Al-Ja'una: Difference between revisions
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| blank_info_sec1 = Forced removal |
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| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities |
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| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Rosh Pinna]] |
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Rosh Pinna]] |
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'''Al-Ja'una''' or Ja'ouna (Arabic: الجاعونة), was a Palestinian village situated in [[Galilee]] near [[al-Houleh Plateau]], overlooking the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]. The village lay on a hillside 450–500 meters above sea level, 5 kilometers east of [[Safad]] near a major road connecting Safad with [[Tabariya]]. The |
'''Al-Ja'una''' or Ja'ouna (Arabic: الجاعونة), was a Palestinian village situated in [[Galilee]] near [[al-Houleh Plateau]], overlooking the [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]]. The village lay on a hillside 450–500 meters above sea level, 5 kilometers east of [[Safad]] near a major road connecting Safad with [[Tabariya]]. The village had its Arab residents [[1948 Palestinian expulsion|expelled by Zionist forces in 1948]] and was thereafter resettled by Jews, becoming a part of the [[Israel|Israeli]] settlement of [[Rosh Pinna]].<ref name=khalidi459/> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Broken pillars and a [[Capital (architecture)|capital]] |
Broken pillars and a [[Capital (architecture)|capital]] have been found here.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/224/mode/1up 224]</ref> |
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===Ottoman era=== |
===Ottoman era=== |
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Al-Ja'una was mentioned in the 1596 [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] [[Defter|census]] as being a village in the ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of ''Jira'', in the |
Al-Ja'una was mentioned in the 1596 [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman]] [[Defter|census]] as being a village in the ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of ''Jira'', in the [[Safad Sanjak]], with 27 households and 4 bachelors, an estimated population of 171. All the villagers were [[Muslim]]. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, such as [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[olive]]s, [[goat]]s, [[beehive]]s, and a powered mill; a total of 2,832 [[akçe]]. 1/12 of the revenue went to a [[Waqf|Muslim charitable institution]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 458</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref><ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177</ref> |
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The village appeared under the name of ''Gahoun'' on the map that [[Pierre Jacotin]] compiled during [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]].<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 165] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref> |
The village appeared under the name of ''Gahoun'' on the map that [[Pierre Jacotin]] compiled during [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]].<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 165] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref> |
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In 1838, it was noted as ''el-Ja'uneh'', a Muslim village, located |
In 1838, it was noted as ''el-Ja'uneh'', a Muslim village, located in the ''el-Khait'' district.<ref name=Robinson118>Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/136/mode/1up 136]</ref> |
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In 1875, [[Victor Guérin]] found that Al-Ja'una had 200 Muslim inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n494/mode/1up 454]</ref> |
In 1875, [[Victor Guérin]] found that Al-Ja'una had 200 Muslim inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n494/mode/1up 454]</ref> |
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[[File:Jaauneh - Rosh Pina - PEF map 1880.jpg|thumb|right|Al-Ja'una in a map of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1880]] |
[[File:Jaauneh - Rosh Pina - PEF map 1880.jpg|thumb|right|Al-Ja'una in a map of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1880]] |
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In 1881 |
In 1881 the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s [[PEF Survey of Palestine|''Survey of Western Palestine'']] described it as a stone village of 140-200 residents who grew [[ficus|figs]] and [[olive]]s.<ref name=SWP198/><ref name="khalidi458"/> There were two springs in a [[wadi]], south of the village.<ref name=SWP198/> A [[mosque]] and an elementary school for boys was established in the village in Ottoman times.<ref name="khalidi458">Khalidi, 1992, p. 458</ref> |
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The settlement of [[Rosh Pinna]] is located to the southeast of the village site. It was first established in 1878 on land purchased from the villagers of al-Ja'una but has expanded over the years to include part of the former village land of Al-Ja'una.<ref name="khalidi458"/> |
The settlement of [[Rosh Pinna]] is located to the southeast of the village site. It was first established in 1878 on land purchased from the villagers of al-Ja'una but has expanded over the years to include part of the former village land of Al-Ja'una.<ref name="khalidi458"/> |
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<blockquote> "Jauna, which was the name of the village to which I was bound, was situated about three miles (5 km) from Safad, in a gorge, from which, as we descended it, a magnificent view was obtained over the Jordan valley, with the [[Sea of Galilee|Lake of Tiberias]] lying three thousand feet below us on the right, and the waters of Merom, or the Lake of Huleh, on the left. The intervening plain was a rich expanse of country, only waiting development. The new colony had been established about eight months, the land having been purchased from the Moslem villagers, of whom twenty families remained, who lived on terms of perfect amity with the Jews."<ref>Oliphant, 1887, [https://archive.org/stream/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft#page/71/mode/1up p.71]</ref></blockquote> |
<blockquote> "Jauna, which was the name of the village to which I was bound, was situated about three miles (5 km) from Safad, in a gorge, from which, as we descended it, a magnificent view was obtained over the Jordan valley, with the [[Sea of Galilee|Lake of Tiberias]] lying three thousand feet below us on the right, and the waters of Merom, or the Lake of Huleh, on the left. The intervening plain was a rich expanse of country, only waiting development. The new colony had been established about eight months, the land having been purchased from the Moslem villagers, of whom twenty families remained, who lived on terms of perfect amity with the Jews."<ref>Oliphant, 1887, [https://archive.org/stream/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft#page/71/mode/1up p.71]</ref></blockquote> |
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A population list from about 1887 showed ''Ja’auneh'' to have |
A population list from about 1887 showed ''Ja’auneh'' to have about 930 inhabitants; 555 Muslims and 375 Druze.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n214/mode/1up 189]</ref> |
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===British Mandate era=== |
===British Mandate era=== |
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[[File:THE ARAB PART OF ROSH PINA ON TOP OF THE JEWISH VILLAGE. המושבה ראש פינה.D30-043.jpg|thumb|a-Ja’una 1937]] |
[[File:THE ARAB PART OF ROSH PINA ON TOP OF THE JEWISH VILLAGE. המושבה ראש פינה.D30-043.jpg|thumb|a-Ja’una 1937]] |
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[[File:Rosh Pina PB160062.JPG|thumb|right|To the right: the top of "The American House", built by an Al-Ja'una villager who had worked in America]] |
[[File:Rosh Pina PB160062.JPG|thumb|right|To the right: the top of "The American House", built by an Al-Ja'una villager who had worked in America]] |
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In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[ |
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Ja'uneh had a population of 626; all Muslims,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n43/mode/1up 41]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 799, still all Muslims, in a total of 149 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 107]</ref> |
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[[Felix Salten]] visited Rosh Pinna in 1924 and noted also Al- |
[[Felix Salten]] visited Rosh Pinna in 1924 and noted also Al-Ja'una in his travel book ''Neue Menschen auf alter Erde'': |
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<blockquote>“Right next to Rosh Pin[n]a, the Arab village ''Dzha’une''. These early settlers still employ Arab workers, a practice that naturally had to cease within the new rebuilding movement. The Arabian children of ''Dzha’une'' all go to school that has been built for them by the settlement [of Rosh Pinna] and they are taught Hebrew there.”<ref>{{cite book | last=Salten | first=Felix | title=Neue Menschen auf alter Erde: Eine Palästinafahrt | location=Wien | publisher=Paul Zsolnay Verlag | year=1925 | page=222 | language=de | lccn=25023844 }}</ref></blockquote> |
<blockquote>“Right next to Rosh Pin[n]a, the Arab village ''Dzha’une''. These early settlers still employ Arab workers, a practice that naturally had to cease within the new rebuilding movement. The Arabian children of ''Dzha’une'' all go to school that has been built for them by the settlement [of Rosh Pinna] and they are taught Hebrew there.”<ref>{{cite book | last=Salten | first=Felix | title=Neue Menschen auf alter Erde: Eine Palästinafahrt | location=Wien | publisher=Paul Zsolnay Verlag | year=1925 | page=222 | language=de | lccn=25023844 }}</ref></blockquote> |
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In the [[Village Statistics, 1945| |
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population was 1,150 Muslims,<ref name=1945p9/> and the total land area was 839 [[Dunam|dunums]]; 824 of which were owned by Arabs, 7 by Jews, and 8 public.<ref name=Hadawi70/> Of this, 172 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 248 used for [[cereal]]s,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-119.jpg 119] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152125/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-119.jpg |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> while 43 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-169.jpg 169] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153435/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-169.jpg |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> |
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===1948 |
===1948 Palestine war, depopulation, and aftermath=== |
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{{further|1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight}} |
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[[File:GalileeRoshPina.JPG|thumb|right|The old road leading to Safad |
[[File:GalileeRoshPina.JPG|thumb|right|The old road leading to Safad]] |
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The village was depopulated during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. According to Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]], the evacuation of the residents took place either in late April, or on 9 May, coinciding with the final attack on [[Safad]].<ref name=khalidi459>Khalidi, 1992, p. 459</ref> |
The village was forcibly depopulated during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]. According to Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]], the evacuation of the residents took place either in late April, or on 9 May, coinciding with the final attack on [[Safad]].<ref name=khalidi459>Khalidi, 1992, p. 459</ref> |
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At midnight on 5–6 June 1949, the remaining villagers in Al-Ja'una (together with those of [[Al-Khisas]] and [[Qaytiyya]]) were surrounded by [[Israeli Defence Force]] units, who then forced the villagers into trucks "with brutality—with kicks, curses and maltreatment...." (according to [[Knesset]] member and ''[[Al HaMishmar]]'' editor [[Eliezer Peri]]) and left them on a hill near [['Akbara]].<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA511 511]-512</ref> When questioned about the expulsions, [[David Ben-Gurion]] responded that there was "sufficient" military justification.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA512 512], note 51</ref> [['Akbara]] served as a "dumping spot" for the "remainders" from various depopulated Palestinian villages, and its conditions were to remain bad for years.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA513 513], note 54</ref> |
At midnight on 5–6 June 1949, the remaining villagers in Al-Ja'una (together with those of [[Al-Khisas]] and [[Qaytiyya]]) were surrounded by [[Israeli Defence Force]] units, who then forced the villagers into trucks "with brutality—with kicks, curses and maltreatment...." (according to [[Knesset]] member and ''[[Al HaMishmar]]'' editor [[Eliezer Peri]]) and left them on a hill near [['Akbara]].<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA511 511]-512</ref> When questioned about the expulsions, [[David Ben-Gurion]] responded that there was "sufficient" military justification.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA512 512], note 51</ref> [['Akbara]] served as a "dumping spot" for the "remainders" from various depopulated Palestinian villages, and its conditions were to remain bad for years.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA513 513], note 54</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[1948 Palestinian exodus]] |
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* [[Abdallah Al-Asbah]] |
* [[Abdallah Al-Asbah]] |
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center|access-date=2009-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}} |
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center|access-date=2009-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208215837/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|archive-date=2018-12-08|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|last1=Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |last2=Abdulfattah|first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah |
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⚫ | |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2 }} |
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*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2015-04-27|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}} |
*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2015-04-27|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}} |
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*{{cite book|title=All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}} |
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft|first=L.|last=Oliphant|author-link=Laurence Oliphant (author)|year=1887}} |
*{{cite book|title=Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft|first=L.|last=Oliphant|author-link=Laurence Oliphant (author)|year=1887}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/71/mode/1up 71]) |
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/71/mode/1up 71]) |
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*{{cite book|last=Rhode|first=H.|author-link=Harold Rhode|date=1979|url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845|title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=[[Columbia University]]}} |
*{{cite book|last=Rhode|first=H.|author-link=Harold Rhode|date=1979|url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845|title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=2017-12-02|archive-date=2020-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} |
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} |
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*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }} |
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }} |
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*[http://www.jalili48.com/pub/EN_ShowGallary.asp?GName=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&SuName=Al-Ja3ooneh Al-Ja3ooneh], from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh |
*[http://www.jalili48.com/pub/EN_ShowGallary.asp?GName=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&SuName=Al-Ja3ooneh Al-Ja3ooneh], from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124212115/http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif UN map of the 1947 plan] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124212115/http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif UN map of the 1947 plan] |
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* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/310630/page/ The Destroyed Palestinian Villages on Google Earth] |
* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/310630/page/ The Destroyed Palestinian Villages on Google Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122092314/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/310630/page |date=2008-11-22 }} |
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xr9JXQqQz00 Tracing all That Remains of al-Ja'una-جاعونة المدمرة-فلسطين], video, YouTube |
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xr9JXQqQz00 Tracing all That Remains of al-Ja'una-جاعونة المدمرة-فلسطين], video, YouTube |
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{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}} |
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Ja'una}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Ja'una}} |
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[[Category:District of Safad]] |
[[Category:District of Safad]] |
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⚫ |
Latest revision as of 21:37, 22 October 2024
Al-Ja'una
الجاعونة Jaauneh[1] | |
---|---|
Village | |
Etymology: from personal name[2] | |
Location within Mandatory Palestine | |
Coordinates: 32°58′18″N 35°31′58″E / 32.97167°N 35.53278°E | |
Palestine grid | 200/264 |
Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
Subdistrict | Safad |
Date of depopulation | 9 May 1948[5] |
Area | |
• Total | 839 dunams (83.9 ha or 207 acres) |
Population (1945) | |
• Total | 1,150[3][4] |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Forced removal |
Current Localities | Rosh Pinna |
Al-Ja'una or Ja'ouna (Arabic: الجاعونة), was a Palestinian village situated in Galilee near al-Houleh Plateau, overlooking the Jordan Valley. The village lay on a hillside 450–500 meters above sea level, 5 kilometers east of Safad near a major road connecting Safad with Tabariya. The village had its Arab residents expelled by Zionist forces in 1948 and was thereafter resettled by Jews, becoming a part of the Israeli settlement of Rosh Pinna.[6]
History
[edit]Broken pillars and a capital have been found here.[7]
Ottoman era
[edit]Al-Ja'una was mentioned in the 1596 Ottoman census as being a village in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira, in the Safad Sanjak, with 27 households and 4 bachelors, an estimated population of 171. All the villagers were Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olives, goats, beehives, and a powered mill; a total of 2,832 akçe. 1/12 of the revenue went to a Muslim charitable institution.[8][9][10]
The village appeared under the name of Gahoun on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon's invasion of 1799.[11]
In 1838, it was noted as el-Ja'uneh, a Muslim village, located in the el-Khait district.[12]
In 1875, Victor Guérin found that Al-Ja'una had 200 Muslim inhabitants.[13]
In 1881 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a stone village of 140-200 residents who grew figs and olives.[1][14] There were two springs in a wadi, south of the village.[1] A mosque and an elementary school for boys was established in the village in Ottoman times.[14]
The settlement of Rosh Pinna is located to the southeast of the village site. It was first established in 1878 on land purchased from the villagers of al-Ja'una but has expanded over the years to include part of the former village land of Al-Ja'una.[14]
Laurence Oliphant visited Rosh Pinna and Al-Ja'una in 1886, and wrote:
"Jauna, which was the name of the village to which I was bound, was situated about three miles (5 km) from Safad, in a gorge, from which, as we descended it, a magnificent view was obtained over the Jordan valley, with the Lake of Tiberias lying three thousand feet below us on the right, and the waters of Merom, or the Lake of Huleh, on the left. The intervening plain was a rich expanse of country, only waiting development. The new colony had been established about eight months, the land having been purchased from the Moslem villagers, of whom twenty families remained, who lived on terms of perfect amity with the Jews."[15]
A population list from about 1887 showed Ja’auneh to have about 930 inhabitants; 555 Muslims and 375 Druze.[16]
British Mandate era
[edit]In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ja'uneh had a population of 626; all Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 799, still all Muslims, in a total of 149 houses.[18]
Felix Salten visited Rosh Pinna in 1924 and noted also Al-Ja'una in his travel book Neue Menschen auf alter Erde:
“Right next to Rosh Pin[n]a, the Arab village Dzha’une. These early settlers still employ Arab workers, a practice that naturally had to cease within the new rebuilding movement. The Arabian children of Dzha’une all go to school that has been built for them by the settlement [of Rosh Pinna] and they are taught Hebrew there.”[19]
In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,150 Muslims,[3] and the total land area was 839 dunums; 824 of which were owned by Arabs, 7 by Jews, and 8 public.[4] Of this, 172 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 248 used for cereals,[20] while 43 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[21]
1948 Palestine war, depopulation, and aftermath
[edit]The village was forcibly depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. According to Israeli historian Benny Morris, the evacuation of the residents took place either in late April, or on 9 May, coinciding with the final attack on Safad.[6]
At midnight on 5–6 June 1949, the remaining villagers in Al-Ja'una (together with those of Al-Khisas and Qaytiyya) were surrounded by Israeli Defence Force units, who then forced the villagers into trucks "with brutality—with kicks, curses and maltreatment...." (according to Knesset member and Al HaMishmar editor Eliezer Peri) and left them on a hill near 'Akbara.[22] When questioned about the expulsions, David Ben-Gurion responded that there was "sufficient" military justification.[23] 'Akbara served as a "dumping spot" for the "remainders" from various depopulated Palestinian villages, and its conditions were to remain bad for years.[24]
Walid Khalidi, writing in 1992 about the remains of Al-Ja'una, stated: "The settlement of Rosh Pinna occupies the village site. Many of the houses remain; some are used by the residents of the settlement; other stone houses have been abandoned and destroyed."[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP 1, p.198
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 72
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9
- ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ According to Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #52. Also gives the cause of depopulation
- ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 459
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 224
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 458
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 165 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 136
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 454
- ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 458
- ^ Oliphant, 1887, p.71
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 189
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 107
- ^ Salten, Felix (1925). Neue Menschen auf alter Erde: Eine Palästinafahrt (in German). Wien: Paul Zsolnay Verlag. p. 222. LCCN 25023844.
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 119 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 169 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 511-512
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 512, note 51
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 513, note 54
Bibliography
[edit]- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- Hütteroth, W.-D.; Abdulfattah, K. (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Oliphant, L. (1887). Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 71)
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
External links
[edit]- Welcome To al-Ja'una, Palestine Remembered
- Al-Ja'una, Zochrot
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- al-Ja'una, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Al-Ja`una, Dr. Khalil Rizk.
- Al-Ja3ooneh, from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
- UN map of the 1947 plan
- The Destroyed Palestinian Villages on Google Earth Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Tracing all That Remains of al-Ja'una-جاعونة المدمرة-فلسطين, video, YouTube