Oceania

Oceania is sometimes described as a continent; however, it is a vast region where the waters of the Pacific Ocean — rather than land borders — separate nations.

The countless small islands are known for their white sand with swaying palm trees, astounding coral reefs, and rugged volcanoes. Oceania also contains the deserts of Australia and the highland rainforests of Papua New Guinea, as well as indigenous communities and modern world cities side by side.

Regions

Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea are by far the largest countries in this pseudo-continent, and the former two are the most visited by travellers. Oceania includes the vast island nation groupings of Polynesia (extending from New Zealand to the north and east), Melanesia (to the west, and south of the Equator), and Micronesia (almost wholly north of the Equator).

Crystal blue sea on the coast of Samoa

Australia The largest and most populous country in Oceania, often considered a continent by itself. Frequent destinations include the state/territorial capitals of Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, as well as the national capital, Canberra. It has a wide range of climates, from temperate to tropical, and a range of landscapes, from deserts to alpine regions and rainforests.

New Zealand Although, like most countries, tiny in size compared to Australia, a major destination and widely regarded as one of the most pristine and beautiful countries on earth. Well-developed facilities for travellers. Geographically — and to a significant degree culturally — New Zealand is part of Polynesia: the indigenous Māori are Polynesian, and more Polynesians live in greater Auckland than in all the other cities of Polynesia put together.

Papua New Guinea Geographically part of Melanesia, the islands have tropical rainforests, great scenery, and diverse cultures. The main island of New Guinea is shared with Indonesia as well as the only country to have a land border in Oceania. An adventurous, rarely visited travel destination where caution is advised.

Polynesia (Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and several territories, such as American Samoa, French Polynesia, Hawaii) No other name quite conjures up images of paradise like this one. Stunning paradisical islands sprawling for thousands of kilometres across the remote South Pacific.

Melanesia (Fiji, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu) Closely related to the ethno-cultural make-up of the oft-included Papua New Guinea. Fiji is the most visited country in Melanesia although New Caledonia is also a massive tourist spot.

Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau) The tiny Micronesian islands fall on or north of the Equator, and see less tourist and business travel than the rest of the island groupings. Palau is arguably the most interesting destination among these islands.

Cities

Tahitian Women on the Beach, by Paul Gauguin

• Apia — a little shabby and run-down, but useful as an initial stop-off point for first-time visitors to Samoa
• Auckland — bustling multicultural metropolis that scores well in quality-of-life polls
• Christchurch — known as the Garden City, and still rebuilding after a devastating earthquake
• Melbourne — multicultural and sports-mad, this vibrant city includes many cultural institutions
• Nouméa — beautiful beaches, colonial mansions and French flair – at a price
• Papeete — not a tropical paradise, but has shopping, eating, drinking and is nice for people-watching
• Port Moresby — spread-out capital of Papua New Guinea – can be dangerous
• Suva — the major commercial and political centre of Fiji
• Sydney — the largest city in Australia, home to the Harbour Bridge and Opera House

Other destinations

Aoraki/Mt Cook National Park on South Island forms part of one of the three most pristine alpine environments in Oceania (excluding Indonesia)

• Abel Tasman National Park — enjoy one of New Zealand's "Great Walks" by the clear waters of Tasman Bay
• Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park — home to some of the peaks of the continent, Aoraki / Mount Cook is one breathtakingly beautiful mountain
• Aitutaki — the classic picture postcard of a palm tree fringed tropical island with turquoise waters
• Bora Bora — the most beautiful lagoon of French Polynesia, but incredibly pricey
• Coral Coast — amazing white sand beaches and palm trees
• Great Barrier Reef — the largest coral formation in the world, great for diving
• Pentecost Island, Penama — see the land divers risk more than the contents of their nambas
• Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park — the iconic rock formations in the middle of the Australian Outback
• Vava'u — a group of more than 50 islands in Tonga, a common destination for yachties and calving whales

Understand

One of the displays from the Mt. Hagen cultural show

As its name indicates, this region is defined by large expanses of ocean dotted with many small and large island nations. The climates range from tropical to desert to near arctic.

Australasia is a more narrow region, consisting of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia and nearby islands.

Colonialism by foreign powers has had a pervasive influence on the social landscape and culture of most of the region. British colonialism has made cricket part of the southern summer, and has also resulted in either one or both forms of rugby - and more recently Rugby Sevens - becoming an integral part of the cultures of Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. The bringing of indentured labourers from India by the British to harvest sugar cane in Fiji has led to long-term political unrest, but also means that Nadi has some of the best kofta balls to be had outside of Mumbai. Francophone New Caledonia sees the modern capital and tourist hub Nouméa surrounded by Melanesian villages rarely visited, as well as some of the world's largest coral reefs.

Traditionally, the region has been considered to be the backyard of the United States, Australia and New Zealand, which have provided vital economic support for the mostly impoverished and isolated other countries of the region. However, China's influence in the region has grown substantially in the 21st century through its Belt and Road initiative, in which it has provided financing for large infrastructure projects that the poorer Pacific island nations could otherwise not afford. This has resulted in increased tensions between China the Anglophone Western nations, and conflicts within the respective Pacific island nations as to which sphere of influence they should lean to.

History

From 60,000 years ago, Oceania was settled by a succession of immigrants, including Indigenous Australians and Austronesians.

European exploration and settlement began in the 16th century, and by the 18th century, Captain James Cook conducted three voyages across the Pacific. In the period of the 19th century, Oceania was controlled by the European powers and the United States.

From 1914, the Japanese occupied most of the Pacific and during World War II, western Oceania became the site of naval conflict. Then afterwards, new nations transitioned from European and American colonial rule to independence until 1980.

Time

Most Oceanian countries use the 12-hour clock system as recommended except for things that need clarity such as flight times, computing, travel, etc. The only Oceanian countries that do not use the 12-hour clock in everyday language are Francophone territories.

Get in

By plane

See the country articles for detailed information on how to Get in.

The major countries of Australia and New Zealand offer connections from all inhabited continents, including a few direct flights from South America and South Africa. The main air hubs in the region are at Sydney (SYD ^IATA), Melbourne (MEL ^IATA), Auckland (AKL ^IATA), Brisbane (BNE ^IATA) and Perth (PER ^IATA). There are other gateways offering opportunities to get in and interesting itineraries. Aircalin connects Nouméa and with Singapore and Tokyo, with its flights timed to connect with Air France's flights to and from Paris. Air Tahiti Nui flies from their hub in Papeete to Los Angeles, Tokyo, Seattle, Auckland and Paris, while Air France also flies from Paris to Papeete via Los Angeles. Onward connections to Sydney and Auckland are possible. Fiji Airways connects Nadi (NAN ^IATA) with Los Angeles, San Francisco, Honolulu, Vancouver, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore, with onward connections through to Australia, New Zealand and the other Pacific island nations. Air New Zealand provides a service to Tonga and Samoa from Los Angeles and Auckland. Manila, Guam and Honolulu offer a gateway to many countries of Micronesia, mainly on United Airlines. Air Niugini also operates flights from Port Moresby (POM ^IATA) to Hong Kong, Singapore and Manila.

Qantas operates the only nonstop flight between Oceania and Europe, between London-Heathrow and Perth.

The smallest islands with less tourism present additional challenges to get to. Many are entirely deserted, and some have restrictions on access.

By boat

Several South Pacific cruises traverse the vast ocean, but a few berths are available for the patient traveller on bulk freighters or container ships plying the trade routes. Round the world overland#General considerations and Hitchhiking boats#Pacific crossing have some discussion on how to travel on the Pacific. The distances are enormous, as the Pacific Ocean is larger than the entire land mass of the planet.

Get around

By plane

Plane approaching Nauru

Without a yacht, and a lot of time, the only way for travellers to get around between the main destinations of Oceania is by plane. Auckland, Brisbane and Sydney have good connectivity to the region. It is usually possible to fly from the west coast of the United States through to Sydney or Auckland via Hawaii, Tahiti, Fiji or even the Cook Islands. Nadi Airport (NAN ^IATA) in Fiji serves as the main air hub for the Pacific island nations, so flying to other Pacific island nations would likely require a plane change there.

However, air routes tend to come and go depending on whether the airlines find them profitable or not. Much of English-speaking Polynesia receives regular flights from Air New Zealand. The countries in Melanesia are mainly served by their respective national carriers, as well as Qantas, Virgin Australia, and Jetstar. Fiji Airways also has a relatively good network of flights from their hub in Nadi to the other Pacific island nations. Don't expect daily flights. Patience is required.

Flying between Micronesia and the other two areas is problematic and may involve flying all the way to Honolulu or a complicated route through Manila, Sydney and Auckland.

Some flight options within Oceania, among others, are:

• Guam has connections through to the United States, Japan, and a usually very expensive connection to Cairns in Far North Queensland.
• Cook Islands has connections to Tahiti.
• Tahiti has flights to Auckland.
• Fiji has connections to Tahiti, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tuvalu, Kiribati and Vanuatu.
• Samoa has good connections to Auckland and Sydney, as well as weekly connections with Fiji and Hawaii. Air links between Samoa and American Samoa are more reliable than transit by sea between these neighbours.
• Solomon Islands has connections through to Fiji and Vanuatu.
• Vanuatu has connections through to Fiji and New Caledonia.
• New Caledonia has flights to Auckland.
• The Tonga, Samoa and Fiji triangle is fairly well connected.

By ship

There are some options for boats: cruise ships, private yachts, adventure cruises, and even cargo ships.

Consult the articles for the destination you are going to visit.

Talk

Many indigenous languages are spoken throughout Oceania, and with the exception of most Australian Aboriginal languages and Papuan languages, most of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family which also includes other languages such as Malay, Indonesian and Tagalog.

Due to a history of British and American colonisation, English is the dominant language in Australia and New Zealand, and a common second language throughout much of the Pacific islands with the exception of French-ruled New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia. In some areas, such as Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu, English-based creoles are co-official with standard English, and may be hard to foreigners to understand, though educated locals are almost always able to switch to standard English if necessary. French is naturally the main language in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, while Hindi is also spoken by a significant minority in Fiji, primarily those of Indian descent.

See

Neiafu harbour, Vava'u, in Tonga

All island groups are fascinating and with time and money you can spend months travelling around. There are some stunningly beautiful islands (Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia), some fascinating cultures and festivals, some wonderful diving and totally deserted beaches.

Colonial influences and history

Having histories dominated by colonisation, nearly all destinations give travellers opportunities to explore the often grim, but also interesting, stories of the past.

Wildlife

See also: Australasian wildlife

Sulphur-crested cockatoos in Sydney

There is some unique wildlife to be discovered in the region. Australia and Papua New Guinea are the homes of marsupials, the species of mammals that include cute favourites like kangaroos, koalas, wombats and possums, and also the Tasmanian devil. Here you will also find the monotremes, in the species of platypus and echidnas, the only mammals in the world to lay eggs.

In New Zealand you can stumble upon (or more easily, see in human-made facilities) the shy and mostly nocturnal kiwi – a flightless bird that has given the people of the country their nickname. Other flightless birds include the takahe, thought extinct until 1949, and the kakapo (night parrot). Other evolutionary oddities include the ancient tuatara, bats that hunt on the ground, and frogs that don't croak. A quarter of the world's seabirds breed in the New Zealand region.

Marine life is abundant and diverse throughout and one of the main reasons for travellers to explore this part of the world. Tropical fish and colourful reefs are perfect matches for scuba divers and snorkellers, but much can also be seen from the deck of a boat. You have the opportunities to see larger animals such as manta rays, dolphins and even whales.

In southern Australia and in New Zealand, seals, sea lions and penguins can be seen in their natural habitat, with Kangaroo Island, Phillip Island, coastal Otago and Stewart Island being popular sites.

Pacific War remembrance

See also: Pacific War

The Pacific theatre of World War II involved land, sea and air battles between the Axis (mainly Japan) and the Allies (mainly the United States and Australia), from 1941 to 1945.

The remnants of the war can be seen at many places, such as the Kokoda Track on New Guinea.

Sports

Cricket is a popular sport in Australia and New Zealand, and is typically played over the summer.

Rugby is one of the most popular sports in Oceania, with rugby union being the dominant code in New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, and rugby league being dominant in Australia and Papua New Guinea. In international competition, New Zealand are widely regarded as the undisputed kings of rugby union, while Australia occupies the same position in rugby league. Fiji is particularly known for its rugby sevens team, which has won numerous Olympic gold medals and Hong Kong Sevens titles.

Do

More palm-fringed beaches; this time on Aitutaki, Cook Islands

Swinging the hammock

The pristine, white sandy beaches found throughout the South Pacific are great for just lying back and enjoying the peace and quiet.

Scuba diving and snorkelling

There are locations for diving throughout Oceania. For coral and tropical fish, explore the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, the Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, Fiji has some reef around Nadi, and spectacular unspoilt, brightly coloured coral on the more remote islands. Samoa is favoured by scuba divers. Cook Islands has accessible reef just off the beach on the main islands. Vanuatu has accessible reef too, but the limited facilities make it more challenging to access than Fiji. There are diving opportunities in the temperate waters of Tasmania and New Zealand too.

There are good opportunities to dive to shipwrecks. The Rainbow Warrior off New Zealand's North Island is one of the more famous ones, and the oceans of Micronesia have many interesting relics from World War II. The Marshall Islands and Bikini atolls are known as quite a ship graveyard, offering some of the most interesting wrecks in the world, including submarines and the only aircraft carrier accessible to divers. Most of the wreck sites are not for beginners though.

Sailing

Vava'u in Tonga is a popular destination for yachts crossing the Pacific. Yachts can also be chartered there.

Fishing

Being an oceanic area, there are countless opportunities for great fishing experiences.

Hiking and trekking

Hikers on the Milford Track, Fiordland National Park

Australia and New Zealand are home to some very significant and famous hiking trails, for example the ones of the Flinders Ranges, Abel Tasman and Tongariro National Parks. The rugged, volcanic landscapes of many of the Pacific Islands also offer good opportunities.

Adventure sports

New Zealand has become famous as a place with a well developed infrastructure for almost any kind of adventure and extreme sports. As well as being the birthplace of commercial bungee-jumping, you will also find skydiving, paragliding, river rafting, power boating, rock climbing, cave exploration and a long list of what seems as self-invented combinations.

The north of Queensland and Tasmania have many opportunities as well. Also, the cliffs of the Blue Mountains near Sydney are great for rock climbing, canyoning and hiking.

The volcanoes and many caves to be found throughout the Pacific islands are fit for some adventurous exploration as well, and the many tropical islands are perhaps even prettier when watched gliding above them.

Skiing and winter sports

Although not the first thing coming to mind, there are snow sports in the southern parts of Oceania. New Zealand has reliable winter snowfalls, and 10-12 ski areas, mostly in the South Island. These include Treble Cone and Cardrona (Wanaka), The Remarkables and Coronet Peak (Queenstown), Mt Hutt near Christchurch and Whakapapa and Turoa on Mt Ruapehu in the North Island. Many northern hemisphere race and Olympic teams train in New Zealand during the northern summer.

In Australia, the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales have the largest ski resorts in the southern hemisphere though most of Australia's ski resorts are in Victoria's High Country.

Eat

Umu, meat and vegetables roasted in an earth oven on Easter Island

Although staple foods from outside the region, such as rice and flour, now have a firm foothold, the traditional staples of roots and tubers remain very important. The cheapest is usually cassava, which also plays a food security role as it can be left in the ground for a long time. Sweet potato is a very important crop and is found in most parts of Oceania with the major producing area being the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Taro and yam are also widespread. The latter is the most valuable of the roots and tubers and there are many customs associated with its cultivation. In the Sepik area of Papua New Guinea, for example, sex between married couples is supposed to be forbidden while the yams are growing. On the other hand, in the Trobriand Islands the yam harvest is a period of sexual liberty.

In Australia and New Zealand, the food culture is largely similar to Europe and Northern America. Nevertheless, there are still some unique dishes and ingredients to be found, some known by the native inhabitants before the arrival of the Europeans, and others invented later. Thanks to late 20th-century immigration, Asian dishes and restaurants are also widely available and popular.

Drink

Hunter Valley vineyards

Kava is a drink produced from the roots of a plant related to the pepper plant and found mainly in Polynesia as well as Fiji and Vanuatu. It has a mildly narcotic effect. Other names include 'awa (Hawai'i), 'ava (Samoa), yaqona (Fiji), and sakau (Pohnpei). Traditionally it is prepared by chewing, grinding or pounding the roots of the kava plant. In Tonga, chewing traditionally had to be done by female virgins. Pounding is done in a large stone with a small log. The product is then added to cold water and consumed as quickly as possible, invariably as part of a group of people sitting around and sharing the cup. Check the rules before taking any out of the country, however, as importing kava can be illegal.

If you're interested in wine tourism, head to Australia or New Zealand. The former is one of the largest wine producers in the Southern Hemisphere.

Respect

With the exception of Australia and New Zealand which are rather secular, all countries in Oceania are strongly conservative Christian moral societies. As such, expect all businesses to be closed on Sundays, when virtually the entire country would be at church. If you happen to be there on a Sunday, going to church would generally be a good opportunity to mingle with the locals. Hinduism is followed by many ethnic Indians in Fiji.

Stay safe

In terms of crime, almost all of Oceania is safe for visitors, with the exception of Papua New Guinea (PNG), which remains a travel destination only for the more adventurous. In particular, Port Moresby has one of the highest violent crime rates in the world. The uncontacted tribes elsewhere in PNG can also be an issue.

Be careful with the wildlife as it can be potentially quite dangerous (especially in the ocean, the tropics of Australia and New Guinea as well as the Australian outback), with crocodiles, snakes and jellyfish. Be aware that many species can poison you upon contact (often lethal after a few hours and sometimes even minutes); it is urgent to head to a hospital or another place offering treatment against the poison in those cases. If there's no hospital nearby, apply some ice packs.

Stay healthy

Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea all have areas where malaria is a risk. Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, Samoa and the other islands are malaria-free.

Dengue fever, chikungunya and zika virus are increasingly present in tropical areas. Avoid mosquito bites night and day, especially during an outbreak.

The islands may be remote but sexual diseases know no boundaries. Usual precautions apply.

Article Geo different to Wikidata
Wikivoyage: Latitude -21, Longitude 166 (Map, Geohack)
Wikidata: Latitude -13.35000000, Longitude -176.13944444 (Map, Geohack)
Difference: 2,078.8km