1998 Nobel Prizes
The 1998 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.[1]
Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm.[2][3]
Prizes
[edit]Physics
[edit]| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Robert B. Laughlin
(b. 1950) |
 American
|
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" | [4] |
|
Horst Ludwig Störmer
(b. 1949) |
 German
| ||
|
Daniel C. Tsui
(b. 1939) |
American
| ||
Chemistry
[edit]| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Walter Kohn
(1923–2016) |
 Austrian
|
"for his development of the density-functional theory" | [5] |
|
John A. Pople
(1925–2004) |
 British
|
"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | |
Physiology or Medicine
[edit]| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Robert F. Furchgott
(1916–2009) |
United States
|
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" | [6] |
|
Louis J. Ignarro
(b. 1941) | |||
|
Ferid Murad
(1936–2023) | |||
Literature
[edit]| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
José Saramago
(1922–2010) |
 Portugal
|
"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality" | [7] |
Peace
[edit]| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
John Hume
(1937–2020) |
 Ireland
|
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland." | [8] |
|
David Trimble
(1944–2022) |
United Kingdom
| ||
Economic Sciences
[edit]| Awardee(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Amartya Sen
(b. 1933) |
 India
|
"for his contributions to welfare economics" | [9] |
Controversies
[edit]Physiology or Medicine
[edit]The award provoked some outcry from the scientific community for not acknowledging Salvador Moncada, a scientist who significantly contributed to the awarded discoveries with Furchgott.[10][11]
References
[edit]- ^ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1998". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 1998". NobelPrize.org. 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
- ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
- ^ Howlett, R. (1998). "Nobel award stirs up debate on nitric oxide breakthrough". Nature. 395 (6703): 625–26. Bibcode:1998Natur.395Q.625H. doi:10.1038/27019. PMID 9790176.
- ^ SoRelle, Ruth (1998). "Nobel Prize Awarded to Scientists for Nitric Oxide Discoveries". Circulation. 98 (22): 2365–2366. doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.22.2365. PMID 9832478.