Telegram for America, an industrial film showing Western Union telegram handling (1956)
  • Western Union Telegram Collection at the University of Mississippi Libraries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Union&oldid=1264301828"
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